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Feng Y, Dai W, Ke J, Cui Y, Li S, Ma J, Guo W, Chen G, Li N, Li Y. Protective effect of valerian extract capsule (VEC) on ethanol- and indomethacin-induced gastric mucosa injury and ameliorative effect of VEC on gastrointestinal motility disorder. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2022; 60:1095-1105. [PMID: 35658820 PMCID: PMC9176630 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2022.2071449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Valerian extract capsule (VEC) is an effective Chinese patent medicine used for gastrointestinal (GI) diseases. OBJECTIVE To investigate the detailed pharmacological activity for VEC clinical effects in GI diseases. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into six groups: control, model, and drug-treated (VEC-L, VEC-M, VEC-H, and teprenone). Rats were orally administered VEC (124, 248, 496 mg/kg) and teprenone (21.43 mg/kg) for 3 consecutive days. After 1 h, the five groups (except the control group) were orally given ethanol (10 mL/kg) for 1 h or indomethacin (80 mg/kg) for 7 h. The spasmolytic activity of VEC (0.01-1 mg/mL) on ACh/BaCl2-induced New Zealand rabbit smooth muscle contraction was performed. The C57BL/6 mice carbon propelling test evaluated the effects of VEC (248-992 mg/kg) on intestinal motility in normal and neostigmine/adrenaline-induced mice. RESULTS Compared with the model group, VEC treatment reduced the gastric lesion index and mucosal damage. Further experiments showed that the pathological ameliorative effect of VEC was accompanied by augmentation of the enzymatic antioxidant system and cytoprotective marker (COX-1, p < 0.01; PGI2 p < 0.05;), along with the alleviation of the levels of MPO (ethanol: 15.56 ± 0.82 vs. 12.15 ± 2.60, p < 0.01; indomethacin: 9.65 ± 3.06 vs. 6.36 ± 2.43, p < 0.05), MDA (ethanol: 1.66 ± 0.44 vs. 0.81 ± 0.58, p < 0.01; indomethacin: 1.71 ± 0.87 vs. 1.09 ± 0.43, p < 0.05), and inflammatory mediators. VEC decreased the high tone induced by ACh/BaCl2 and promoted intestinal transit in normal and neostigmine/adrenaline-induced mice. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS VEC showed a potential gastroprotective effect, suggesting that VEC is a promising phytomedicine for the treatment of GI diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Feng
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wan Dai
- Artemisinin Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junyu Ke
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Gaozhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Gaozhou, China
| | - Yong Cui
- School of Medical Device, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shuang Li
- Physical Education College of Guangzhou University, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingjing Ma
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wenfeng Guo
- Artemisinin Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gang Chen
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
- CONTACT Gang Chen
| | - Ning Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
- Ning Li School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road 103, Shenyang110016, China
| | - Yanwu Li
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Yanwu Li Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou510405, China
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Li J, Li X, Wang C, Zhang M, Ye M, Wang Q. The potential of Valeriana as a traditional Chinese medicine: traditional clinical applications, bioactivities, and phytochemistry. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:973138. [PMID: 36210806 PMCID: PMC9534556 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.973138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Valeriana plants are members of the Caprifoliaceae family, which include more than 200 species worldwide. We summarized previous reports on traditional clinical applications, bioactivities, and phytochemistry of Valeriana by searching electronic databases of Science Direct, Web of Science, PubMed, and some books. Some Valeriana species have been used as traditional medicines, demonstrating calming fright and tranquilizing mind, promoting Qi and blood, activating blood circulation and regulating menstruation, dispelling wind and eliminating dampness, regulating Qi-flowing to relieve pain, and promoting digestion and checking diarrhea, and treating diseases of the nervous, cardiovascular, and digestive systems, inflammation, gynecology, and others. Pharmacology studies revealed the effects of Valeriana, including sedative, hypnotic, antispasmodic, analgesic, antidepressant, anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, antiepileptic, neuroprotective, antibacterial, antiviral, cytotoxic, and antitumor effects as well as cardiovascular and cerebrovascular system improvements. More than 800 compounds have been isolated or identified from Valeriana, including iridoids, lignans, flavonoids, sesquiterpenoids, alkaloids, and essential oils. Constituents with neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic, and sedative activities were also identified. However, at present, the developed drugs from Valeriana are far from sufficient. We further discussed the pharmacological effects, effective constituents, and mechanisms directly related to the traditional clinical applications of Valeriana, revealing that only several species and their essential oils were well developed to treat insomnia. To effectively promote the utilization of resources, more Valeriana species as well as their different medicinal parts should be the focus of future related studies. Clinical studies should be performed based on the traditional efficacies of Valeriana to facilitate their use in treating diseases of nervous, cardiovascular, and digestive systems, inflammation, and gynecology. Future studies should also focus on developing effective fractions or active compounds of Valeriana into new drugs to treat diseases associated with neurodegeneration, cardiovascular, and cerebrovascular, inflammation and tumors. Our review will promote the development and utilization of potential drugs in Valeriana and avoid wasting their medicinal resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianchun Li
- Engineering Technology Research Center for Standardized Processing of Chinese Materia Medica, College of TCM, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoliang Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Tropical Herbs, Haikou Key Laboratory of Li Nationality Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Changfu Wang
