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Islam KN, Nguyen ID, Islam R, Pirzadah H, Malik H. Roles of Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) as a Potential Therapeutic Agent in Cardiovascular Diseases: A Narrative Review. Cureus 2024; 16:e64913. [PMID: 39156383 PMCID: PMC11330631 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.64913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) stands as one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, and the continued search for novel therapeutics is vital for addressing this global health challenge. Over the past decade, hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) has garnered significant attention in the field of medical research, as it has been proven to be a cardioprotective gaseous signaling molecule. It joins nitric oxide and carbon monoxide as endogenously produced gasotransmitters. As for its mechanism, H₂S functions through the posttranslational addition of a sulfur group to cysteine residues on target proteins in a process called sulfhydration. As a result, the observed physiological effects of H₂S can include vasodilation, anti-apoptosis, anti-inflammation, antioxidant effects, and regulation of ion channels. Various studies have observed the cardioprotective benefits of H₂S in diseases such as myocardial infarction, ischemia-reperfusion injury, cardiac remodeling, heart failure, arrhythmia, and atherosclerosis. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms and therapeutic potential of H₂S in various CVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazi N Islam
- Department of Agricultural Research Development Program, Central State University, Wilberforce, USA
| | - Ivan D Nguyen
- School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, USA
| | - Rahib Islam
- School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, USA
| | - Humza Pirzadah
- School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, USA
| | - Hassan Malik
- School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, USA
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Watts M, Kolluru GK, Dherange P, Pardue S, Si M, Shen X, Trosclair K, Glawe J, Al-Yafeai Z, Iqbal M, Pearson BH, Hamilton KA, Orr AW, Glasscock E, Kevil CG, Dominic P. Decreased bioavailability of hydrogen sulfide links vascular endothelium and atrial remodeling in atrial fibrillation. Redox Biol 2020; 38:101817. [PMID: 33310503 PMCID: PMC7732878 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress drives the pathogenesis of atrial fibrillation (AF), the most common arrhythmia. In the cardiovascular system, cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE) serves as the primary enzyme producing hydrogen sulfide (H2S), a mammalian gasotransmitter that reduces oxidative stress. Using a case control study design in patients with and without AF and a mouse model of CSE knockout (CSE-KO), we evaluated the role of H2S in the etiology of AF. Patients with AF (n = 51) had significantly reduced plasma acid labile sulfide levels compared to patients without AF (n = 65). In addition, patients with persistent AF (n = 25) showed lower plasma free sulfide levels compared to patients with paroxysmal AF (n = 26). Consistent with an important role for H2S in AF, CSE-KO mice had decreased atrial sulfide levels, increased atrial superoxide levels, and enhanced propensity for induced persistent AF compared to wild type (WT) mice. Rescuing H2S signaling in CSE-KO mice by Diallyl trisulfide (DATS) supplementation or reconstitution with endothelial cell specific CSE over-expression significantly reduced atrial superoxide, increased sulfide levels, and lowered AF inducibility. Lastly, low H2S levels in CSE KO mice was associated with atrial electrical remodeling including longer effective refractory periods, slower conduction velocity, increased myocyte calcium sparks, and increased myocyte action potential duration that were reversed by DATS supplementation or endothelial CSE overexpression. Our findings demonstrate an important role of CSE and H2S bioavailability in regulating electrical remodeling and susceptibility to AF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Watts
- The Departments of Medicine, And Molecular and Cellular Physiology and Center of Excellence for Cardiovascular Diseases & Sciences, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Louisiana, United States
| | - Gopi K Kolluru
- The Departments of Pathology, Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Cellular Biology and Anatomy And Center of Excellence for Cardiovascular Diseases & Sciences, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Louisiana, United States
| | - Parinita Dherange
- The Departments of Medicine, And Molecular and Cellular Physiology and Center of Excellence for Cardiovascular Diseases & Sciences, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Louisiana, United States
| | - Sibile Pardue
- The Departments of Pathology, Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Cellular Biology and Anatomy And Center of Excellence for Cardiovascular Diseases & Sciences, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Louisiana, United States
| | - Man Si
