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Arzhangzadeh A, Amirghofran AA, Javid RN, Mohammadkarimi V, Abtahi F, Rafati Navaei M, Nozhat S, Salahi S, Shafiei S, Khorshidi S. Metastatic right atrial mass in the presence of atrial septal defect: A rare clinical coincidence. Clin Case Rep 2024; 12:e8916. [PMID: 38845799 PMCID: PMC11154768 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.8916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Key Clinical Message The key takeaway from this clinical scenario is to choose the most appropriate and reasonable treatment plan when dealing with a patient who has atrial septal defect (ASD) and concurrent atrial and mediastinal masses. In such cases, a heart-oncology team should make the therapeutic decision. Abstract Right atrial masses are not pretty rare and might be a diagnostic challenge. Thrombosis, tumors, and vegetations are primary differential diagnoses. Workup for these masses usually includes multimodality imaging and biopsy in selected cases. We report a case of a 37-year-old lady who presented with cough, dyspnea, and head and neck swelling after a cesarean section. Echocardiography revealed a right atrial mass accompanied by a secundum type atrial septal defect (ASD). Pulmonary CT Angiography was performed, in which a lobulated mass in the anterior mediastinum was detected, and a heart-oncology team made the therapeutic decision. The patient was scheduled for surgical ASD closure and concomitant tissue biopsy. The pathology results were in favor of poorly differentiated germ cell tumors, and chemotherapy was started following the surgery. After two sessions of chemotherapy, the tumor did not respond to the primary regimen. Thus, an updated regimen was initiated. Compliance with the updated regimen was acceptable, and the patient is currently under treatment and follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Arzhangzadeh
- Department of Cardiology, School of MedicineShiraz University of Medical SciencesShirazIran
| | | | | | - Vahid Mohammadkarimi
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of MedicineShiraz University of Medical SciencesShirazIran
| | - Firoozeh Abtahi
- Department of Cardiology, School of MedicineShiraz University of Medical SciencesShirazIran
| | | | - Salma Nozhat
- Department of Cardiology, School of MedicineShiraz University of Medical SciencesShirazIran
| | - Sarvenaz Salahi
- Royan Stem Cell and Biotechnology Research CenterTehranIran
- Minimally Invasive Surgery Research CenterTehranIran
| | - Sasan Shafiei
- Department of CardiologyShiraz University of Medical SciencesShirazIran
| | - Soorena Khorshidi
- Department of Cardiology, School of MedicineShiraz University of Medical SciencesShirazIran
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2
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Abdulfatah E, Brown NA, Davenport MS, Reichert ZR, Camelo-Piragua S, Heider A, Huang T, Vaishampayan UN, Skala SL, Montgomery JS, Chinnaiyan AM, Kaffenberger SD, Bawa P, Shao L, Mehra R. Extragonadal germ cell tumors: A clinicopathologic study with emphasis on molecular features, clinical outcomes and associated secondary malignancies. Hum Pathol 2024; 148:41-50. [PMID: 38697270 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2024.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
Extragonadal germ cell tumors (EGCTs) are rare, representing <5% of all germ cell tumors (GCTs). Whilst EGCTs share morphological and immunohistochemical features with their gonadal counterparts, they tend to be more aggressive and are frequently associated with secondary somatic malignancies. The aim of our study was to evaluate the clinical, morphological and immunohistochemical features, and to analyze tumors for chromosomal abnormalities of 12p, in addition to any novel genetic alterations, in a series of EGCTs. Seventy-seven EGCTs were included. Anterior mediastinum was the most common anatomic site, followed by central nervous system, retroperitoneum, sacroccygeal area, and neck. Whole genome SNP array identified isochromosome 12p in 26% of tumors. Additional cytogenetic abnormalities included the presence of gain of chr 21 in 37% of tumors. Somatic-type malignancies were identified in 8% of patients. Disease progression (metastasis and/or recurrence) was documented in 8 patients, most of whom died from their relapse. Three patients who died of disease had somatic-type malignancies. Mediastinal seminomas had a significantly better overall survival when compared to mediastinal non-seminomatous GCTs. Our study demonstrates that EGCTs share similar histologic features, but diverse clinical outcomes compared to their gonadal counterparts. Outcomes vary according to anatomic location and histologic subtypes. Our data corroborate that somatic-type malignancies are frequently encountered in mediastinal EGCTs and that their presence portends a poorer prognosis.
