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Yu C, Xu J, Heidari G, Jiang H, Shi Y, Wu A, Makvandi P, Neisiany RE, Zare EN, Shao M, Hu L. Injectable hydrogels based on biopolymers for the treatment of ocular diseases. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 269:132086. [PMID: 38705321 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Injectable hydrogels based on biopolymers, fabricated utilizing diverse chemical and physical methodologies, exhibit exceptional physical, chemical, and biological properties. They have multifaceted applications encompassing wound healing, tissue regeneration, and across diverse scientific realms. This review critically evaluates their largely uncharted potential in ophthalmology, elucidating their diverse applications across an array of ocular diseases. These conditions include glaucoma, cataracts, corneal disorders (spanning from age-related degeneration to trauma, infections, and underlying chronic illnesses), retina-associated ailments (such as diabetic retinopathy, retinitis pigmentosa, and age-related macular degeneration (AMD)), eyelid abnormalities, and uveal melanoma (UM). This study provides a thorough analysis of applications of injectable hydrogels based on biopolymers across these ocular disorders. Injectable hydrogels based on biopolymers can be customized to have specific physical, chemical, and biological properties that make them suitable as drug delivery vehicles, tissue scaffolds, and sealants in the eye. For example, they can be engineered to have optimum viscosity to be injected intravitreally and sustain drug release to treat retinal diseases. Their porous structure and biocompatibility promote cellular infiltration to regenerate diseased corneal tissue. By accentuating their indispensable role in ocular disease treatment, this review strives to present innovative and targeted approaches in this domain, thereby advancing ocular therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiyu Yu
- Department of Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat, The Dingli Clinical College of Wenzhou Medical University, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shanghai University, Wenzhou Central Hospital, Wenzhou 325000, China; School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jiahao Xu
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Golnaz Heidari
- School of Natural Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand
| | - Huijun Jiang
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yifeng Shi
- Department of Orthopaedics, Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics of Zhejiang Province, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Aimin Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics of Zhejiang Province, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Pooyan Makvandi
- The Quzhou Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Quzhou People's Hospital, Quzhou, Zhejiang 324000, China; Chitkara Centre for Research and Development, Chitkara University, Himachal Pradesh 174103, India; Department of Biomaterials, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, SIMATS, Saveetha University, Chennai 600077, India
| | - Rasoul Esmaeely Neisiany
- Biotechnology Centre, Silesian University of Technology, Krzywoustego 8, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland; Department of Polymer Engineering, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar 9617976487, Iran
| | - Ehsan Nazarzadeh Zare
- School of Chemistry, Damghan University, Damghan 36716-45667, Iran; Centre of Research Impact and Outreach, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140417, Punjab, India.
| | - Minmin Shao
- Department of Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat, The Dingli Clinical College of Wenzhou Medical University, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shanghai University, Wenzhou Central Hospital, Wenzhou 325000, China.
| | - Liang Hu
- Department of Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat, The Dingli Clinical College of Wenzhou Medical University, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shanghai University, Wenzhou Central Hospital, Wenzhou 325000, China; National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China; State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China.
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El Cury-Silva T, Dela Cruz C, Nunes MG, Casalechi M, Caldeira-Brant AL, Rodrigues JK, Reis FM. Addition of synthetic polymers to a conventional cryoprotectant solution in the vitrification of bovine ovarian tissue. Cryobiology 2024; 116:104911. [PMID: 38782296 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2024.104911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Some synthetic polymers can be used at low concentrations to reduce the toxicity of conventional cryoprotectant agents. In this study we investigated whether the addition of synthetic polymers to a conventional cryoprotectant solution would improve the cryopreservation of bovine ovarian tissue. Freshly collected ovaries from ten adult crossbred cows were incised using a scalpel in the frontal section. From each cow, ovarian cortical slices of 1 mm thickness were divided into 30 fragments of 3 × 3 mm, of which 10 served as fresh controls, 10 were vitrified with conventional cryoprotectant agents (2.93 M glycerol, 27 % w/v; 4.35 M ethylene glycol, 27 % w/v), and 10 were vitrified using the same cryoprotectant agents in addition to synthetic polymers (0.2 % PVP K-12, 0.2 % SuperCool X-1000 ™ w/v and 0.4 % SuperCool Z-1000 ™ w/v). After warming, histology was used to assess follicular quantity and integrity, while in vitro culture of mechanically isolated follicles encapsulated in an alginate matrix was performed for 15 days to assess their growth and hormonal production. Vitrified ovarian tissues presented abnormal morphology, a higher percentage of atretic follicles, and their isolated follicles had lower survival rates and lower frequency of antrum formation during in vitro culture compared to those from fresh tissue. At the end of culture, the follicles that had been cryopreserved produced less estradiol and progesterone than the fresh ones. The addition of synthetic polymers during tissue vitrification did not modify any of these parameters. We conclude that, under the conditions of this study, the use of this combination of synthetic polymers for tissue vitrification did not enhance the preservation of the morphological or functional integrity of bovine ovarian follicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taynná El Cury-Silva
- Division of Human Reproduction, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, MG, Brazil
| | - Cynthia Dela Cruz
- Division of Human Reproduction, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, MG, Brazil
| | - Monique G Nunes
- Division of Human Reproduction, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, MG, Brazil
| | - Maíra Casalechi
- Division of Human Reproduction, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, MG, Brazil
| | - André L Caldeira-Brant
- Division of Human Reproduction, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, MG, Brazil
| | - Jhenifer K Rodrigues
- Division of Human Reproduction, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, MG, Brazil
| | - Fernando M Reis
- Division of Human Reproduction, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, MG, Brazil.
