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Bokek-Cohen Y, Gonen LD, Tarabeih M. The Ethical Standards of Sunni Muslim Physicians Regarding Fertility Technologies that are Religiously Forbidden. JOURNAL OF RELIGION AND HEALTH 2022; 61:2876-2904. [PMID: 35616821 DOI: 10.1007/s10943-022-01583-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This research project is pioneering in that it is the first to provide empirical data regarding the ethical standards of Sunni Muslim physicians toward religiously prohibited reproductive technologies, a topic which is considered taboo in Muslim society. A total of 689 Sunni Muslim physicians rated their acceptance of 14 fertility treatments. They expressed objections to assisted reproductive technologies entailing gender selection, egg, sperm and embryo donation, and surrogacy. The findings show that the Sunni Muslim medical establishment avoids fertility options that are considered in violation of Islamic law, and Sunni Muslim physicians tend to obey religious law.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya'arit Bokek-Cohen
- School of Nursing, The Israel Academic College of Ramat Gan, 87 Rootenberg st., 5227528, Ramat Gan, Israel.
- , Holon, Israel.
| | - Limor Dina Gonen
- Department of Economics and Business Administration, Ariel University, POB 3, 44837, Ariel, Israel
| | - Mahdi Tarabeih
- Department of Economics and Business Administration, Ariel University, POB 3, 44837, Ariel, Israel
- School of Nursing, Tel Aviv Jaffa Academic College, 2 Rabenu Yerucham St., 6161001, Sakhnin, Israel
- , Sakhnin, Israel
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Hadizadeh-Talasaz F, Simbar M, Latifnejad Roudsari R. Exploring Infertile Couples' Decisions to Disclose Donor Conception to The Future Child. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FERTILITY & STERILITY 2020; 14:240-246. [PMID: 33098393 PMCID: PMC7604704 DOI: 10.22074/ijfs.2020.44408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Background Despite significant advances in reproductive technology, using donor assisted reproductive technology
is a double-edged sword that has numerous challenges. One of the most challenging issues for couples is whether or
not to disclose this information to donor offspring. This study, therefore, explored infertile couples’ decision to dis-
close donor conception to their future child. Materials and Methods This qualitative study was conducted using content analysis approach in 2012 in the Milad
Infertility Centre, Mashhad, Iran. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 32 infertile persons
including nine couples and 14 women who were selected by purposive sampling. Data were analysed by conven-
tional qualitative content analysis adopted by Graneheim and Lundman using MAXQDA 2010 software. Results Two categories were emerged: ‘not to disclose information to the child’ and ‘to disclose information to
the child’. The first category consisted of three subcategories: 1. child support from probable harms; 2.to maintain
healthy family relationships; and 3. lack of a compelling reason to disclose this information. The second category
embraced four subcategories: 1. awareness of the others; 2. emergence of new living conditions; 3. appreciation for
the donor; and 4. honesty among family members. The main reason for not disclosing information was to protect the
child from probable harm. Conclusion Although protecting children from possible harms was a major reason for infertile couples' secrecy,
keeping this secret would not be always easy. Therefore, increasing public awareness about the donation process in
order to change the beliefs of community and eliminate the infertile couples’ concerns would help them to overcome
this problem. Additionally, long-term psychological counselling during and after the donation process is highly rec-
ommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Hadizadeh-Talasaz
- Department of Midwifery, Faculty of Medicine, Social Development and Health Promotion Research Centre, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Simbar
- Midwifery and Reproductive Health Research Centre, Department of Midwifery and Reproductive Health, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Robab Latifnejad Roudsari
- Nursing and Midwifery Care Research Centre, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Midwifery, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. Electronic Address:
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Khvorostyanov N, Yeshua-Katz D. Bad, Pathetic and Greedy Women: Expressions of Surrogate Motherhood Stigma in a Russian Online Forum. SEX ROLES 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11199-020-01119-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Mustafa AG, Alzoubi KH, Khabour OF, Alfaqih MA. Perspectives and attitudes of Jordanian medical and paramedical students toward surrogate pregnancy. Int J Womens Health 2018; 10:617-622. [PMID: 30410408 PMCID: PMC6200074 DOI: 10.2147/ijwh.s184434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aims at investigating the perspectives of Jordanian medical and paramedical students on surrogate pregnancy. METHODS A questionnaire-based cross-sectional study design was used. The sample consisted of n=328 students of both genders. The questionnaire responses were