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A Comparative Study between Conventional and Advanced Extraction Techniques: Pharmaceutical and Cosmetic Properties of Plant Extracts. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27072074. [PMID: 35408473 PMCID: PMC9000874 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27072074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to compare the influence of extraction methods on the pharmaceutical and cosmetic properties of medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs). For this purpose, the dried plant materials were extracted using advanced (microwave (MAE), ultrasonic (UAE), and homogenizer (HAE) assisted extractions) and conventional techniques (maceration, percolation, decoction, infusion, and Soxhlet). The tyrosinase, elastase, α-amylase, butyryl, and acetylcholinesterase inhibition were tested by using L-3,4 dihydroxy-phenylalanine, N-Succinyl-Ala-Ala-p-nitroanilide, butyryl, and acetylcholine as respective substrates. Antioxidant activities were studied by ABTS, DPPH, and FRAP. In terms of extraction yield, advanced extraction techniques showed the highest values (MAE > UAE > HAE). Chemical profiles were dependent on the phenolic compounds tested, whereas the antioxidant activities were always higher, mainly in infusion and decoction as a conventional technique. In relation to the pharmaceutical and cosmetic properties, the highest inhibitory activities against α-amylase and acetylcholinesterase were observed for Soxhlet and macerated extracts, whereas the highest activity against tyrosinase was obtained with MAE > maceration > Soxhlet. Elastase and butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory activities were in the order of Soxhlet > maceration > percolation, with no activities recorded for the other tested methods. In conclusion, advanced methods afford an extract with high yield, while conventional methods might be an adequate approach for minimal changes in the biological properties of the extract.
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Liang G, Yang J, Liu T, Wang S, Wen Y, Han C, Huang Y, Wang R, Wang Y, Hu L, Wang G, Li F, Tyndall JDA, Deng L, Du D, Xia Q. A multi-strategy platform for quality control and Q-markers screen of Chaiqin chengqi decoction. PHYTOMEDICINE 2021; 85:153525. [PMID: 33740732 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute pancreatitis (AP) is an inflammatory disorder of the pancreas that is associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. Chaiqin chengqi decoction (CQCQD) has been proven clinically to be an effective treatment for AP for decades in West China Hospital. Quality control for CQCQD containing many hundreds of characteristic phytochemicals poses a challenge for developing robust quality assessment metrics. PURPOSE To evaluate quality consistency of CQCQD with a multi-strategy based analytical method, identify potential quality-markers (Q-markers) based on drug properties and effect characteristics, and endeavor to establish CQCQD as a globally-accepted medicine. METHODS A typical analysis of constitutive medicinal plant materials was performed following the Chinese Pharmacopoeia. The extraction process was optimized through an orthogonal array (L9(34)) to evaluate three levels of liquid to solid ratio, soaking time, duration of extraction, and the number of extractions. An ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) fingerprinting combined with absolute quantitation of multi chemical marker compounds, coupled with similarity, hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA), and principal component analyses (PCA) were performed to evaluate 10 batches of CQCQD. On the basis of systematic analysis of fundamental features of CQCQD in treating AP, the potential Q-marker screen was proposed through detection of quality transfer and efficacy for chemical markers. UHPLC coupled with quadrupole orbitrap mass spectrometry were used to determine compounds in medicinal materials, decoctions and plasma. Network pharmacology and taurolithocholic acid 3-sulfate induced pancreatic acinar cell death were used to evaluate the correlation between chemical markers and anti-pancreatitis activity. A cerulein induced AP murine model was used to validate quality assessed CQCQD batches at clinically-equivalent dose. The effective content of chemical markers was predicted using linear regression analysis on quantitative information between validated batches and the other batches. RESULTS The chemical markers and other physical and chemical indices in the original materials met Chinese Pharmacopoeia standards. A total of 22 co-existing fingerprint peaks were selected and the similarity varied between 0.946 and 0.990. Batch D10 possessed the highest similarity index. HCA classified the 10 batches into 2 main groups: 7 batches represented by D10 and 3 batches represented by D1. During the initial Q-marker screen stage, 22 compounds were detected in both plant materials and decoctions, while 13 compounds were identified in plasma. Network pharmacology predicted the potential targets and pathway of AP related to the 22 compounds. All 10 batches showed reduced necrosis below 60% with the best effect achieved by D10 (~40%). The spectrum-efficacy relationship analyzed by Pearson correlation analysis indicated that emodin, rhein, aloe emodin, geniposide, hesperridin, chrysin, syringin, synephrine, geniposidic acid, magnolol, physcion, sinensetin, and baicalein showed positive correlation with pancreatic acinar cell death protection. Similar to the in vitro evaluation, batch D10 significantly reduced total histopathological scores and biochemical severity indices at a clinically-equivalent dose but batch D1 did not. The content of naringin, narirutin and baicalin in batches D1, D5 and D9 consistently exceeds the upper limit of the predicted value. Eight markers whose lower limit is predicted to be close to 0 contributed less to the material basis for AP protection. CONCLUSION Despite qualified materials used for CQCQD preparation, the clinical effect depends on appropriate content range of Q-markers. Emodin, rhein, aloe emodin, magnolol, hesperidin, synephrine, baicalein, and geniposide are considered as vital Q-markers in the primary screen. This study proposed a feasible platform for producing highly consistent batches of CQCQD in future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Liang
