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Zhang Y, Li S, Yang P, Zhang Q, Xu H, Bi K, Li Q. A multidimensional strategy for uncovering comprehensive quality markers of Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill based on pharmacodynamics and chemical properties. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 106:154273. [PMID: 36044818 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Quality control of Traditional Chinese Medicines (TCMs) has improved greatly, but there is still a lack of a convincing quality evaluation system for TCMs. Developing quality control markers of TCMs based on pharmacodynamics instead of content has been an attractive approach. However, on account of neglecting phytochemistry attributes of TCMs, part of effective markers might be short of specificity and inconvenient for detecting in production manufacture, which is adverse to control the quality of TCMs systematically. PURPOSE To build a novel and multidimensional quality assessment approach for TCMs based on pharmacodynamics and chemical properties. METHODS Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill (S. chinensis) was used as an example and a rat depression model was built by using a chronic unpredictable mild stress procedure. For identifying the antidepressive components of S. chinensis, we elucidated its antidepressant mechanism in first-step by using quantitative RT-PCR and immunoblotting techniques. And accordingly, correlation analysis between ingredients in vivo with target proteins and anti-inflammation experiments in vitro were carried out. On the other hand, HPLC fingerprint combinations with diverse chemometrics methods were applied to analyze 14 preparations of S. chinensis to obtain its characteristic chemical information. Finally, we ascertained the quality control markers of S. chinensis by integrating the efficacious and characteristic constituents. RESULTS Our research indicated that S. chinensis treated depression by relieving disordered monoaminergic system and ameliorating neuroinflammation. Five effective substances (schisandrol A, schisandrin A, gomisin N, schisandrin B, and schisandrin C) were screened out according to their potential anti-depression efficacy. Besides, 21 common ingredients and 4 representative constituents of S. chinensis were identified by chemical analysis, whereas only 2 characteristic quantitative markers (schisandrol A, schisandrol B) were ultimately ascertained based on previous studies. CONCLUSION 6 components, schisandrol A, schisandrin A, gomisin N, schisandrin B, schisandrin C, and schisandrol B, possessed efficacy, measurability, and specificity, were selected as the comprehensive markers for quality control of S. chinensis. We proposed a multidimensional strategy for identifying comprehensive quality markers for TCMs in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Saiyu Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Panpan Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Huarong Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Kaishun Bi
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Qing Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, China.
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Characterization of the Omija ( Schisandra chinensis) Extract and Its Effects on the Bovine Sperm Vitality and Oxidative Profile during In Vitro Storage. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2020:7123780. [PMID: 33029171 PMCID: PMC7527897 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7123780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Schisandra chinensis is a woody vine native to China, Korea, and Russia, which has been used as a traditional herbal remedy to treat male infertility. As very little information is available concerning its effects on ejaculated spermatozoa, the aim of this study was to investigate the chemical, antioxidant, and antibacterial properties of the S. chinensis berry (Omija) extract followed by an assessment of its in vitro effects on bovine sperm function and oxidative balance. Phytochemical components of the Omija extract were determined by high performance liquid chromatography. The content of polyphenols, flavonoids, and carotenoids was assessed by spectrophotometric protocols. Antioxidant characteristics of the Omija extract were determined by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and molybdenum-reducing antioxidant power (MRAP) assays. The disc diffusion method and determination of the minimal inhibitory concentration were applied to study the antibacterial properties of Schisandra. Thirty semen samples were exposed to different concentrations of Omija (1, 5, 10, 25, 50, and 75 µg/mL) for 0, 2, and 24 h. Sperm motility, mitochondrial activity, and superoxide and reactive oxygen species production, as well as total antioxidant capacity and oxidative damage to proteins and lipids were determined. Our data reveal that the Omija extract, particularly at a concentration range within 5-50 µg/mL, exhibited dose-dependent motion-promoting and metabolism-enhancing properties, accompanied by significant antioxidant effects. We may conclude that the biomolecules present in the Omija extract such as schisandrins and phenolic molecules offer protection to critical sperm structures against oxidative insults and/or possible bacterial contamination, leading to a higher preservation of mammalian sperm viability and functional activity.