numerically coded and analyzed across gender and the level of education. RESULTS Approximately, 18% of the students reported good awareness about the ethical dilemmas of surrogacy. The results showed a general reluctance to accept surrogate pregnancy as the majority (80.5% of male students and 97.6% of female students) had a negative attitude toward surrogacy. In addition, undergraduate students were less supportive to surrogate pregnancy than graduate students. Religious considerations were the main reason (accounts for about 70%) for driving negative attitude toward surrogacy. CONCLUSION The findings of the study indicate a general reluctance toward accepting the concept of surrogate pregnancy, which is mainly due to religious reasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman G Mustafa
- College of Medicine, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar, .,Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan,
| | - Karem H Alzoubi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Omar F Khabour
- Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Mahmoud A Alfaqih
- Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan,
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Ahmadi A, Bamdad S. Assisted reproductive technologies and the Iranian community attitude towards infertility. HUM FERTIL 2017. [PMID: 28635408 DOI: 10.1080/14647273.2017.1285057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Since the late 1990s, assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) have been legitimized in Iran through an official religious endorsement. Iran, under the dominant authority of the Shia sect, is now the most enthusiastic adopter of ARTs in the Muslim world, permitting all forms of treatments, including third party donation. This study examined the public perception of assisted conception and its influence on the adoption of these methods in Iran. The study was questionnaire-based and conducted in 2012 in Shiraz, the most populated city in the south of Iran. It included 405 Iranian residents selected through the cluster sampling method. The results indicated that respondents did not support all types of assisted reproduction. Amongst modern infertility treatment methods, IVF (using husband's sperm and wife's egg) was the most widely accepted. Gestational surrogacy and the use of donated gametes were less accepted. Demographic variables including gender, marital status, age, education and employment status were linked to significant differences in public opinion. It was concluded that members of the public require better information about gamete donation and surrogacy, as this could shape infertile couples' decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliyar Ahmadi
- a Department of Sociology and Social Planning , Shiraz University , Shiraz , Iran
| | - Sara Bamdad
- b Department of Sociology , University of Warwick , Coventry , UK
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Muñoz Sastre MT, Sorum PC, Mullet E. The acceptability of assisted reproductive technology among French lay people. J Reprod Infant Psychol 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/02646838.2016.1188279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul Clay Sorum
- Department of Pediatrics, Albany Medical College , Albany, NY, USA
| | - Etienne Mullet
- Department of Ethics, Institute of Advanced Studies (EPHE) , Paris, France
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Rahimi Kian F, Zandi A, Omani Samani R, Maroufizadeh S, Mehran A. Development and Validation of Attitude toward Gestational Surrogacy Scale in Iranian Infertile Couples. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FERTILITY & STERILITY 2016; 10:113-9. [PMID: 27123208 PMCID: PMC4845521 DOI: 10.22074/ijfs.2016.4776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Surrogacy is one of the most challenging infertility treatments engaging
ethical, psychological and social issues. Attitudes survey plays an important role to disclosure variant aspects of surrogacy, to help meeting legislative gaps and ambiguities,
and to convert controversial dimensions surrounding surrogacy to a normative concept
that eliminates stigma. The aim of this study is to develop a comprehensive scale for
gestational surrogacy attitudes. Materials and Methods Development process of gestational surrogacy attitudes scale
(GSAS) performed based on a descriptive cross-sectional study and included a rich data
pool gathered from literature reviews, a qualitative pilot study on 15 infertile couples
(n=30), use of expert advisory panel (EAP) consisting of 20 members, as well as use of
content validity through qualitative and quantitative study by the means of content validity ratio (CVR) and content validity index (CVI). Also internal consistence using Cronbach’s alpha and test-retest reliability using intracalss correlation coefficient (ICC) were
evaluated. Application of GSAS was tested in a cross-sectional study that was conducted
on 200 infertile couples (n=400) at Royan Institute, Tehran, Iran, during 2014. Results Final version of GSAS had 30 items within five subscales including "acceptance
of surrogacy", "Surrogacy and public attitudes", "Child born through surrogacy", "Surrogate mother", and "Intentional attitude and surrogacy future attempt". Content validity