- Department and Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Sichuan Provincial Pancreatitis Centre and West China-Liverpool Biomedical Research Centre, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; West China-Washington Mitochondria and Metabolism Centre, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jingyu Yang
- Department and Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Sichuan Provincial Pancreatitis Centre and West China-Liverpool Biomedical Research Centre, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Tingting Liu
- Department and Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Sichuan Provincial Pancreatitis Centre and West China-Liverpool Biomedical Research Centre, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Shisheng Wang
- West China-Washington Mitochondria and Metabolism Centre, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yongjian Wen
- Department and Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Sichuan Provincial Pancreatitis Centre and West China-Liverpool Biomedical Research Centre, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Chenxia Han
- Department and Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Sichuan Provincial Pancreatitis Centre and West China-Liverpool Biomedical Research Centre, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yan Huang
- Department and Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Sichuan Provincial Pancreatitis Centre and West China-Liverpool Biomedical Research Centre, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Advanced Mass Spectrometry Center, Research Core Facility, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yiqin Wang
- Department and Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Sichuan Provincial Pancreatitis Centre and West China-Liverpool Biomedical Research Centre, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Liqiang Hu
- West China-Washington Mitochondria and Metabolism Centre, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Guangzhi Wang
- Pharmacy School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Fei Li
- Laboratory of metabolomics and drug-induced liver injury, Sichuan University-Oxford University Huaxi Gastrointestinal Cancer Centre, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Joel D A Tyndall
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Lihui Deng
- Department and Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Sichuan Provincial Pancreatitis Centre and West China-Liverpool Biomedical Research Centre, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Dan Du
- Department and Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Sichuan Provincial Pancreatitis Centre and West China-Liverpool Biomedical Research Centre, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; West China-Washington Mitochondria and Metabolism Centre, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Advanced Mass Spectrometry Center, Research Core Facility, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Qing Xia
- Department and Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Sichuan Provincial Pancreatitis Centre and West China-Liverpool Biomedical Research Centre, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
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Saha A, Basak BB, Manivel P, Kumar J. Valorization of Java citronella ( Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt) distillation waste as a potential source of phenolics/antioxidant: influence of extraction solvents. Journal of Food Science and Technology 2021; 58:255-266. [PMID: 33505070 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-020-04538-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Solid residues obtained after essential oil extraction from Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt (Java citronella) was explored as a potential source of phenolics/antioxidant. Both the non-distilled plant materials and their solid residues were extracted with Soxhlet extraction method using solvents of various polarity viz. petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, acetone, ethanol, methanol, water and various combination of (50% and 75%) of methanol, ethanol, and acetone in water. Different antioxidant assays like 2,2-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS), superoxide anion (SO) radical scavenging assay, ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and iron chelating ability along with total phenol (TPC) and flavonoid content (TFC) was measured to evaluate the extract. Compared to distilled materials, the non-distilled plant materials had significantly higher TPC/TFC content and also exhibited higher antioxidant activities. 50% aqueous methanol showed the highest extractive yield, whereas 75% aqueous methanol exhibited the highest TPC and TFC content. The 50% or 75% aqueous methanolic extract also exhibited the highest DPPH, ABTS and SO scavenging activity and ferric-reducing antioxidant power activity. However, ethyl acetate and 75% aqueous acetone extract of non-distilled and distilled plant materials, respectively showed the highest iron chelating activity. The half maximal effective concentration (IC50 = µg/mL) for DPPH, ABTS, SO and metal chelating ability in non-distilled plant extract ranged from 64-387, 92-761, 285-870, and 164-924, respectively, and corresponding value of distilled materials ranged from 144-865, 239-792, 361-833 and 374-867, respectively. The EC50 (µg/mL) for FRAP assay ranged from 118-840 and 151-952 for non-distilled and distilled materials, respectively. The findings of this study indicate the potential of these by-products as a natural antioxidants source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajoy Saha
- ICAR-Directorate of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research, Anand, Gujarat 387310 India
- Present Address: Research Centre of ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Bangalore, Karnataka 560089 India
| | - B B Basak
- ICAR-Directorate of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research, Anand, Gujarat 387310 India
| | - P Manivel