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Kailasam V, Kumara BN, Prasad KS, Nirmal J. Combination of self-assembling system and N,O-carboxymethyl chitosan improves ocular residence of anti-glaucoma drug. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2024; 197:114208. [PMID: 38336235 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2024.114208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Glaucoma is known to be one of the principal causes of vision loss due to elevated intraocular pressure. Currently, latanoprost eye drops is used as first-line treatment for glaucoma; however, it possesses low bioavailability due to rapid precorneal clearance. A novel delivery system with a mucoadhesive property could overcome this problem. Therefore, we attempt to develop a combination of self-assembling latanoprost nanomicelles (Latcel) and a mucoadhesive polymer (N,O-carboxymethyl chitosan: N,O-CMC) to improve the corneal residence time. Latcel was developed using Poloxamer-407 by thin film hydration method, followed by the addition of N,O-CMC using simple solvation to obtain Latcel-CMC and characterized using various physicochemical characterization techniques. The particle size of Latcel-CMC was 94.07 ± 2.48 nm and a zeta potential of -16.03 ± 0.66 mV, with a sustained release for 24h whereas marketed latanoprost drops released 90 % of the drug within 1h. In vitro cytotoxicity studies, HET-CAM, and in vivo Draize test showed the biocompatibility of Latcel-CMC. Cellular uptake studies performed using fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) loaded nanomicelles in human corneal epithelial cells indicates the increased cellular uptake as compare to plain FITC solution. In vivo ocular residence time was evaluated in Wistar rats using Indocyanine green (ICG) loaded nanomicelles by an in vivo imaging system (IVIS), indicating Latcel-CMC (8h) has better residence time than plain ICG solution (2h). The Latcel-CMC showed improved corneal residence time and sustained release of latanoprost due to increased mucoadhesion. Thus, the developed N,O-Carboxymethyl chitosan based nanomicelles eye drop could be a better strategy than conventional eye drops for topical delivery of latanoprost to treat glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Velmurugan Kailasam
- Translational Pharmaceutics Research Laboratory (TPRL), Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Sciences (BITS), Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad 500078, Telangana, India
| | - Bommanahalli Nagaraju Kumara
- Nanomaterial Research Laboratory [NMRL], Nano Division, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya [Deemed to be University], Deralakatte, Mangalore 575 018, India
| | - K Sudhakara Prasad
- Nanomaterial Research Laboratory [NMRL], Nano Division, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya [Deemed to be University], Deralakatte, Mangalore 575 018, India; Centre for Nutrition Studies, Yenepoya [Deemed to be University], Deralakatte, Mangalore 575 018, India.
| | - Jayabalan Nirmal
- Translational Pharmaceutics Research Laboratory (TPRL), Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Sciences (BITS), Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad 500078, Telangana, India.
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Tsung TH, Tsai YC, Lee HP, Chen YH, Lu DW. Biodegradable Polymer-Based Drug-Delivery Systems for Ocular Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12976. [PMID: 37629157 PMCID: PMC10455181 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Ocular drug delivery is a challenging field due to the unique anatomical and physiological barriers of the eye. Biodegradable polymers have emerged as promising tools for efficient and controlled drug delivery in ocular diseases. This review provides an overview of biodegradable polymer-based drug-delivery systems for ocular diseases with emphasis on the potential for biodegradable polymers to overcome the limitations of conventional methods, allowing for sustained drug release, improved bioavailability, and targeted therapy. Natural and synthetic polymers are both discussed, highlighting their biodegradability and biocompatibility. Various formulation strategies, such as nanoparticles, hydrogels, and microemulsions, among others, are investigated, detailing preparation methods, drug encapsulation, and clinical applications. The focus is on anterior and posterior segment drug delivery, covering glaucoma, corneal disorders, ocular inflammation, retinal diseases, age-related macular degeneration, and diabetic retinopathy. Safety considerations, such as biocompatibility evaluations, in vivo toxicity studies, and clinical safety, are addressed. Future perspectives encompass advancements, regulatory considerations, and clinical translation challenges. In conclusion, biodegradable polymers offer potential for efficient and targeted ocular drug delivery, improving therapeutic outcomes while reducing side effects. Further research is needed to optimize formulation strategies and address regulatory requirements for successful clinical implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ta-Hsin Tsung
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan; (T.-H.T.); (Y.-C.T.); (H.-P.L.); (Y.-H.C.)
| | - Yu-Chien Tsai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan; (T.-H.T.); (Y.-C.T.); (H.-P.L.); (Y.-H.C.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, Taoyuan Armed Forces General Hospital, Taoyuan 325, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Pei Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan; (T.-H.T.); (Y.-C.T.); (H.-P.L.); (Y.-H.C.)
| | - Yi-Hao Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan; (T.-H.T.); (Y.-C.T.); (H.-P.L.); (Y.-H.C.)
| | - Da-Wen Lu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan; (T.-H.T.); (Y.-C.T.); (H.-P.L.); (Y.-H.C.)
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Srivastava V, Chary PS, Rajana N, Pardhi ER, Singh V, Khatri D, Singh SB, Mehra NK. Complex ophthalmic formulation technologies: Advancement and future perspectives. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2023.104317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
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Visco DM. Comparison of postcataract surgery anti-inflammatory regimens on the incidence of cystoid macular edema, iritis, pain, and photophobia. J Cataract Refract Surg 2023; 49:44-49. [PMID: 35862832 DOI: 10.1097/j.jcrs.0000000000001022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare postcataract surgery anti-inflammatory regimens of intracanalicular dexamethasone insert and topical bromfenac on the incidence of cystoid macular edema (CME), iritis, pain, and photophobia. SETTING Eyes of York Cataract & Laser Center, York, Pennsylvania. DESIGN Retrospective chart review. METHODS Case records of 647 consecutive patients (1001 eyes) who underwent cataract surgery and received dexamethasone intracanalicular insert 0.4 mg (Group 1; 482 eyes) or topical nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) (bromfenac 0.075% 2 times a day) for 4 weeks postoperatively (Group 2; 519 eyes) were included. Both groups received intracameral moxifloxacin and phenylephrine/ketorolac. Patients with prior CME, vitreomacular traction, combined cataract/glaucoma surgery, and medication protocols different from those examined in this study were excluded. RESULTS Compared with the dexamethasone insert group, the topical NSAID group had a significantly lower incidence of CME (0.4% [2/519] vs 3.9% [19/482], P < .001) and photophobia (1.9% [10/519] vs 4.8% [23/482], P = .012). The incidence of breakthrough iritis (3.5% [18/519] vs 5.6% [27/482], P = .104) and pain also trended lower (4.0% [21/519] vs 5.4% [26/482], P = .314) in the topical NSAID group. CONCLUSIONS Topical NSAIDs were found to be more effective in controlling CME, pain, iritis, and photophobia after cataract surgery compared with the intracanalicular dexamethasone insert in the presence of intracameral phenylephrine/ketorolac.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise M Visco
- From the Eyes of York Cataract & Laser Center, York, Pennsylvania
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Wang Y, Wang C. Novel Eye Drop Delivery Systems: Advance on Formulation Design Strategies Targeting Anterior and Posterior Segments of the Eye. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14061150. [PMID: 35745723 PMCID: PMC9229693 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14061150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Eye drops are the most common and convenient route of topical administration and the first choice of treatment for many ocular diseases. However, the ocular bioavailability of traditional eye drops (i.e., solutions, suspensions, and ointments) is very low because of ophthalmic physiology and barriers, which greatly limits their therapeutic effect. Over the past few decades, many novel eye drop delivery systems, such as prodrugs, cyclodextrins, in situ gels, and nanoparticles, have been developed to improve ophthalmic bioavailability. These novel eye drop delivery systems have good biocompatibility, adhesion, and propermeation properties and have shown superior performance and efficacy over traditional eye drops. Therefore, the purpose of this review was to systematically present the research progress on novel eye drop delivery systems and provide a reference for the development of dosage form, clinical application, and commercial transformation of eye drops.