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MESH Headings
- Humans
- Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal/pathology
- Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal/genetics
- Male
- Adult
- Female
- Young Adult
- Adolescent
- Middle Aged
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/analysis
- Child
- Neoplasms, Second Primary/pathology
- Neoplasms, Second Primary/genetics
- Mediastinal Neoplasms/pathology
- Mediastinal Neoplasms/genetics
- Mediastinal Neoplasms/mortality
- Immunohistochemistry
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 12/genetics
- Aged
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/pathology
- Disease Progression
- Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
- Chromosome Aberrations
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Testicular Neoplasms
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman Abdulfatah
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Noah A Brown
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Matthew S Davenport
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Zachery R Reichert
- Department of Urology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Rogel Cancer Center, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Divsion of Hematology/ Oncology, MI, USA
| | | | - Amer Heider
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Tao Huang
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ulka N Vaishampayan
- Rogel Cancer Center, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Divsion of Hematology/ Oncology, MI, USA
| | - Stephanie L Skala
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Rogel Cancer Center, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Montgomery
- Department of Urology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Arul M Chinnaiyan
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Rogel Cancer Center, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Pushpinder Bawa
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Lina Shao
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Rohit Mehra
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Rogel Cancer Center, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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Stefanachi F, Affinita MC, Fichera G, Tagarelli A, De Corti F, Rea F, Bisogno G. Mediastinal Germ-cell Tumors Relapse in a Male With Klinefelter Syndrome. Is Longer Surveillance Needed? J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2024; 46:e248-e250. [PMID: 38446472 PMCID: PMC10956653 DOI: 10.1097/mph.0000000000002837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Germ cell tumors (GCTs) are a heterogeneous group of pediatric cancers. In up to one-third of male patients, a primary mediastinal location is associated with the presence of Klinefelter syndrome (KS). We describe a case of mediastinal GCT in a patient, with unacknowledged KS, that presented a relapse 7 years from diagnosis, that is, 2 years after the end of the follow-up program usually recommended for patients with GCT. There are no recommendations for screening for KS in patients with mediastinal GCT and there are no specific guidelines for surveillance of GCT in KS patients. Our experience suggests that KS should be suspected in patients with mediastinal GCT, and a longer follow-up plan should be implemented when GCT occurs in patients with KS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Arianna Tagarelli
- Department of Woman’s and Children’s Health, Hematology and Oncology Unit
| | - Federica De Corti
- Department for the Health of Woman and Child, Pediatric Surgery Division
| | - Federico Rea
- Thoracic Surgery Unit, Department of Cardiologic, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Gianni Bisogno
- Department of Woman’s and Children’s Health, Hematology and Oncology Unit
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Ayundra MH, Laksmono N, Murni TW. A rare case of life-threatening mixed germ cell tumor infiltrating the heart: A case report. Int J Surg Case Rep 2023; 108:108385. [PMID: 37406535 PMCID: PMC10382750 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijscr.2023.108385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND IMPORTANCE Extragonadal germ cell tumors at the mediastinum are rare and comprise of 3-4 % of all germ cell tumors. Mixed GCTs can remain asymptomatic for long periods and often present with complications. We present a case of a young male patient with a mediastinal tumor infiltrating the heart and obstructing the right ventricular outflow tract, causing cardiogenic shock. CASE PRESENTATION A 16-year-old male came with chief complain of shortness of breath and underwent an echocardiogram which revealed a mass in the right atrium and right ventricle. On CT scan, a solid mass in the mediastinum, expanding and infiltrating the right atrium was found. Our patient underwent surgical treatment. Histopathology results were consistent with mixed germ cell tumor comprised of seminoma, yolk sac, and mature teratoma at the right atrial and mediastinum. CLINICAL DISCUSSION The pathogenesis of extragonadal GCTs has been linked to abnormal and/or incomplete migration of the primordial germ cells from the endoderm yolk sac to gonads. Mediastinum GCT can become clinically problematic through its growth patterns, especially its expansive profile, which can cause compression on surrounding mediastinal structures, including major vessels, which in turn diminish blood flow. Overall survival improvement is strongly linked with surgical resection of the tumor, which achieve removal of tumor tissue resistant to chemotherapy and provides sample for histological examination, which helps assessment of pathological response to chemotherapy and planning of further management. CONCLUSION The mediastinum is a site of different neoplasia, including germ cell tumors. Despite its low incidence, the diagnosis of a mediastinal mixed germ cell tumor should be considered in young patients with a mediastinal mass. This tumor is aggressive and often infiltrates surrounding structures and metastasis. Physicians must be aware of the difficulties and complications associated with the diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Hilmy Ayundra
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Padjadjaran University, Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Bandung, Indonesia.