- ICAR-Directorate of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research, Anand, Gujarat 387310 India
| | - Jitendra Kumar
- ICAR-Directorate of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research, Anand, Gujarat 387310 India
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Sahoo T, Panda J, Sahu J, Sarangi D, Sahoo SK, Nanda BB, Sahu R. Green Solvent: Green Shadow on Chemical Synthesis. Curr Org Synth 2020; 17:426-439. [PMID: 32370717 DOI: 10.2174/1570179417666200506102535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The natural beauty and purity of our planet has been contaminated deeply due to human selfish activities such as pollution, improper waste management, and various industrial and commercial discharges of untreated toxic by-products into the lap of nature. The collective impact of these hazardous suspensions into the natural habitat is very deadly. Challenges due to human activity on the environment have become ubiquitous. The chemical industry has a major role in human evolution and, predictably, opened gates of increased risk of pollution if the production is not done sustainably. In these circumstances, the notion of Green Chemistry has been identified as the efficient medium of synthesis of chemicals and procedures to eradicate the toxic production of harmful substances. Principles of Green Chemistry guide the scientist in their hunt towards chemical synthesis which requires the use of solvents. These solvents contaminate our air, water, land and surrounding due to its toxic properties. Even though sufficient precautions are taken for proper disposal of these solvents but it is difficult to be recycled. In order to preserve our future and coming generation from the adverse impacts associated with solvents it is very important to find alternative of this which will be easy to use, reusable and also eco-friendly. Solvents are used daily in various industrial processes as reaction medium, as diluters, and in separation procedures. As reaction medium, the role of solvent is to bring catalysts and reactants together and to release heat thus affecting activity and selectivity. The proper selection of the solvent considering its biological, physical and chemical properties is very necessary for product separation, environmental, safety handling and economic factors. Green solvents are the boon in this context. They are not only environmentally benign but also cost effective. The biggest challenge faced by the chemists is adaptation of methods and selection of solvents during chemical synthesis which will give negligible waste product and will remain human and nature friendly. During designing compounds for a particular reaction it is difficult to give assurance regarding the toxicity and biodegradability of the method. Chemists are still far away from predicting the various chemical and biological effects of the compounds on the back of the envelope. To achieve that point is formidable task but it will definitely act as inspiration for the coming generation of chemists. The green solvents are undoubtedly a far better approach to eliminate the negative impacts and aftermath of any chemical synthesis on the environment. Our study in this review covers an overview of green solvents, their role in safer chemical synthesis with reference to some of the important green solvents and their detail summarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tejaswini Sahoo
- School of Applied Sciences, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar-751024, India
| | - Jagannath Panda
- School of Applied Sciences, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar-751024, India
| | - Jnanaranjan Sahu
- School of Applied Sciences, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar-751024, India
| | - Dayananda Sarangi
- School of Applied Sciences, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar-751024, India
| | | | - Braja B Nanda
- P.G. Department of Chemistry, Vikram Deb Autonomous College, Jeypore- 764001, Odisha, India
| | - Rojalin Sahu
- School of Applied Sciences, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar-751024, India
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Influence of different extraction techniques on the chemical profile and biological properties of Anthemis cotula L.: Multifunctional aspects for potential pharmaceutical applications. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2019; 173:75-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Zlatić N, Jakovljević D, Stanković M. Temporal, Plant Part, and Interpopulation Variability of Secondary Metabolites and Antioxidant Activity of Inula helenium L. PLANTS 2019; 8:plants8060179. [PMID: 31213017 PMCID: PMC6630240 DOI: 10.3390/plants8060179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Variations in abiotic environmental factors have significant effects on quantity and quality of secondary metabolites, which is particularly important for plant species that possess biologically active compounds. The purpose of this study is determination of the total phenolic content, flavonoid concentration, and antioxidant activity of the different parts of Inula helenium L. (Asteraceae) sampled from different populations and in different time periods. The amounts obtained for the total phenolics varied from 16.73 to 89.85 mg of gallic acid (GA)/g. The concentration of flavonoids ranged from 9.32 to 376.22 mg of rutin (Ru)/g. The IC50 values of antioxidant activity determined using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical method varied from 161.60 to 1563.02 μg/ml. The inflorescence and roots possessed high concentration of phenolic compounds and significant antioxidant activity, while leaves contained the highest concentration of flavonoids. Additionally, the quantity of the phenolics, as well as antioxidant activity, significantly varied among the different populations due to different impacts of environmental factors. This research showed that I. helenium represents an abundant source of bioactive substances, and that the quantity of these compounds greatly differs among the different populations as well as in the same populations regarding the different time periods as well as plant parts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nenad Zlatić
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Republic of Serbia.