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Li W, Shu S, Nooraei A, Abadifard E, Younus MD, Gao H. Application of Biological Composite Materials in the Regeneration of Subchondral Defects and Articular Cartilage in a Synovial Joint: An Experimental Model. J Biomed Nanotechnol 2022; 18:504-511. [PMID: 35484732 DOI: 10.1166/jbn.2022.3264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Since the benefits of Nano-material usage have been well documented in orthopedic surgery, this study was conducted to explore the effect of polyvinyl alcohol/nano-hydroxyapatite/polyamide 66 (PVA/n-HA/P66) on repairing of traumatic cartilage defects in rabbit knee joint. Methods: New Zealand white rabbits were used to make a rabbit knee traumatic cartilage defect animal model. All rabbits were randomly located in three groups. Group-A (PVA/n-HA+PA66 implanted in cartilage defects); Group-B (HA nanospheres implanted in cartilage defects)/Gelatin sponge composite scaffold); Group-C (only cartilage defect without implant). The repairment of articular cartilage defects and the general observation were studied by using pathological staining and gene expression of collagen using RT-PCR after 12 weeks. Results: After 12 weeks, we observed a small amount of fibrous tissue growth in group C without soft cell filling. The repaired tissue in group B was stained with immunohistochemical and toluidine blue staining for collagen and type II collagen is positive, but chondrocyte structure is more visible. The relative mRNA expression of type II collagen was higher in group B in comparison to other groups. The results of the Wakitani score were 5.50±2.59 for group A, 8.83±2.79 for group B, 11.50±1.05 for group C. Results showed no significant difference between group B and C; however, significant differences were found in the scoring results between groups A and B, and between-group A and C. Conclusion: This study showed the high effectiveness of PVA/n-HA+PA66 in the treatment of cartilage defects through increasing the expression of type II collagen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, 241001, China
| | - Shijun Shu
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiamen Fifth Hospital, Xiamen, 361101, China
| | - Aref Nooraei
- Comparative Anatomy and Embryology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, 83151-61355, Iran
| | - Erfan Abadifard
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 14176-53955, Iran
| | - Mustafa D Younus
- Department of General Biology, Cihan University-Erbil, Kurdistan Region, 7381000, Iraq
| | - Hongwei Gao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Ninth Hospital, Xi'an, 710000, China
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Recent advances in ophthalmic preparations: Ocular barriers, dosage forms and routes of administration. Int J Pharm 2021; 608:121105. [PMID: 34537269 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.121105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The human eye is a complex organ with unique anatomy and physiology that restricts the delivery of drugs to target ocular tissues/sites. Recent advances in the field of pharmacy, biotechnology and material science have led to development of novel ophthalmic dosage forms which can provide sustained drug delivery, reduce dosing frequency and improve the ocular bioavailability of drugs. This review highlights the different anatomical and physiological factors which affect ocular bioavailability of drugs and explores advancements from 2016 to 2020 in various ophthalmic preparations. Different routes of drug administration such as topical, intravitreal, intraocular, juxtascleral, subconjunctival, intracameral and retrobulbar are discussed with their advances and limitations.
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Safety and efficacy of nepafenac punctal plug delivery system in controlling postoperative ocular pain and inflammation after cataract surgery. J Cataract Refract Surg 2021; 47:158-164. [PMID: 32925651 DOI: 10.1097/j.jcrs.0000000000000414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the safety and efficacy of a nepafenac punctal plug delivery system (N-PPDS) after cataract surgery. SETTING Three U.S. clinical sites. DESIGN Prospective, multicenter, randomized (2:1), parallel-arm, double-masked, placebo-controlled, phase II pilot study. METHODS Fifty-six subjects (aged older than 22 years) with expected postcataract correctable distance vision of 20/30 or better and lower puncta allowing dilation up to 1.0 mm received either the nepafenac (N-PPDS group; n = 38 eyes) or a placebo punctal plug delivery system (p-PPDS group; n = 18 eyes). All eyes underwent routine unilateral cataract surgery with intraocular lens implantation. The primary and secondary efficacy measures were postoperative ocular pain and inflammation, respectively. RESULTS There were 38 patients in the experimental N-PPDS group and 18 patients in the control group. The N-PPDS group had a significantly higher percentage of pain-free patients than that in the p-PPDS group (22/32 [69%] vs 6/16 [38%] at 3 days, P = .038; and 24/36 [67%] vs 5/16 [31%] at 7 days, P = .018). A higher percentage of patients in the N-PPDS group (15/29 [52%] vs 0/14 [0%] in p-PPDS) was pain free at all visits (P = .001). Anterior chamber cell scores were better in the N-PPDS group (patients with no anterior chamber cells: 18/36 [50%] vs 3/16 [19%] in p-PPDS; P = .034) at 7 days. The plug retention rate was 98% (55/56) at 14 days. Adverse events having a suspected relationship with the punctal plug treatment occurred in 1 case of the N-PPDS group having to do with placement and zero in the p-PPDS group. CONCLUSIONS The N-PPDS was safe and effective for the management of ocular pain and inflammation after cataract surgery.