was represented with values of CVR=0.73 and CVI =0.98. Cronbach’s alpha value was
0.91 for the overall scale, while ICC value due to test-retest responses was 0.89. Conclusion Acceptable level of competency and capability of GSAS is significantly
indicated; therefore, it seems to be an appropriate tool for the evaluation of gestational
surrogacy attitudes in Iranian infertile couples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Rahimi Kian
- Faculty Member of Nursing and Midwifery Care Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Afsaneh Zandi
- Faculty Member of Nursing and Midwifery Care Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Omani Samani
- Department of Epidemiology and Reproductive Health, Reproductive Epidemiology Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saman Maroufizadeh
- Department of Epidemiology and Reproductive Health, Reproductive Epidemiology Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Mehran
- Faculty Member of Nursing and Midwifery Care Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Sallam HN, Sallam NH. Religious aspects of assisted reproduction. Facts Views Vis Obgyn 2016; 8:33-48. [PMID: 27822349 PMCID: PMC5096425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Human response to new developments regarding birth, death, marriage and divorce is largely shaped by religious beliefs. When assisted reproduction was introduced into medical practice in the last quarter of the twentieth century, it was fiercely attacked by some religious groups and highly welcomed by others. Today, assisted reproduction is accepted in nearly all its forms by Judaism, Hinduism and Buddhism, although most Orthodox Jews refuse third party involvement. On the contrary assisted reproduction is totally unacceptable to Roman Catholicism, while Protestants, Anglicans, Coptic Christians and Sunni Muslims accept most of its forms, which do not involve gamete or embryo donation. Orthodox Christians are less strict than Catholic Christians but still refuse third party involvement. Interestingly, in contrast to Sunni Islam, Shi'a Islam accepts gamete donation and has made provisions to institutionalize it. Chinese culture is strongly influenced by Confucianism, which accepts all forms of assisted reproduction that do not involve third parties. Other communities follow the law of the land, which is usually dictated by the religious group(s) that make(s) the majority of that specific community. The debate will certainly continue as long as new developments arise in the ever-evolving field of assisted reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- HN Sallam
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and Alexandria Fertility, and IVF Center, Alexandria, Egypt
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Taebi M. Behind the scenes of surrogacy. Nurs Midwifery Stud 2015; 3:e23600. [PMID: 25741516 PMCID: PMC4348726 DOI: 10.17795/nmsjournal23600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2014] [Revised: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mahboubeh Taebi
- Department of Midwifery, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, IR Iran
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Kian EM, Riazi H, Bashirian S. Attitudes of Iranian infertile couples toward surrogacy. J Hum Reprod Sci 2014; 7:47-51. [PMID: 24829531 PMCID: PMC4018798 DOI: 10.4103/0974-1208.130847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Revised: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Surrogacy arrangements are multifaceted in nature, involving multiple controversial aspects and engaging ethical, moral, psychological and social issues. Successful treatment in reproductive medicine is strongly based on the mutual agreement of both partners, especially in Iran where men often make the final decision for health-related problems of this nature. AIM: The aim of the following study is to assess the attitudes of Iranian infertile couples toward surrogacy. SETTING AND DESIGN: This descriptive study was conducted at the infertility clinic of Hamadan university of medical sciences, Iran. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study sample consisted of 150 infertile couples selected using a systematic randomized method. Data collection was based on responses to a questionnaire consisting of 22 questions. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: P <0.05 were considered to be statistically significant. RESULTS: While 33.3% of men and 43.3% of women surveyed insisted on not using surrogacy, the overall attitudes toward surrogacy were positive (53.3% of women and 54.6% of men surveyed). CONCLUSION: Although, there was not a significant difference between the overall positive attitudes of infertile women and men toward surrogacy, the general attitude toward using this method is not strongly positive. Therefore, further efforts are required to increase the acceptability of surrogacy among infertile couples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ensiyeh Mohebbi Kian
- Department of Midwifery, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hedieh Riazi
- Department of Midwifery, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeid Bashirian
- Department of Health, Faculty of Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
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