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Su L, Mao J, Hao M, Lu T, Mao C, Ji D, Tong H, Fei C. Integrated Plasma and Bile Metabolomics Based on an UHPLC-Q/TOF-MS and Network Pharmacology Approach to Explore the Potential Mechanism of Schisandra chinensis-Protection From Acute Alcoholic Liver Injury. Front Pharmacol 2020; 10:1543. [PMID: 32009955 PMCID: PMC6975200 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Schisandra chinensis (SC) is a well-known important traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) that has been used to treat liver disease in China for a long time. However, its overall effects and mechanism of action are unclear. The present study aimed to explore the potential mechanism of SC in protection against alcoholic liver injury (ALI). In this research, to enable a full assessment of metabolic changes in ALI in Sprague-Dawley rats and to increase our understanding of physiological changes in normal and pathological states, ultra-high performance liquid chromatography combined with quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q/TOF-MS) was used to probe potential biomarkers to learn more about ALI and to evaluate the overall effect of SC for ALI in rats. Principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) were used to investigate global metabolomic alterations and to evaluate the therapeutic effects of SC in rats. The component–target–pathway network of SC was then constructed on the basis of the network pharmacology, and the liver injury-relevant signaling pathways were thus dissected and validated. The results showed that SC has conspicuous therapeutic efficacy for ALI, as suggested by the results of the pathological section and biochemical index assays, such as those for Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), Aspartate transaminase (AST), Alkaline phosphatase (AKP), γ-glutamyl transferase (γ-GT/GGT), Reactive oxygen species (ROS), and Malondialdehyde (MDA). Furthermore, 21 kinds of potential biomarkers were identified in plasma samples of ALI rats, and 20 kinds of potential biomarkers were identified in their bile samples. The biomarkers were mainly related to inflammation and dysfunctions of amino acids and energy metabolism. The recovery of these dysfunctions partly led to the curative effect of SC on ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianlin Su
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Chinese Herbal Medicine Processing of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Mao
- School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Min Hao
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Tulin Lu
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Chinese Herbal Medicine Processing of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, China
| | - Chunqin Mao
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - De Ji
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Chinese Herbal Medicine Processing of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, China
| | - Huangjin Tong
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Chenghao Fei
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
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Sieniawska E, Maciejewska-Turska M, Świątek Ł, Xiao J. Plant-based Food Products for Antimycobacterial Therapy. EFOOD 2020. [DOI: 10.2991/efood.k.200418.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
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Chen S, Shi J, Zou L, Liu X, Tang R, Ma J, Wang C, Tan M, Chen J. Quality Evaluation of Wild and Cultivated Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus Based on Simultaneous Determination of Multiple Bioactive Constituents Combined with Multivariate Statistical Analysis. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24071335. [PMID: 30987393 PMCID: PMC6479832 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24071335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus, also called wuweizi in China, was a widely used folk medicine in China, Korea, and Russia. Due to the limited natural resources and huge demand of wuweizi, people tend to cultivate wuweizi to protect this species. However, the quality of wild and cultivated herbs of the same species may change. Little attention has been paid to comparing wild and cultivated wuweizi based on simultaneous determination of its active components, such as lignans and organic acids. An analytical method based on UFLC-QTRAP-MS/MS was used for the simultaneous determination of 15 components, including 11 lignans (schisandrin, gomisin D, gomisin J, schisandrol B, angeloylgomisin H, schizantherin B, schisanhenol, deoxyschizandrin, γ-schisandrin, schizandrin C, and schisantherin) and 4 organic acids (quinic acid, d(−)-tartaric acid, l-(−)-malic acid, and protocatechuic acid) in wuweizi under different ecological environments. Principal components analysis (PCA), partial least squares discrimination analysis (PLS-DA), independent sample t-test, and gray relational analysis (GRA) have been applied to classify and evaluate samples from different ecological environments according to the content of 15 components. The results showed that the differential compounds (i.e., quinic acid, l-(−)-malic acid, protocatechuic acid, schisandrol B) were significantly related to the classification of wild and cultivated wuweizi. GRA results demonstrated that the quality of cultivated wuweizi was not as good as wild wuweizi. The protocol not just provided a new method for the comprehensive evaluation and quality control of wild and cultivated wuweizi, but paved the way to differentiate them at the chemistry level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyu Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Jingjing Shi
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Lisi Zou
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Xunhong Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Renmao Tang
- SZYY Group Pharmaceutical Limited, Taizhou 225500, China.
| | - Jimei Ma
- SZYY Group Pharmaceutical Limited, Taizhou 225500, China.
| | - Chengcheng Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Mengxia Tan
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Jiali Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
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Mou Q, He J, Li X, Yang B, Yang L, Li H. Rapid discrimination of Schisandra sphenanthera and Schisandra chinensis using electronic tongue and ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with chemometrics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chnaes.2017.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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An integrated strategy using UPLC–QTOF-MSE and UPLC–QTOF-MRM (enhanced target) for pharmacokinetics study of wine processed Schisandra Chinensis fructus in rats. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 139:165-178. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.02.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2016] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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From the traditional Chinese medicine plant Schisandra chinensis new scaffolds effective on HIV-1 reverse transcriptase resistant to non-nucleoside inhibitors. J Microbiol 2015; 53:288-93. [PMID: 25740376 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-015-4652-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Revised: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) is still an extremely attractive pharmaceutical target for the identification of new inhibitors possibly active on drug resistant strains. Medicinal plants are a rich source of chemical diversity and can be used to identify novel scaffolds to be further developed by chemical modifications. We investigated the ability of the main lignans from Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill. fruits, commonly used in Traditional Chinese Medicine, to affect HIV-1 RT functions. We purified 6 lignans from Schisandra chinensis fruits and assayed their effects on HIV-1 RT and viral replication. Among the S. chinensis fruit lignans, Schisandrin B and Deoxyschizandrin selectively inhibited the HIV-1 RT-associated DNA polymerase activity. Structure activity relationship revealed the importance of cyclooctadiene ring substituents for efficacy. In addition, Schisandrin B was also able to impair HIV-1 RT drug resistant mutants and the early phases of viral replication. We identified Schisandrin B and Deoxyschizandrin as new scaffold for the further development of novel HIV-1 RT inhibitors.
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