| | - Navy Laksmono
- Division of Cardiac and Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Padjadjaran University, Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Tri Wahyuni Murni
- Division of Cardiac and Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Padjadjaran University, Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Bandung, Indonesia
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Hu X, Li D, Xia J, Wang P, Cai J. Mediastinal mixed germ cell tumor: A case report and literature review. Open Med (Wars) 2021; 16:892-898. [PMID: 34179505 PMCID: PMC8216226 DOI: 10.1515/med-2021-0293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mixed germ cell tumor (MGCT) mainly occurs in young women’s ovaries and men’s testicles and rarely occurs outside the gonad. Fewer than 10 cases of mediastinal MGCT are available in PubMed, Embase, and other databases in English, while mediastinal MGCT with three pathological components, such as yolk sac tumor, immature teratoma, and embryonal carcinoma, has not been reported previously. A 12-year-old male sought medical attention for chest discomfort and underwent a computed tomography (CT) scan. A large soft tissue mass occupying most of the left thoracic cavity and mediastinum was detected. A CT-guided biopsy was performed, and an MGCT was diagnosed with pathological components, including yolk sac tumor, immature teratoma, and a small amount of embryonal carcinoma. Due to the large size of the tumor, the patient was treated with an EP regimen (etoposide + cisplatin) and paclitaxel + ifosfamide + cisplatin interstitial chemotherapy. The patient was followed up for 6 months and was alive with the disease. To the best of our knowledge, this is the 10th patient with MGCT in the mediastinum. The incidence of mediastinal MGCT is low, but it should still be considered one of the differential diagnoses of isolated pleural fibroma and neurogenic tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianwen Hu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563003, Guizhou Province, People's Republic of China.,Department of Radiology, Weng'an Qingzhu Hospital, Weng'an 550400, Guizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Dandan Li
- Department of Obstetrics, Zunyi Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zunyi 563003, Guizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinhua Xia
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563003, Guizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Pan Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563003, Guizhou Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiong Cai
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563003, Guizhou Province, People's Republic of China
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Rojas AP, Vo DV, Mwangi L, Rehman S, Peiris AN. Oncologic manifestations of Klinefelter syndrome. Hormones (Athens) 2020; 19:497-504. [PMID: 33000452 DOI: 10.1007/s42000-020-00241-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Klinefelter syndrome (47,XXY) has a prevalence of approximately 1 in 500 males. It is a condition characterized by an extra X chromosome and is an underdiagnosed clinical entity. Inactivation of genes enables their escape from regulatory mechanisms, which can result in such classic physical manifestations as hypogonadism, gynecomastia, infertility, and various hormonal and physical abnormalities. While the endocrine manifestations of 47,XXY are well-known, the oncologic manifestations have received less attention. An association between cancer and 47,XXY has not as yet been clearly defined, with variability noted in the prevalence of different malignancies in 47,XXY patients. The mechanisms underlying these altered oncologic risks are still under debate. Some of the proposed explanations include hormone imbalance, developmental malfunctions, and failed DNA repair mechanisms. However, the recognition of the oncological associations linked to 47,XXY could be helpful. Screening measures in certain malignancies may enable an earlier diagnosis of 47,XXY and the implementation of more customized care in 47,XXY and the mosaic variants.. The data for this review was compiled from relevant PubMed articles published within the last three decades and organized based on cancer type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexsandra P Rojas
- School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA.