| | - Dragana Jakovljević
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Republic of Serbia.
| | - Milan Stanković
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Republic of Serbia.
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Setyaningsih W, Saputro IE, Carrera CA, Palma M. Optimisation of an ultrasound-assisted extraction method for the simultaneous determination of phenolics in rice grains. Food Chem 2019; 288:221-227. [PMID: 30902286 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.02.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Fifteen phenolic compounds were determined in rice grains by ultrasound assisted extraction and ultra-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detection. Primarily, an UAE method has been developed and validated for the extraction of phenolics from rice grains. For the optimization, a Box-Behnken Design based on six factors including extraction temperature (10-70 °C), solvent composition (0-50% methanol in water), cycle (0.2-0.7 s-1), ultrasound amplitude (30-70%), and solvent to sample ratio (2.5:1 to 5:1) was employed. Multi-response optimization (MRO) was performed to develop a simultaneous extraction method of 15 phenolics. The optimal UAE conditions were: extraction temperature 45 °C, time 25 min, cycle 0.4 s-1, ultrasound amplitude 47%, solvent composition 80% methanol in water at pH 4.25, and sample to solvent ratio 1:5. Linearity, LODs, LOQs, precision and recovery were determined. In addition, the method was successfully applied to analyse a number of rice samples with different varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Widiastuti Setyaningsih
- Department of Food and Agricultural Product Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Gadjah Mada University, Jalan Flora, Bulaksumur, Sleman, 55281 Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
| | - Irfan E Saputro
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, IVAGRO, University of Cadiz, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario (CeiA3), Campus del Rio San Pedro, 11510, Puerto Real, Cadiz, Spain
| | - Ceferino A Carrera
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, IVAGRO, University of Cadiz, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario (CeiA3), Campus del Rio San Pedro, 11510, Puerto Real, Cadiz, Spain.
| | - Miguel Palma
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, IVAGRO, University of Cadiz, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario (CeiA3), Campus del Rio San Pedro, 11510, Puerto Real, Cadiz, Spain.
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Amawi H, Ashby CR, Tiwari AK. Cancer chemoprevention through dietary flavonoids: what's limiting? CHINESE JOURNAL OF CANCER 2017. [PMID: 28629389 PMCID: PMC5477375 DOI: 10.1186/s40880-017-0217-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Flavonoids are polyphenols that are found in numerous edible plant species. Data obtained from preclinical and clinical studies suggest that specific flavonoids are chemo-preventive and cytotoxic against various cancers via a multitude of mechanisms. However, the clinical use of flavonoids is limited due to challenges associated with their effective use, including (1) the isolation and purification of flavonoids from their natural resources; (2) demonstration of the effects of flavonoids in reducing the risk of certain cancer, in tandem with the cost and time needed for epidemiological studies, and (3) numerous pharmacokinetic challenges (e.g., bioavailability, drug–drug interactions, and metabolic instability). Currently, numerous approaches are being used to surmount some of these challenges, thereby increasing the likelihood of flavonoids being used as chemo-preventive drugs in the clinic. In this review, we summarize the most important challenges and efforts that are being made to surmount these challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haneen Amawi
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, 43560, USA
| | - Charles R Ashby
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, St. John's University, Queens, NY, 11432, USA
| | - Amit K Tiwari
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, 43560, USA. .,Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA.