- The Departments of Cellular Biology and Anatomy and Center of Excellence for Cardiovascular Diseases & Sciences, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Louisiana, United States; The Department of Biological Sciences, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Xinggui Shen
- The Departments of Pathology, Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Cellular Biology and Anatomy And Center of Excellence for Cardiovascular Diseases & Sciences, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Louisiana, United States
| | - Krystle Trosclair
- The Departments of Cellular Biology and Anatomy and Center of Excellence for Cardiovascular Diseases & Sciences, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Louisiana, United States; The Department of Neurosurgery and Center of Excellence for Cardiovascular Diseases & Sciences, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Louisiana, United States
| | - John Glawe
- The Departments of Pathology, Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Cellular Biology and Anatomy And Center of Excellence for Cardiovascular Diseases & Sciences, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Louisiana, United States
| | - Zaki Al-Yafeai
- The Departments of Pathology, Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Cellular Biology and Anatomy And Center of Excellence for Cardiovascular Diseases & Sciences, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Louisiana, United States
| | - Mazen Iqbal
- The Departments of Medicine, And Molecular and Cellular Physiology and Center of Excellence for Cardiovascular Diseases & Sciences, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Louisiana, United States
| | - Brenna H Pearson
- The Departments of Pathology, Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Cellular Biology and Anatomy And Center of Excellence for Cardiovascular Diseases & Sciences, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Louisiana, United States
| | - Kathryn A Hamilton
- The Departments of Cellular Biology and Anatomy and Center of Excellence for Cardiovascular Diseases & Sciences, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Louisiana, United States
| | - A Wayne Orr
- The Departments of Pathology, Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Cellular Biology and Anatomy And Center of Excellence for Cardiovascular Diseases & Sciences, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Louisiana, United States
| | - Edward Glasscock
- The Departments of Cellular Biology and Anatomy and Center of Excellence for Cardiovascular Diseases & Sciences, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Louisiana, United States; The Department of Biological Sciences, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Christopher G Kevil
- The Departments of Pathology, Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Cellular Biology and Anatomy And Center of Excellence for Cardiovascular Diseases & Sciences, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Louisiana, United States
| | - Paari Dominic
- The Departments of Medicine, And Molecular and Cellular Physiology and Center of Excellence for Cardiovascular Diseases & Sciences, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Louisiana, United States.
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Dattilo M. The role of host defences in Covid 19 and treatments thereof. Mol Med 2020; 26:90. [PMID: 32993497 PMCID: PMC7522454 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-020-00216-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a natural defence against the infections from enveloped RNA viruses and is likely involved also in Covid 19. It was already shown to inhibit growth and pathogenic mechanisms of a variety of enveloped RNA viruses and it was now found that circulating H2S is higher in Covid 19 survivors compared to fatal cases. H2S release is triggered by carbon monoxide (CO) from the catabolism of heme by inducible heme oxygenase (HO-1) and heme proteins possess catalytic activity necessary for the H2S signalling by protein persulfidation. Subjects with a long promoter for the HMOX1 gene, coding for HO-1, are predicted for lower efficiency of this mechanism. SARS-cov-2 exerts ability to attack the heme of hemoglobin and other heme-proteins thus hampering both release and signalling of H2S. Lack of H2S-induced persulfidation of the KATP channels of leucocytes causes adhesion and release of the inflammatory cytokines, lung infiltration and systemic endothelial damage with hyper-coagulability. These events largely explain the sex and age distribution, clinical manifestations and co-morbidities of Covid-19. The understanding of this mechanism may be of guidance in re-evaluating the ongoing therapeutic strategies, with special attention to the interaction with mechanical ventilation, paracetamol and chloroquine use, and in the individuation of genetic traits causing increased susceptibility to the disruption of these physiologic processes and to a critical Covid 19. Finally, an array of therapeutic interventions with the potential to clinically modulate the HO-1/CO/H2S axis is already available or under development. These include CO donors and H2S donors and a boost to the endogenous production of H2S is also possible.