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Peter M, Panonnummal R. A Review on Newer Ocular Drug Delivery Systems with an Emphasis on Glaucoma. Adv Pharm Bull 2021; 11:399-413. [PMID: 34513615 PMCID: PMC8421633 DOI: 10.34172/apb.2021.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is an irreversible condition resulting from the increase in intraocular pressure (IOP); which leads to permanent loss of vision with the destruction of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). The IOP elevations are controlled in normal by the physiological flow of aqueous humour. A population with age above 40 is more susceptible to glaucoma. Other factors like gender, genetics, race etc. plays major roles in the development of the disease. Current treatment methods available for the disease includes drugs come under the classes of beta receptor blockers, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, cholinergic agonists, prostaglandins etc. N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonists, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) inhibition, cytoskeletal agents, Rho-kinase inhibitors etc are few novel targets sites which are in research focus for the treatment of the disease. Developments in nanomedicine are also being evaluated for their potential in treating the growing glaucomatous population. Nanosystems are suggested to avoid the difficulties in tackling the various ocular barriers to a limit, help to decrease the instillation frequency of topical medication and can provide drug delivery in a sustained or controlled manner. This review focuses on the current and emerging treatment methods for glaucoma along with some of the nanoformulations for ocular drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rajitha Panonnummal
- Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Institute of Medical Science & Research Centre, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi-682041, India
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Macoon R, Chauhan A. Ophthalmic delivery of hydrophilic drugs through drug-loaded oleogels. Eur J Pharm Sci 2021; 158:105634. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Wang Y, Bruggeman KF, Franks S, Gautam V, Hodgetts SI, Harvey AR, Williams RJ, Nisbet DR. Is Viral Vector Gene Delivery More Effective Using Biomaterials? Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2001238. [PMID: 33191667 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202001238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Gene delivery has been extensively investigated for introducing foreign genetic material into cells to promote expression of therapeutic proteins or to silence relevant genes. This approach can regulate genetic or epigenetic disorders, offering an attractive alternative to pharmacological therapy or invasive protein delivery options. However, the exciting potential of viral gene therapy has yet to be fully realized, with a number of clinical trials failing to deliver optimal therapeutic outcomes. Reasons for this include difficulty in achieving localized delivery, and subsequently lower efficacy at the target site, as well as poor or inconsistent transduction efficiency. Thus, ongoing efforts are focused on improving local viral delivery and enhancing its efficiency. Recently, biomaterials have been exploited as an option for more controlled, targeted and programmable gene delivery. There is a growing body of literature demonstrating the efficacy of biomaterials and their potential advantages over other delivery strategies. This review explores current limitations of gene delivery and the progress of biomaterial-mediated gene delivery. The combination of biomaterials and gene vectors holds the potential to surmount major challenges, including the uncontrolled release of viral vectors with random delivery duration, poorly localized viral delivery with associated off-target effects, limited viral tropism, and immune safety concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials Research School of Engineering The Australian National University Canberra ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Kiara F. Bruggeman
- Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials Research School of Engineering The Australian National University Canberra ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Stephanie Franks
- Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials Research School of Engineering The Australian National University Canberra ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Vini Gautam
- Department of Biomedical Engineering The University of Melbourne Melbourne Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Stuart I. Hodgetts
- School of Human Sciences The University of Western Australia Perth WA 6009 Australia
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science Perth WA 6009 Australia
| | - Alan R. Harvey
- School of Human Sciences The University of Western Australia Perth WA 6009 Australia
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science Perth WA 6009 Australia
| | - Richard J. Williams
- The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation (IMPACT) School of Medicine Deakin University Waurn Ponds VIC 3216 Australia
- Biofab3D St. Vincent's Hospital Fitzroy 3065 Australia
| | - David R. Nisbet
- Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials Research School of Engineering The Australian National University Canberra ACT 2601 Australia
- Biofab3D St. Vincent's Hospital Fitzroy 3065 Australia
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Sahu DK, Pradhan D, Naik PK, Kar B, Ghosh G, Rath G. Smart polymeric eye gear: A possible preventive measure against ocular transmission of COVID-19. Med Hypotheses 2020; 144:110288. [PMID: 33254590 PMCID: PMC7494557 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The angiotensin-converting enzyme 2(ACE-2) receptors with approx. 0.8% congestion in conjunctival surface, leads to increase susceptibility of Covid-19 transmission through ocular surface. It has been observed that prophylactic measures such as goggle or face shield are unable to offer complete protection against ocular transmission of SRS-CoV-2. Hence, it is hypothesized that topical ocular prophylaxis using biocompatible polymers with reported in-vitro and in-vivo evidence of ACE inhibition and antiviral activity appears to be a promising strategy for preventing ocular transmission of Covid-19 to healthcare workers. They are capable of binding to ACE-2 receptors which may provide highly potential trails to block virus entry to host cells. Further biopolymers imparting antiviral activities greatly improve their protective performance. They not only provide prolong protection but also are safe for long-term use. This article discusses the description of structural and functional attributes of ACE-2 to identify appropriate polymer with better binding affinity. Furthermore, potential polymers with appropriate concentration are suggested for evaluation through a hypothesis to consider them for Covid-19 implication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipak Kumar Sahu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Odisha, India
| | - Deepak Pradhan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Odisha, India
| | - Pradeep Kumar Naik
- Department of Biotechnology & Bioinformatics, Sambalpur University, Odisha, India
| | - Biswakanth Kar
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Odisha, India
| | - Goutam Ghosh
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Odisha, India
| | - Goutam Rath
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Odisha, India.