- Engineering Technology Research Center for Standardized Processing of Chinese Materia Medica, College of TCM, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Manli Zhang
- Engineering Technology Research Center for Standardized Processing of Chinese Materia Medica, College of TCM, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Minhui Ye
- Engineering Technology Research Center for Standardized Processing of Chinese Materia Medica, College of TCM, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiuhong Wang
- Engineering Technology Research Center for Standardized Processing of Chinese Materia Medica, College of TCM, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
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Dai W, Feng K, Sun X, Xu L, Wu S, Rahmand K, Jia D, Han T. Natural products for the treatment of stress-induced depression: Pharmacology, mechanism and traditional use. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 285:114692. [PMID: 34742864 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Depression, one of the most common psychiatric disorders, is the fourth leading cause of long-term disability worldwide. A series of causes triggered depression, including psychological stress and conflict, as well as biological derangement, among which stress has a pivotal role in the development of depression. Traditional herbal medicine has been used for the treatment of various disorders including depression for a long history with multi-targets, multi-levels and multi-ways, attracting great attention from scholars. Recently, natural products have been commercialized as antidepressants which have become increasingly popular in the world health drug markets. Major research contributions in ethnopharmacology have generated and updated vast amount of data associated with natural products in antidepressant-like activity. AIMS OF THE REVIEW This review aims to briefly discuss the pathological mechanism, animal models of stress-induced depression, traditional use of herbal medicines and especially recapitulate the natural products with antidepressant activity and their pharmacological functions and mechanism of action, which may contribute to a better understanding of potential therapeutic effects of natural products and the development of promising drugs with high efficacy and low toxicity for the treatment of stress-induced depression. MATERIALS AND METHODS The contents of this review were sourced from electronic databases including PubMed, Sci Finder, Web of Science, Science Direct, Elsevier, Google Scholar, Chinese Knowledge On frastructure (CNKI), Wan Fang, Chinese Scientific and Technological Periodical Database (VIP) and Chinese Biomedical Database (CBM). Additional information was collected from Yao Zhi website (https://db.yaozh.com/). Data were obtained from April 1992 to June 2021. Only English language was applied to the search. The search terms were 'stress-induced depression', 'pathological mechanism' in the title and 'stress', 'depression', 'animal model' and 'natural products' in the whole text. RESULTS Stress-induced depression is related to the monoaminergic system, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, neuronal plasticity and a series of inflammatory factors. Four main types of animal models of stress-induced depression were represented. Fifty-eight bioactive phytochemical compounds, fifty-six herb medicines and five formulas from traditional Chinese medicine were highlighted, which exert antidepressant effects by inhibiting monoamine oxidase (MAO) reaction, alleviating dysfunction of the HPA axis and nerve injury, and possessing anti-inflammatory activities. CONCLUSIONS Natural products provide a large number of compounds with antidepressant-like effects, and their therapeutic impacts has been highlighted for a long time. This review summarized the pathological mechanism and animal models of stress-induced depression, and the natural products with antidepressant activity in particular, which will shed light on the action mechanism and clinical potential of these compounds. Natural products also have been a vital and promising source for future antidepressant drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Dai
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 4655 Daxue Road, Jinan 250355, China; Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Kunmiao Feng
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xiaolei Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 4655 Daxue Road, Jinan 250355, China; Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Lingchuan Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 4655 Daxue Road, Jinan 250355, China.
| | - Sijia Wu
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Khalid Rahmand
- Faculty of Science, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK
| | - Dan Jia
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Ting Han
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China.
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Shahrajabian MH. Powerful Stress Relieving Medicinal Plants for Anger, Anxiety, Depression, and Stress During Global Pandemic. Recent Pat Biotechnol 2022; 16:284-310. [PMID: 35319401 DOI: 10.2174/1872208316666220321102216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Consideration and improvement for anxiety and depression are important during a global pandemic. Appropriate healthcare can be obtained by paying more attention to traditional medicinal sciences. The adverse effects of stress with various symptoms can be managed by introducing plants that boost mental health. The most relevant psychological reactions in the general population related to the global pandemic are pervasive anxiety, frustration and boredom, specific and uncontrolled fear, disabling loneliness, significant lifestyle changes, and psychiatric conditions. Ginseng, chamomile, passionflower, herbal tea, lavender, saffron, kava, rose, cardamom, Chinese date, and some chief formula like yokukansan, Dan-zhi-xiao-yao-san, so-ochim-tang-gamiband, and saikokaryukotsuboreito are notable herbal treatments for mental health problems. The most common medicinal plants that have been used in Iran for the cure of stress and anxiety are Viper's-buglosses, Dracocephalum, valerian, chamomile, common hop, hawthorns, and lavender. Medicinal plants and herbs can be used for the treatment and alleviation of the negative effects of stress, anger, and depression during the global pandemic.