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Petkova N, Ivanov I, Vrancheva R, Denev P, Pavlov A. Ultrasound and Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Elecampane (Inula helenium) Roots. Nat Prod Commun 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1701200207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the current research was to perform two “green chemistry” extractions (ultrasound and microwave irradiation) with methanol, 70% (v/v) ethanol and water for extraction of biologically active substances from elecampane ( Inula helenium L.) roots and to compare their contents in all extracts. The presence of carbohydrates (sugars, fructooligosaccharides and inulin), total phenols and flavonoids were established. In vitro antioxidant potential was also evaluated by four assays (DPPH, ABTS, FRAP and CUPRAC). Water extracts obtained by ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) showed the highest value of inulin (38 g/100 g dry weight plant material). The highest antioxidant activity was possessed by the 70% (v/v) ethanol extracts obtained by UAE: DPPH – 107.2 mM TE/g dw, ABTS – 86.0 mM TE/g dw, FRAP – 67.0 mM TE/g dw and CUPRAC −173.0 mM TE/g dw, respectively. The reason for this probably depended on the highest content of total phenols in the 70% UAE ethanol extract {7.9 mg GAE/g dw, phenolic acids (chlorogenic, caffeic, p-coumaric, sinapic and ferulic acids)}, especially chlorogenic acid (1.84 mg/g) and flavonoids (quercetin, kaempferol and catechin; 26.4 mg QE/g dw). UAE was evaluated as a promising approach for the simultaneous extraction of bioactive compounds (dietary fibers and antioxidants) from elecampane roots in comparison with microwave irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadezhda Petkova
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Food Technologies, Plovdiv, 26 Maritza Blvd., 4002, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Ivan Ivanov
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Food Technologies, Plovdiv, 26 Maritza Blvd., 4002, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Radka Vrancheva
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Food Technologies, Plovdiv, 26 Maritza Blvd., 4002, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Panteley Denev
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Food Technologies, Plovdiv, 26 Maritza Blvd., 4002, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Atanas Pavlov
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Food Technologies, Plovdiv, 26 Maritza Blvd., 4002, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
- Institute of Microbiology at the Bulgarian Academy of Science, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
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Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Total Flavonoids from Corn Silk and Their Antioxidant Activity. J CHEM-NY 2016. [DOI: 10.1155/2016/8768130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Object. Ultrasound-assisted extraction of total flavonoids from corn silk and their antioxidant activities were studied.Methods. Response surface methodology was adopted to optimize the extraction conditions and antioxidant activities of the extracted total flavonoids were detected through ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay.Results. Through a three-level, three-variable Box-Behnken design of response surface methodology (RSM) adopting yield as response, the optimal conditions were determined as follows: ultrasonic power 500 W, extraction time 20 min, material solvent ratio 1 : 20, and ethanol concentration 30%. Under the optimum conditions, the extraction yield of total flavonoids was 1.13%. FRAP value of total flavonoids extracted from corn silk was 467.59 μmol/L.Conclusion. The total flavonoids of corn silk could be developed as food natural antioxidant reagents.
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Optimisation of Ultrasonic Conditions as an Advanced Extraction Technique for Recovery of Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Activity from Macadamia (Macadamia tetraphylla) Skin Waste. TECHNOLOGIES 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/technologies3040302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Meng C, Zhang S, Deng YS, Wang GD, Kong FY. Overexpression of a tomato flavanone 3-hydroxylase-like protein gene improves chilling tolerance in tobacco. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2015; 96:388-400. [PMID: 26372946 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2015.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Revised: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoids are secondary metabolites found in plants with a wide range of biological functions, such as stress protection. This study investigated the functions of a tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) flavanone 3-hydroxylase-like protein gene SlF3HL by using transgenic tobacco. The expression of the gene was up-regulated under chilling (4 °C), heat (42 °C), salt (NaCl) and oxidative (H2O2) stresses. The transgenic plants that displayed high SlF3HL mRNA and protein levels showed higher flavonoid content than the WT plants. Moreover, the expression of three flavonoid biosynthesis-related structural genes, namely, chalcone synthase (CHS), chalcone isomerase (CHI) and flavonol synthase (FLS) was also higher in the transgenic plants than in the WT plants. Under chilling stress, the transgenic plants showed not only faster seed germination, better survival and growth, but also lower malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation, relative electrical conductivity (REC) and H2O2 and O2(·-) levels compared with WT plants. These results suggested that SlF3HL stimulated flavonoid biosynthesis in response to chilling stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Meng
- Key Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Song Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Daizong Street, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Yong-Sheng Deng
- Key Laboratory of Cotton Breeding and Cultivation in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, Ministry of Agricultural, Cotton Research Centre, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Science, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Guo-Dong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Daizong Street, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Fan-Ying Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Daizong Street, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China.