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15
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Macoon R, Robey M, Chauhan A. In vitro release of hydrophobic drugs by oleogel rods with biocompatible gelators. Eur J Pharm Sci 2020; 152:105413. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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16
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Ilochonwu BC, Urtti A, Hennink WE, Vermonden T. Intravitreal hydrogels for sustained release of therapeutic proteins. J Control Release 2020; 326:419-441. [PMID: 32717302 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This review highlights how hydrogel formulations can improve intravitreal protein delivery to the posterior segment of the eye in order to increase therapeutic outcome and patient compliance. Several therapeutic proteins have shown excellent clinical successes for the treatment of various intraocular diseases. However, drug delivery to the posterior segment of the eye faces significant challenges due to multiple physiological barriers preventing drugs from reaching the retina, among which intravitreal protein instability and rapid clearance from the site of injection. Hence, frequent injections are required to maintain therapeutic levels. Moreover, because the world population ages, the number of patients suffering from ocular diseases, such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and diabetic retinopathy (DR) is increasing and causing increased health care costs. Therefore, there is a growing need for suitable delivery systems able to tackle the current limitations in retinal protein delivery, which also may reduce costs. Hydrogels have shown to be promising delivery systems capable of sustaining release of therapeutic proteins and thus extending their local presence. Here, an extensive overview of preclinically developed intravitreal hydrogels is provided with attention to the rational design of clinically useful intravitreal systems. The currently used polymers, crosslinking mechanisms, in vitro/in vivo models and advancements are discussed together with the limitations and future perspective of these biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blessing C Ilochonwu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Arto Urtti
- Centre for Drug Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Wim E Hennink
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Tina Vermonden
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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17
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18
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Mora-Pereira M, Abarca EM, Duran S, Ravis W, McMullen RJ, Fischer BM, Lee YHP, Wooldridge AA. Sustained-release voriconazole-thermogel for subconjunctival injection in horses: ocular toxicity and in-vivo studies. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:115. [PMID: 32295599 PMCID: PMC7160932 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02331-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Keratomycosis is a relatively common, sight threatening condition in horses, where treatment is often prolonged and costly. Subconjunctival (SCo) injections offer less resistance to drug diffusion than the topical route, resulting in better penetration to the ocular anterior segment. Voriconazole, a second generation triazole antifungal, is effective against common fungal organisms causing keratomycosis. If combined with a thermogel biomaterial, voriconazole can be easily injected in the SCo space to provide sustained drug release. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the drug concentrations in the anterior segment and clinical effects after SCo injections of voriconazole-containing thermogel: poly (DL-lactide-co-glycolide-b-ethylene glycol-b-DL-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA-PEG-PLGA) in healthy equine eyes. Results Voriconazole aqueous humor (AH) and tear concentrations were compared between 6 horses, receiving 1% voriconazole applied topically (0.2 mL, q4h) (Vori-Top) or 1.7% voriconazole-thermogel (0.3 mL) injected SCo (Vori-Gel). For the Vori-Gel group, voriconazole concentrations were measured in AH and tears at day 2 and then weekly for 23 days, and at day 2 only for the Vori-Top group. Ocular inflammation was assessed weekly (Vori-Gel) using the modified Hackett-McDonald scoring system. Ocular tissue concentrations of voriconazole following SCo 1.7% voriconazole-thermogel (0.3 mL) injections were evaluated post euthanasia in 6 additional horses at 3 different time points. Three horses received bilateral injections at 2 h (n = 3, right eye (OD)) and 48 h (n = 3, left eye (OS)) prior to euthanasia, and 3 horses were injected unilaterally (OS), 7 days prior to euthanasia. Voriconazole-thermogel was easily injected and well tolerated in all cases, with no major adverse effects. On day 2, drug concentrations in tears were higher in the Vori-Top, but not statistically different from Vori-Gel groups. For the Vori-Gel group, voriconazole was non-quantifiable in the AH at any time point. Total voriconazole concentrations in the cornea were above 0.5 μg/g (the target minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for Aspergillus sp.) for up to 48 h; however, concentrations were below this MIC at 7 days post treatment. Conclusions Voriconazole-thermogel was easily and safely administered to horses, and provided 48 h of sustained release of voriconazole into the cornea. This drug delivery system warrants further clinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariano Mora-Pereira
- J. T. Vaughan Large Animal Teaching Hospital, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Eva M Abarca
- J. T. Vaughan Large Animal Teaching Hospital, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA.
| | - Sue Duran
- J. T. Vaughan Large Animal Teaching Hospital, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - William Ravis
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Richard J McMullen
- J. T. Vaughan Large Animal Teaching Hospital, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Britta M Fischer
- J. T. Vaughan Large Animal Teaching Hospital, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | | | - Anne A Wooldridge
- J. T. Vaughan Large Animal Teaching Hospital, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
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19
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De Matteis V, Rizzello L. Noble Metals and Soft Bio-Inspired Nanoparticles in Retinal Diseases Treatment: A Perspective. Cells 2020; 9:E679. [PMID: 32164376 PMCID: PMC7140625 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We are witnessing an exponential increase in the use of different nanomaterials in a plethora of biomedical fields. We are all aware of how nanoparticles (NPs) have influenced and revolutionized the way we supply drugs or how to use them as therapeutic agents thanks to their tunable physico-chemical properties. However, there is still a niche of applications where NP have not yet been widely explored. This is the field of ocular delivery and NP-based therapy, which characterizes the topic of the current review. In particular, many efforts are being made to develop nanosystems capable of reaching deeper sections of the eye such as the retina. Particular attention will be given here to noble metal (gold and silver), and to polymeric nanoparticles, systems consisting of lipid bilayers such as liposomes or vesicles based on nonionic surfactant. We will report here the most relevant literature on the use of different types of NPs for an efficient delivery of drugs and bio-macromolecules to the eyes or as active therapeutic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria De Matteis
- Department of Mathematics and Physics “Ennio De Giorgi”, University of Salento, Via Arnesano, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Loris Rizzello
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, UK;
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milano, Italy
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20
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Nagaraj R, Bijukumar DR, Mathew B, Scott EA, Mathew MT. A review on recent advancements in ophthalmology devices: Currently in market and under clinical trials. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2019.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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21