- , Lubbock, TX, USA.
| | - Diana V Vo
- School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Lance Mwangi
- School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Shabnam Rehman
- Oncology Division of Internal medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Alan N Peiris
- Clinical Research Institute and Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
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7
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Bonouvrie K, van der Werff Ten Bosch J, van den Akker M. Klinefelter syndrome and germ cell tumors: review of the literature. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PEDIATRIC ENDOCRINOLOGY 2020; 2020:18. [PMID: 33005196 PMCID: PMC7526209 DOI: 10.1186/s13633-020-00088-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Objective The most common presentation of Klinefelter syndrome (KS) is infertility and features of hypogonadism. Currently no consensus exists on the risk of malignancy in this syndrome. Several case reports show an incidence of extragonadal germ cells tumors (eGCT) of 1.5 per 1000 KS patients (OR 50 against healthy population). Malignant germ cell tumors are rare in children. They account for 3% of all children cancers. Young patients with a germ cell tumor are not routinely tested for Klinefelter syndrome. This can therefore result in underdiagnosing. Literature data suggest a correlation between eGCT and KS. To the best of our knowledge there is no precise description of the primary locations of germ cell tumors in KS patients. The purpose of this study is to evaluate age groups and primary locations of extragonadal germ cell tumors in Klinefelter patients. With this data we investigate whether it is necessary to perform a cytogenetic analysis for KS in every eGCT patient. Study design This study is based on case report publications in PubMed/Medline published until march 2020 that described "Klinefelter Syndrome (MeSH) AND/OR extragonadal germ cell tumors". Publications were included when patients age, location and histology of the germ cell tumor was known. Two double blinded reviewers selected the studies.Results: 141 KS patients with eGCTs were identified. Mean age at presentation was 17.3 years (StDev + - 10.2). In contrast to the extragonadal germ cell tumors in adults, most eGCT in children were mediastinal or in the central nervous system (respectively 90/141; 64% and 23/141; 16% of all tumors). Distribution of histologic subtypes showed that the largest fraction represented a teratoma, mixed-type-non-seminomateus GCT and germinoma, respectively 34/141; 24%, 26/141; 18% and 20/141; 14% of all tumors. Conclusion These data suggest a correlation between primary extragonadal germ cell tumors and Klinefelter syndrome. There appears to be an indication for screening on KS in young patients with an eGCT in the mediastinum. A low threshold for radiologic examinations should be considered to discover eGCT. We emphasize the need for genetic analysis in all cases of a male with a mediastinal germ cell tumor for the underdiagnosed Klinefelter syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberley Bonouvrie
- Department of Pediatrics, Maxima Medisch Centrum, Veldhoven, The Netherlands.,Department of Pediatrics, ZNA Queen Paola Children's Hospital, Lindendreef 1, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jutte van der Werff Ten Bosch
- Department of Pediatrics, ZNA Queen Paola Children's Hospital, Lindendreef 1, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Machiel van den Akker
- Department of Pediatrics, ZNA Queen Paola Children's Hospital, Lindendreef 1, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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Kim Y, Ahn WK, Han JW, Hahn SM, Kwon SY, Lyu CJ. Primary Extragonadal Germ Cell Tumors in Klinefelter Syndrome: 10-Years of Experience from a Single Institute. CLINICAL PEDIATRIC HEMATOLOGY-ONCOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.15264/cpho.2020.27.1.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yura Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University Health System, Seoul, Korea
| | - Won Kee Ahn
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University Health System, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung Woo Han
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University Health System, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Min Hahn
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University Health System, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Yeon Kwon
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University Health System, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chuhl Joo Lyu
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University Health System, Seoul, Korea
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Abstract
Klinefelter syndrome can present as a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations at various stages in life, making it a chromosomal disorder with no standardized set of guidelines for appropriate management. Understanding the genetic and hormonal causes of this syndrome can allow physicians to treat each patient on a more individualized basis. The timing of diagnosis and degree of symptoms can guide management. This report will provide an updated review of the clinical presentation at various stages in life and the implications for management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Bearelly