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Wang J, Zhao Y, Li W, Wang Z, Shen L. Optimization of polysaccharides extraction from Tricholoma mongolicum Imai and their antioxidant and antiproliferative activities. Carbohydr Polym 2015; 131:322-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2015] [Revised: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Zheng LL, Wang D, Li YY, Peng HY, Yuan MY, Gao F. Ultrasound-assisted extraction of total flavonoids from Aconitum gymnandrum. Pharmacogn Mag 2014; 10:S141-6. [PMID: 24914295 PMCID: PMC4047569 DOI: 10.4103/0973-1296.127364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Revised: 01/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aconitum gymnandrum is a Chinese traditional herb used as carminative and analgesic. In this study, A. gymnandrum was used as an experimental matrix. MATERIALS AND METHODS Optimized ultrasonic extraction technology of total flavonoids from the A. gymnandrum Maxim was studied by using the methodology of single factor and orthogonal design to study the effects of operation conditions, such as ethanol content, ultrasonic wave power, temperature, ultrasonic wave radiation time, and the ratio of sample weight to solvent volume. RESULT THROUGH THE ORTHOGONAL EXPERIMENT, THE OPTIMAL EXTRACTION CONDITIONS WERE DETERMINED AS FOLLOWS: Ultrasonic power 100 W, ultrasonic temperature 45°C, 60% ethyl alcohol, extraction time 30 min, and solid-liquid ratio 1:20. CONCLUSION Under the optimum parameters, the extraction ratio of total flavonoids from the A. gymnandrum Maxim is about 1.278%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Li Zheng
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chengdu Medical College, Middle Section, Baoguang Road, Xindu Region, Chengdu 610 500, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Chinese Traditional Herbal, Agronomy College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huiming Road, Wenjiang Region, Chengdu 611 130, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Li
- Department of Chinese Traditional Herbal, Agronomy College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huiming Road, Wenjiang Region, Chengdu 611 130, China
| | - Hong-Yan Peng
- Department of Chinese Traditional Herbal, Agronomy College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huiming Road, Wenjiang Region, Chengdu 611 130, China
| | - Ming-Yong Yuan
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chengdu Medical College, Middle Section, Baoguang Road, Xindu Region, Chengdu 610 500, China
| | - Feng Gao
- Department of Chinese Traditional Herbal, Agronomy College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huiming Road, Wenjiang Region, Chengdu 611 130, China
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Jin X, Zhang ZH, Sun E, Jia XB. β-cyclodextrin assistant flavonoid glycosides enzymatic hydrolysis. Pharmacogn Mag 2013; 9:S11-8. [PMID: 24143039 PMCID: PMC3798134 DOI: 10.4103/0973-1296.117851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Revised: 10/06/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The content of icaritin and genistein in herba is very low, preparation with relatively large quantities is an important issue for extensive pharmacological studies. OBJECTIVE This study focuses on preparing and enzymic hydrolysis of flavonoid glycosides /β-cyclodextrin inclusion complex to increase the hydrolysis rate. MATERIALS AND METHODS The physical property of newly prepared inclusion complex was tested by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The conditions of enzymatic hydrolysis were optimized for the bioconversion of flavonoid glycosides /β-cyclodextrin inclusion complex by mono-factor experimental design. The experiments are using the icariin and genistein as the model drugs. RESULTS The solubility of icariin and genistein were increased almost 17 times from 29.2 μg/ml to 513.5 μg/ml at 60°C and 28 times from 7.78 μg/ml to 221.46 μg/ml at 50°C, respectively, demonstrating that the inclusion complex could significantly increase the solubility of flavonoid glycosides. Under the optimal conditions, the reaction time of icariin and genistin decreased by 68% and 145%, when compared with that without β-CD inclusion. By using this enzymatic condition, 473 mg icaritin (with the purity of 99.34%) and 567 mg genistein(with the purity of 99.46%), which was finally determined by melt point, ESI-MS, UV, IR, (1)H NMR and (13)C NMR, was obtained eventually by transforming the inclusion complex(contains 1.0 g substrates). CONCLUSION This study can clearly indicate a new attempt to improve the speed of enzyme-hydrolysis of poorly water-soluble flavonoid glycosides and find a more superior condition which is used to prepare icaritin and genistein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Jin
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210 046, PR China
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Ultrasound-assisted extraction of total phenolic compounds from Inula helenium. ScientificWorldJournal 2013; 2013:157527. [PMID: 24089600 PMCID: PMC3760092 DOI: 10.1155/2013/157527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) of phenolic compounds from Inula helenium was studied. Effects of ethanol concentration, ultrasonic time, solid-liquid ratio, and number of extractions were investigated. An orthogonal array was constructed to optimize UAE process. The optimized extraction conditions were as follows: ethanol concentration, 30%; solid-liquid ratio, 1 : 20; number of extractions, 2 times; extraction time, 30 min. Under the optimal conditions, the yield of total phenolic compounds and chlorogenic acid was 6.13 ± 0.58 and 1.32 ± 0.17 mg/g, respectively. The results showed that high amounts of phenolic compounds can be extracted from I. helenium by ultrasound-assisted extraction technology.