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Balachandra A, Chan EC, Paul JP, Ng S, Chrysostomou V, Ngo S, Mayadunne R, van Wijngaarden P. A biocompatible reverse thermoresponsive polymer for ocular drug delivery. Drug Deliv 2019; 26:343-353. [PMID: 30905169 PMCID: PMC6442223 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2019.1587042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of vision loss, the treatment of which may require monthly intravitreal injections. This is a burden on patients and health services, and new delivery modalities that reduce injection frequency are required. To that end, we investigated the suitability of a novel reverse thermoresponsive polymer (RTP) as an ocular drug-delivery vehicle. In this work, we detail the structure and synthesis of a novel RTP, and determine drug release curves for two drugs commonly used in the treatment of AMD, bevacizumab and aflibercept. Biocompatibility of the RTP was assessed in vitro in human and rat cell lines and in vivo following intravitreal injection in rats. Bevacizumab demonstrated a more appropriate release profile than aflibercept, with 67% released within 14 days and 78% released in total over a 183-day period. No toxic effects of RTP were seen in human or rat cells in up to 14 days of co-culture with RTP. Following intravitreal injection, intraocular pressure was unaffected by the presence of RTP and no changes in retinal function or structure were observed at 1 week or 1 month post-injection. RTP injection did not cause inflammation, gliosis or apoptosis in the retina. This work demonstrates the potential suitability of the novel RTP as a sustained-release vehicle for ocular drug delivery for anti-neovascular therapies. Optimization of polymer chemistry for optimal drug loading and release is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elsa C Chan
- b Centre for Eye Research Australia , Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.,c Ophthalmology , Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne , Melbourne , Australia
| | - Joseph P Paul
- b Centre for Eye Research Australia , Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.,c Ophthalmology , Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne , Melbourne , Australia
| | - Sze Ng
- b Centre for Eye Research Australia , Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.,c Ophthalmology , Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne , Melbourne , Australia
| | - Vicki Chrysostomou
- b Centre for Eye Research Australia , Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.,c Ophthalmology , Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne , Melbourne , Australia
| | - Steven Ngo
- b Centre for Eye Research Australia , Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Roshan Mayadunne
- a CSIRO Molecular Science & Health Technologies , Victoria , Australia.,b Centre for Eye Research Australia , Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Peter van Wijngaarden
- b Centre for Eye Research Australia , Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.,c Ophthalmology , Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne , Melbourne , Australia
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22
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Sapino S, Chirio D, Peira E, Abellán Rubio E, Brunella V, Jadhav SA, Chindamo G, Gallarate M. Ocular Drug Delivery: A Special Focus on the Thermosensitive Approach. NANOMATERIALS 2019; 9:nano9060884. [PMID: 31207951 PMCID: PMC6630567 DOI: 10.3390/nano9060884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The bioavailability of ophthalmic therapeutics is reduced because of the presence of physiological barriers whose primary function is to hinder the entry of exogenous agents, therefore also decreasing the bioavailability of locally administered drugs. Consequently, repeated ocular administrations are required. Hence, the development of drug delivery systems that ensure suitable drug concentration for prolonged times in different ocular tissues is certainly of great importance. This objective can be partially achieved using thermosensitive drug delivery systems that, owing to their ability of changing their state in response to temperature variations, from room to body temperature, may increase drug bioavailability. In the case of topical instillation, in situ forming gels increase pre-corneal drug residence time as a consequence of their enhanced adhesion to the corneal surface. Otherwise, in the case of intraocular and periocular, i.e., subconjunctival, retrobulbar, peribulbar administration, among others, they have the undoubted advantage of being easily injectable and, owing to their sudden thickening at body temperature, have the ability to form an in situ drug reservoir. As a result, the frequency of administration can be reduced, also favoring the patient’s adhesion to therapy. In the main section of this review, we discuss some of the most common treatment options for ocular diseases, with a special focus on posterior segment treatments, and summarize the most recent improvement deriving from thermosensitive drug delivery strategies. Aside from this, an additional section describes the most widespread in vitro models employed to evaluate the functionality of novel ophthalmic drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Sapino
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy.
- NIS Research Centre, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy.
| | - Daniela Chirio
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy.
- NIS Research Centre, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy.
| | - Elena Peira
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy.
- NIS Research Centre, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy.
| | | | - Valentina Brunella
- NIS Research Centre, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy.
| | - Sushilkumar A Jadhav
- NIS Research Centre, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy.
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, Shivaji University Kolhapur, Maharashtra 416004, India.
| | - Giulia Chindamo
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy.
| | - Marina Gallarate
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy.
- NIS Research Centre, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy.
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23
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Desbrieres J, Peptu C, Ochiuz L, Savin C, Popa M, Vasiliu S. Application of Chitosan-Based Formulations in Controlled Drug Delivery. SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE REVIEWS 36 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-16581-9_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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24
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Dua K, Malyla V, Singhvi G, Wadhwa R, Krishna RV, Shukla SD, Shastri MD, Chellappan DK, Maurya PK, Satija S, Mehta M, Gulati M, Hansbro N, Collet T, Awasthi R, Gupta G, Hsu A, Hansbro PM. Increasing complexity and interactions of oxidative stress in chronic respiratory diseases: An emerging need for novel drug delivery systems. Chem Biol Interact 2018; 299:168-178. [PMID: 30553721 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2018.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is intensely involved in enhancing the severity of various chronic respiratory diseases (CRDs) including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), infections and lung cancer. Even though there are various existing anti-inflammatory therapies, which are not enough to control the inflammation caused due to various contributing factors such as anti-inflammatory genes and antioxidant enzymes. This leads to an urgent need of novel drug delivery systems to combat the oxidative stress. This review gives a brief insight into the biological factors involved in causing oxidative stress, one of the emerging hallmark feature in CRDs and particularly, highlighting recent trends in various novel drug delivery carriers including microparticles, microemulsions, microspheres, nanoparticles, liposomes, dendrimers, solid lipid nanocarriers etc which can help in combating the oxidative stress in CRDs and ultimately reducing the disease burden and improving the quality of life with CRDs patients. These carriers improve the pharmacokinetics and bioavailability to the target site. However, there is an urgent need for translational studies to validate the drug delivery carriers for clinical administration in the pulmonary clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal Dua
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia; Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute (HMRI) & School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia; Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute, Sydney, NSW, 2050, Australia.