- Urology, Boston University School of Medicine, 725 Albany Street, Suite 3B, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Robert Oates
- Urology, Boston University School of Medicine, 725 Albany Street, Suite 3B, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
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10
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De Toni L, Šabovic I, Cosci I, Ghezzi M, Foresta C, Garolla A. Testicular Cancer: Genes, Environment, Hormones. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:408. [PMID: 31338064 PMCID: PMC6626920 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Testicular cancer (TC) represents one of the most peculiar clinical challenges at present. In fact, currently treatments are so effective ensuring a 5 years disease-free survival rate in nearly 95% of patients. On the other hand however, TC represents the most frequent newly diagnosed form of cancer in men between the ages of 14 and 44 years, with an incidence ranging from <1 to 9.9 affected individuals per 100,000 males across countries, while the overall incidence is also increasing worldwide. Furthermore, cancer survivors show a 2% risk of developing cancer in the contralateral testis within 15 years of initial diagnosis. This complex and multifaceted scenario requires a great deal of effort to understand the clinical base of available evidence. It is now clear that genetic, environmental and hormonal risk factors concur and mutually influence both the development of the disease and its prognosis, in terms of response to treatment and the risk of recurrence. In this paper, the most recent issues describing the relative contribution of the aforementioned risk factors in TC development are discussed. In addition, particular attention is paid to the exposure to environmental chemical substances and thermal stress, whose role in cancer development and progression has recently been investigated at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca De Toni
- Unit of Andrology and Reproductive Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Iva Šabovic
- Unit of Andrology and Reproductive Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Ilaria Cosci
- Unit of Andrology and Reproductive Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Oncology, IOV-IRCCS, Padova, Italy
| | - Marco Ghezzi
- Unit of Andrology and Reproductive Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Carlo Foresta
- Unit of Andrology and Reproductive Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- *Correspondence: Carlo Foresta
| | - Andrea Garolla
- Unit of Andrology and Reproductive Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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Le Fèvre C, Vigneron C, Schuster H, Walter A, Marcellin L, Massard G, Lutz P, Noël G. Metastatic mediastinal mature teratoma with malignant transformation in a young man with an adenocarcinoma in a Klinefelter's syndrome: Case report and review of the literature. Cancer Radiother 2018; 22:255-263. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canrad.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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12
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Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation for Myelodysplastic Syndrome in a Child With Klinefelter Syndrome. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2018; 40:81-82. [PMID: 28902077 DOI: 10.1097/mph.0000000000000969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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13
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Dhanoa JK, Mukhopadhyay CS, Arora JS. Y-chromosomal genes affecting male fertility: A review. Vet World 2016; 9:783-91. [PMID: 27536043 PMCID: PMC4983133 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2016.783-791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian sex-chromosomes (X and Y) have evolved from autosomes and are involved in sex determination and reproductive traits. The Y-chromosome is the smallest chromosome that consists of 2-3% of the haploid genome and may contain between 70 and 200 genes. The Y-chromosome plays major role in male fertility and is suitable to study the evolutionary relics, speciation, and male infertility and/or subfertility due to its unique features such as long non-recombining region, abundance of repetitive sequences, and holandric inheritance pattern. During evolution, many holandric genes were deleted. The current review discusses the mammalian holandric genes and their functions. The commonly encountered infertility and/or subfertility problems due to point or gross mutation (deletion) of the Y-chromosomal genes have also been discussed. For example, loss or microdeletion of sex-determining region, Y-linked gene results in XY males that exhibit female characteristics, deletion of RNA binding motif, Y-encoded in azoospermic factor b region results in the arrest of spermatogenesis at meiosis. The holandric genes have been covered for associating the mutations with male factor infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasdeep Kaur Dhanoa
- School of Animal Biotechnology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana - 141 004, Punjab, India
| | - Chandra Sekhar Mukhopadhyay
- School of Animal Biotechnology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana - 141 004, Punjab, India
| | - Jaspreet Singh Arora
- School of Animal Biotechnology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana - 141 004, Punjab, India
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