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Guo CY, Wang J, Hou Y, Zhao YM, Shen LX, Zhang DS. Orthogonal test design for optimizing the extraction of total flavonoids from Inula helenium. Pharmacogn Mag 2013; 9:192-5. [PMID: 23930000 PMCID: PMC3732419 DOI: 10.4103/0973-1296.113260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2012] [Revised: 08/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Inula helenium, which belongs to thecomposite family, is an important crude drug in traditional Chinese medicine. Materials and Methods: The effects of ethanol concentration, liquid to solid ratio, extraction temperature, and duration of microwave irradiation on the flavonoid extraction yield were studied through a single-factor experiment. An orthogonal array (L9(34)) was then constructed to achieve the best extraction conditions. Results: Variance analysis revealed that ethanol concentration significantly affected the extraction yield. The optimal conditions were as follows: ethanol concentration, 50% (v/v); liquid to solid ratio, 15:1; duration of microwave irradiation, 240 s; and extraction temperature, 60°C. Conclusion: Under these optimal conditions, the total flavonoid yield was 18.34 ± 0.64 mg/g. The use of a microwave-assisted process dramatically reduced the time needed for extraction of flavonoids from I. helenium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yan Guo
- Department of Graduate, HeBei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, Hebei, China
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18
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Feng H, Tian X, Liu Y, Li Y, Zhang X, Jones BJ, Sun Y, Sun J. Analysis of flavonoids and the flavonoid structural genes in brown fiber of upland cotton. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58820. [PMID: 23527031 PMCID: PMC3602603 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Backgroud As a result of changing consumer preferences, cotton (Gossypium Hirsutum L.) from varieties with naturally colored fibers is becoming increasingly sought after in the textile industry. The molecular mechanisms leading to colored fiber development are still largely unknown, although it is expected that the color is derived from flavanoids. Experimental Design Firstly, four key genes of the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway in cotton (GhC4H, GhCHS, GhF3′H, and GhF3′5′H) were cloned and studied their expression profiles during the development of brown- and white cotton fibers by QRT-PCR. And then, the concentrations of four components of the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway, naringenin, quercetin, kaempferol and myricetin in brown- and white fibers were analyzed at different developmental stages by HPLC. Result The predicted proteins of the four flavonoid structural genes corresponding to these genes exhibit strong sequence similarity to their counterparts in various plant species. Transcript levels for all four genes were considerably higher in developing brown fibers than in white fibers from a near isogenic line (NIL). The contents of four flavonoids (naringenin, quercetin, kaempferol and myricetin) were significantly higher in brown than in white fibers and corresponding to the biosynthetic gene expression levels. Conclusions Flavonoid structural gene expression and flavonoid metabolism are important in the development of pigmentation in brown cotton fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjie Feng
- The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-agriculture, Agriculture College of Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Xinhui Tian
- The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-agriculture, Agriculture College of Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Yongchang Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-agriculture, Agriculture College of Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Yanjun Li
- The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-agriculture, Agriculture College of Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-agriculture, Agriculture College of Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Brian Joseph Jones
- Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Yuqiang Sun
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (JS); (YS)
| | - Jie Sun
- The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-agriculture, Agriculture College of Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
- * E-mail: (JS); (YS)
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