| | - Vamshikrishna Malyla
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia; Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute, Sydney, NSW, 2050, Australia
| | - Gautam Singhvi
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS), Pilani, 333031, India
| | - Ridhima Wadhwa
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, South Asian University, Akbar Bhawan, Chanakyapuri, New Delhi, 110021, India
| | - Rapalli Vamshi Krishna
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS), Pilani, 333031, India
| | - Shakti Dhar Shukla
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute (HMRI) & School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Madhur D Shastri
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia
| | - Dinesh Kumar Chellappan
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, 57000, Malaysia
| | - Pawan Kumar Maurya
- Department of Biochemistry, Central University of Haryana, Jant-Pali, Mahendergarh District, 123031, Haryana, India
| | - Saurabh Satija
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, 144441, India
| | - Meenu Mehta
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, 144441, India
| | - Monica Gulati
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, 144441, India
| | - Nicole Hansbro
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute (HMRI) & School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia; Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia; Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute, Sydney, NSW, 2050, Australia
| | - Trudi Collet
- Indigenous Medicines Group, Institute of Health & Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Brisbane, Queensland, 4059, Australia
| | - Rajendra Awasthi
- Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Sec. 125, Noida, 201303, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Gaurav Gupta
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jaipur National University, Jagatpura, 302017, Jaipur, India
| | - Alan Hsu
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute (HMRI) & School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Philip M Hansbro
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute (HMRI) & School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia; Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia; Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute, Sydney, NSW, 2050, Australia
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25
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Yang L, Sun H, Liu Y, Hou W, Yang Y, Cai R, Cui C, Zhang P, Pan X, Li X, Li L, Sumerlin BS, Tan W. Self-Assembled Aptamer-Grafted Hyperbranched Polymer Nanocarrier for Targeted and Photoresponsive Drug Delivery. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:17048-17052. [PMID: 30387923 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201809753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Photoresponsive materials are emerging as ideal carriers for precisely controlled drug delivery owing to their high spatiotemporal selectivity. However, drawbacks such as slow release kinetics, inherent toxicity, and lack of targeting ability hinder their translation into clinical use. We constructed a new DNA aptamer-grafted photoresponsive hyperbranched polymer, which can self-assemble into nanoparticles, thereby achieving biocompatibility and target specificity, as well as light-controllable release behavior. Upon UV-irradiation, rapid release induced by disassembly was observed for Nile Red-loaded nanoparticles. Further in vitro cell studies confirmed this delivery system's specific binding and internalization performance arising from the DNA aptamer corona. The DOX-loaded nanoassembly exhibited selective phototriggered cytotoxicity towards cancer cells, indicating its promising therapeutic effect as a smart drug delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Yang
- Center for Research at Bio/Nano Interface, Department of Chemistry and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, UF Health Cancer Center, UF Genetics Institute and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611-7200, USA
| | - Hao Sun
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611-7200, USA
| | - Yuan Liu
- Center for Research at Bio/Nano Interface, Department of Chemistry and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, UF Health Cancer Center, UF Genetics Institute and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611-7200, USA.,Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center for Chemistry and Molecular Medicine, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Weijia Hou
- Center for Research at Bio/Nano Interface, Department of Chemistry and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, UF Health Cancer Center, UF Genetics Institute and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611-7200, USA
| | - Yu Yang
- Center for Research at Bio/Nano Interface, Department of Chemistry and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, UF Health Cancer Center, UF Genetics Institute and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611-7200, USA.,Institute of Molecular Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ren Cai
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center for Chemistry and Molecular Medicine, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Cheng Cui
- Center for Research at Bio/Nano Interface, Department of Chemistry and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, UF Health Cancer Center, UF Genetics Institute and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611-7200, USA.,Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center for Chemistry and Molecular Medicine, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Penghui Zhang
- Center for Research at Bio/Nano Interface, Department of Chemistry and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, UF Health Cancer Center, UF Genetics Institute and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611-7200, USA
| | - Xiaoshu Pan
- Center for Research at Bio/Nano Interface, Department of Chemistry and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, UF Health Cancer Center, UF Genetics Institute and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611-7200, USA
| | - Xiaowei Li
- Center for Research at Bio/Nano Interface, Department of Chemistry and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, UF Health Cancer Center, UF Genetics Institute and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611-7200, USA
| | - Long Li
- Center for Research at Bio/Nano Interface, Department of Chemistry and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, UF Health Cancer Center, UF Genetics Institute and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611-7200, USA
| | - Brent S Sumerlin
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611-7200, USA
| | - Weihong Tan
- Center for Research at Bio/Nano Interface, Department of Chemistry and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, UF Health Cancer Center, UF Genetics Institute and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611-7200, USA.,Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center for Chemistry and Molecular Medicine, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China.,Institute of Molecular Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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26
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Yang L, Sun H, Liu Y, Hou W, Yang Y, Cai R, Cui C, Zhang P, Pan X, Li X, Li L, Sumerlin BS, Tan W. Self‐Assembled Aptamer‐Grafted Hyperbranched Polymer Nanocarrier for Targeted and Photoresponsive Drug Delivery. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201809753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Yang
- Center for Research at Bio/Nano Interface, Department of Chemistry and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics UF Health Cancer Center UF Genetics Institute and McKnight Brain Institute University of Florida Gainesville FL 32611-7200 USA
| | - Hao Sun
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering Department of Chemistry University of Florida Gainesville FL 32611-7200 USA
| | - Yuan Liu
- Center for Research at Bio/Nano Interface, Department of Chemistry and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics UF Health Cancer Center UF Genetics Institute and McKnight Brain Institute University of Florida Gainesville FL 32611-7200 USA
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering College of Life Sciences Collaborative Innovation Center for Chemistry and Molecular Medicine Hunan University Changsha 410082 China
| | - Weijia Hou
- Center for Research at Bio/Nano Interface, Department of Chemistry and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics UF Health Cancer Center UF Genetics Institute and McKnight Brain Institute University of Florida Gainesville FL 32611-7200 USA
| | - Yu Yang
- Center for Research at Bio/Nano Interface, Department of Chemistry and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics UF Health Cancer Center UF Genetics Institute and McKnight Brain Institute University of Florida Gainesville FL 32611-7200 USA
- Institute of Molecular Medicine Renji Hospital Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
| | - Ren Cai
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering College of Life Sciences Collaborative Innovation Center for Chemistry and Molecular Medicine Hunan University Changsha 410082 China
| | - Cheng Cui
- Center for Research at Bio/Nano Interface, Department of Chemistry and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics UF Health Cancer Center UF Genetics Institute and McKnight Brain Institute University of Florida Gainesville FL 32611-7200 USA