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Gas Signaling Molecules and Mitochondrial Potassium Channels. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19103227. [PMID: 30340432 PMCID: PMC6214077 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19103227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, gaseous signaling molecules, such as carbon monoxide (CO), nitric oxide (NO), and hydrogen sulfide (H2S), which were previously considered to be highly toxic, have been of increasing interest due to their beneficial effects at low concentrations. These so-called gasotransmitters affect many cellular processes, such as apoptosis, proliferation, cytoprotection, oxygen sensing, ATP synthesis, and cellular respiration. It is thought that mitochondria, specifically their respiratory complexes, constitute an important target for these gases. On the other hand, increasing evidence of a cytoprotective role for mitochondrial potassium channels provides motivation for the analysis of the role of gasotransmitters in the regulation of channel function. A number of potassium channels have been shown to exhibit activity within the inner mitochondrial membrane, including ATP-sensitive potassium channels, Ca2+-activated potassium channels, voltage-gated Kv potassium channels, and TWIK-related acid-sensitive K+ channel 3 (TASK-3). The effects of these channels include the regulation of mitochondrial respiration and membrane potential. Additionally, they may modulate the synthesis of reactive oxygen species within mitochondria. The opening of mitochondrial potassium channels is believed to induce cytoprotection, while channel inhibition may facilitate cell death. The molecular mechanisms underlying the action of gasotransmitters are complex. In this review, we focus on the molecular mechanisms underlying the action of H2S, NO, and CO on potassium channels present within mitochondria.
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Perna AF, Ingrosso D. Low hydrogen sulphide and chronic kidney disease: a dangerous liaison. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2012; 27:486-93. [PMID: 22323660 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfr737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen sulphide, H(2)S, is a gaseous compound involved in a number of biological responses, e.g. blood pressure, vascular function and energy metabolism. In particular, H(2)S is able to lower blood pressure, protect from injury in models of ischaemia-reperfusion and induce a hypometabolic state. In chronic kidney disease (CKD), low plasma hydrogen sulphide levels have been established in humans and in animal models. The enzymes involved in its production are cystathionine β-synthase, cystathionine γ-lyase and 3-mercaptopyruvate sulphurtransferase. The mechanisms for H(2)S decrease in CKD are related to the reduced gene expression (demonstrated in uraemic patient blood cells) and decreased protein levels (in tissues such as liver, kidney, brain in a CKD rat model). In the present Nephrol Dial Transplant issue, in fact, Aminzadeh and Vaziri document that the alterations in this pathway complicate the uraemic state and are linked to CKD progression. They furnish a time frame in CKD and record enzyme tissue distribution. It remains to be established if low H(2)S is causally linked to CKD progression and if interventions aimed to restore the status quo ante are able to modify this picture.
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Olson KR. The therapeutic potential of hydrogen sulfide: separating hype from hope. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2011; 301:R297-312. [PMID: 21543637 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00045.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) has become the hot new signaling molecule that seemingly affects all organ systems and biological processes in which it has been investigated. It has also been shown to have both proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory actions and proapoptotic and anti-apoptotic effects and has even been reported to induce a hypometabolic state (suspended animation) in a few vertebrates. The exuberance over potential clinical applications of natural and synthetic H(2)S-"donating" compounds is understandable and a number of these function-targeted drugs have been developed and show clinical promise. However, the concentration of H(2)S in tissues and blood, as well as the intrinsic factors that affect these levels, has not been resolved, and it is imperative to address these points to distinguish between the physiological, pharmacological, and toxicological effects of this molecule. This review will provide an overview of H(2)S metabolism, a summary of many of its reported "physiological" actions, and it will discuss the recent development of a number of H(2)S-donating drugs that show clinical potential. It will also examine some of the misconceptions of H(2)S chemistry that have appeared in the literature and attempt to realign the definition of "physiological" H(2)S concentrations upon which much of this exuberance has been established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth R Olson
- Indiana University School of Medicine-South Bend, South Bend, Indiana 46617, USA.
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