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering College of Life Sciences Collaborative Innovation Center for Chemistry and Molecular Medicine Hunan University Changsha 410082 China
| | - Penghui Zhang
- Center for Research at Bio/Nano Interface, Department of Chemistry and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics UF Health Cancer Center UF Genetics Institute and McKnight Brain Institute University of Florida Gainesville FL 32611-7200 USA
| | - Xiaoshu Pan
- Center for Research at Bio/Nano Interface, Department of Chemistry and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics UF Health Cancer Center UF Genetics Institute and McKnight Brain Institute University of Florida Gainesville FL 32611-7200 USA
| | - Xiaowei Li
- Center for Research at Bio/Nano Interface, Department of Chemistry and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics UF Health Cancer Center UF Genetics Institute and McKnight Brain Institute University of Florida Gainesville FL 32611-7200 USA
| | - Long Li
- Center for Research at Bio/Nano Interface, Department of Chemistry and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics UF Health Cancer Center UF Genetics Institute and McKnight Brain Institute University of Florida Gainesville FL 32611-7200 USA
| | - Brent S. Sumerlin
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering Department of Chemistry University of Florida Gainesville FL 32611-7200 USA
| | - Weihong Tan
- Center for Research at Bio/Nano Interface, Department of Chemistry and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics UF Health Cancer Center UF Genetics Institute and McKnight Brain Institute University of Florida Gainesville FL 32611-7200 USA
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering College of Life Sciences Collaborative Innovation Center for Chemistry and Molecular Medicine Hunan University Changsha 410082 China
- Institute of Molecular Medicine Renji Hospital Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
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Wang Y, Xu X, Gu Y, Cheng Y, Cao F. Recent advance of nanoparticle-based topical drug delivery to the posterior segment of the eye. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2018; 15:687-701. [PMID: 29985660 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2018.1496080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Considering that the number of patients afflicted by posterior eye diseases is increasing, effective drug delivery is currently in high clinical demand. Topical administration has been identified as the preferred option, while sufferingfrom multiple barriers. The development of nanoparticle-based drug delivery system provides an option, which would enhance the drug permeability across the barriers and achieve the desired drug level in the targeted tissue. AREAS COVERED This review highlights the barrier to the posterior segment of the eye via topical administration. The up-to-date development of lipid nanoparticles, liposomes, emulsions, spanlastics, micelles, polymeric nanoparticles, layered double hydroxides (LDH), dendrimers, cyclodextrins(CDs), and prodrugs are summarized. Moreover, nanocarriers currently in clinical trials for posterior segment diseases have been discussed. EXPERT OPINION Topical nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems have demonstrated significant progress. An ideal formulation should prolong retention time on the surface, enhance drug permeability through the ocular tissues, and efficiently deliver drugs to the targeted site. To design the rational targeting nanoparticle-based drug delivery system, a better understanding of the distribution of transporters and receptors on the eye is required. Ultimately, there is an urgent need to develop targeting hybrid drug delivery systems with the combination of the advantages of several nanocarriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Wang
- a Department of Pharmaceutical, School of Pharmacy , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Xiaoyue Xu
- a Department of Pharmaceutical, School of Pharmacy , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Yan Gu
- a Department of Pharmaceutical, School of Pharmacy , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Yanju Cheng
- b Department of Biologics R&D Center , Chia Tai Tianqing Pharmaceutical Group Co. Ltd , Nanjing , China
| | - Feng Cao
- a Department of Pharmaceutical, School of Pharmacy , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
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Zhang P, Xia J, Luo S. Generation of Well-Defined Micro/Nanoparticles via Advanced Manufacturing Techniques for Therapeutic Delivery. MATERIALS 2018; 11:ma11040623. [PMID: 29670013 PMCID: PMC5951507 DOI: 10.3390/ma11040623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Micro/nanoparticles have great potentials in biomedical applications, especially for drug delivery. Existing studies identified that major micro/nanoparticle features including size, shape, surface property and component materials play vital roles in their in vitro and in vivo applications. However, a demanding challenge is that most conventional particle synthesis techniques such as emulsion can only generate micro/nanoparticles with a very limited number of shapes (i.e., spherical or rod shapes) and have very loose control in terms of particle sizes. We reviewed the advanced manufacturing techniques for producing micro/nanoparticles with precisely defined characteristics, emphasizing the use of these well-controlled micro/nanoparticles for drug delivery applications. Additionally, to illustrate the vital roles of particle features in therapeutic delivery, we also discussed how the above-mentioned micro/nanoparticle features impact in vitro and in vivo applications. Through this review, we highlighted the unique opportunities in generating controllable particles via advanced manufacturing techniques and the great potential of using these micro/nanoparticles for therapeutic delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peipei Zhang
- Department of Material Processing and Controlling, School of Mechanical Engineering & Automation, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Junfei Xia
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Sida Luo
- Department of Material Processing and Controlling, School of Mechanical Engineering & Automation, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China.
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Guo T, Tian X, Li B, Yang T, Li Y. Repair of articular cartilage and subchondral defects in rabbit knee joints with a polyvinyl alcohol/nano-hydroxyapatite/polyamide 66 biological composite material. J Orthop Surg Res 2017; 12:176. [PMID: 29141674 PMCID: PMC5688619 DOI: 10.1186/s13018-017-0666-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background This study sought to prepare a new PVA/n-HA/PA66 composite to investigate the repair of articular cartilage and subchondral defects in rabbit knee joints. Methods A 5 × 5 × 5 mm-sized defect was created in the patellofemoral joints of 72 healthy adult New Zealand rabbits. The rabbits were then randomly divided into three groups (n = 24): PVA/n-HA+PA66 group, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) group, and control (untreated) group. Cylindrical PVA/n-HA+PA66, 5 × 5 mm, comprised an upper PVA layer and a lower n-HA+PA66 layer. Macroscopic and histological evaluations were performed at 4, 8, 12, and 24 weeks, postoperatively. Type II collagen was measured by immunohistochemical staining. The implant/cartilage and bone interfaces were observed by scanning electron microscopy. Results At 24 weeks postoperatively, the lower PVA/n-HA+PA66 layer became surrounded by cartilage, with no obvious degeneration. In the PVA group, an enlarged space was observed between the implant and the host tissue that had undergone degeneration. In the control group, the articular cartilage had become calcified. In the PVA/n-HA+PA66 group, positive type II collagen staining was observed between the composite and the surrounding cartilage and on the implant surface. In the PVA group, positive staining was slightly increased between the PVA and the surrounding cartilage, but reduced on the PVA surface. In the control group, reduced staining was observed throughout. Scanning electron microscopy showed increased bone tissue in the lower n-HA+PA66 layer that was in close approximation with the upper PVA layer of the composite. In the PVA group, the bone tissue around the material had receded, and in the control group, the defect was filled with bone tissue, while the superior aspect of the defect was filled with disordered, fibrous tissue. Conclusion The diphase biological composite material PVA/n-HA+PA66 exhibits good histocompatibility and offers a satisfactory substitute for articular cartilage and subchondral bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Guo
- Department of Orthopedics, Guizhou Province People's Hospital, Guiyang, Guizhou province, 550002, China.
| | - Xiaobin Tian
- Department of Orthopedics, Guizhou Province People's Hospital, Guiyang, Guizhou province, 550002, China
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Guizhou Province People's Hospital, Guiyang, Guizhou province, 550002, China
| | - Tianfu Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan province, 610041, China
| | - Yubao Li
- Nanometer Analytical and Testing Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan province, 610041, China
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