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Dulla BS, S. B, K. LP. A Study on the Effect of Valeric Acid in Alzheimer's Induced Rats by the Estimation of Aβ 1-42 Biomarker. JOURNAL OF HEALTH AND ALLIED SCIENCES NU 2021. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1736274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe effect of valeric acid on the behavior of Alzheimer's disease (AD)-induced rats by aluminum chloride (100 mg/kg body weight) was assessed using elevated plus maze (EPM) and the Hebb Williams maze (HWM). Amyloid β 1–42(Aβ1–42) biomarker was estimated by ELISA. In this study, valeric acid-treated rats were compared with those treated with piracetam (200 mg/kg), rivastigmine (0.5 mg/kg), and the results showed the rats treated with valeric acid had a very less transfer latency of EPM and HWM when compared with other standard drugs. In addition, valeric acid-treated rats showed reduced levels of amyloid β1–42 biomarker in the plasma. Hence, this study found that valeric acid may be suggested as a better drug for Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blessina Sugandhi Dulla
- Department of Anatomy, Yenepoya Medical College, Yenepoya (deemed to be) University, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Bindhu S.
- Department of Anatomy, Yenepoya Medical College, Yenepoya (deemed to be) University, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Leena Pramod K.
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Yenepoya Medical College, Yenepoya (deemed to be) University, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
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Khushboo, Kumar A, Sharma B. Biomedical Implications of Plant-Based Principles as Antidepressants: Prospects for Novel Drug Development. Mini Rev Med Chem 2021; 22:904-926. [PMID: 33858313 DOI: 10.2174/1389557521666210415112601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depression is a most common mental disorder. The symptoms of depression include loss of energy, changes in appetite, more or less sleep, anxiety, low concentration, uncertainty, restlessness, feelings of worthlessness, guilt, or despair, and thoughts of self-harm or suicide. In order to provide safe, efficient and cost-effective medication, the plants based principles in isolation or in combination with traditional antidepressants are attracting increasing attention for depression therapy. METHOD The information regarding the present review and its contents such as collected from published literature materials in different international journals. We have used different search engines such as PubMed, Medline, ResearchGate Google Semantic Scholar and ScienceDirect. For this purpose, the data obtained were properly organized and suitably analyzed to include in this article. RESULTS Most of the phytomolecules isolated from the medicinal plants display antidepressant effect through the synaptic regulation of levels of neurotransmitters such as dopamine, serotonin, and noradrenaline in different parts of the brain. The mechanism of action of phytomolecules also involves negative regulation of the activities of monoamine oxidase (MAO) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and prevention of hyperactivity of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. In addition, the strong antioxidative and antiinflamatory potential of these phytochemicals offer synergy to their antidepressant as well as antipsychosomatic functions. CONCLUSION The application of phytochemicals has proved it to be a safe, cost effective and efficient therapeutic agent to treat the patients suffering from mild to severe state of depression and other psychiatric disorders. The potential phytochemicals may be further optimized using in silico tools to develop better antidepressants and antisychotic agents in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khushboo
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Allahabad. India
| | - Abhishek Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Allahabad. India
| | - Bechan Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Allahabad. India
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Protection Against Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability as a Possible Mechanism for Protective Effects of Thymoquinone Against Sickness Behaviors Induced by Lipopolysaccharide in Rats. Jundishapur J Nat Pharm Prod 2021. [DOI: 10.5812/jjnpp.67765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Blood-brain barrier (BBB), as well-known protection for the brain, plays an active role in normal homeostasis. It might be changed by a range of inflammatory mediators to have a role in sickness behaviors. Objectives: Regarding the anti-inflammatory effects of thymoquinone (TQ), its protection against BBB permeability, as a possible mechanism for protective effects against sickness behaviors elicited by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), was evaluated in rats. Methods: The animals were grouped as follows and treated (n = 10 in each): (1) control (saline); (2) LPS 1 mg/kg, was injected two hours before behavioral tests for two weeks; (3-5) 2, 5, and 10 mg/kg TQ, respectively was injected 30 min before LPS injection. Open-field (OF), elevated plus-maze (EPM) and Forced Swimming test (FST) were done. Finally, the animals were anesthetized to evaluate for BBB permeability using Evans blue (EB) dye method. Results: Compared with control, LPS decreased the peripheral distance and crossing and also total crossing and distance in OF, (P < 0.01 - P < 0.001). The central crossing and distance and central time in all three treatment groups were more than LPS (P < 0.05 - P < 0.001). LPS also reduced the entries and the time spent in the open arm while increased the time spent in the closed arm in EPM (P < 0.05 - P < 0.001). The effects of LPS were reversed by TQ (P < 0.05 - P < 0.001). In FST, the immobility time and active time were increased and decreased by LPS compared with control (P < 0.001), respectively. In all three TQ-treated groups, the active and climbing times were more while the immobility time was fewer than the LPS (P < 0.05 - P < 0.001). The animals of the LPS group showed more EB dye content in their brain tissue than the control group (P < 0.05 - P < 0.001). TQ significantly reduced EB dye content of the brain tissues (P < 0.05 - P < 0.001). Conclusions: According to this study, protection against BBB permeability as a possible mechanism for the protective effects of TQ against sickness behaviors induced by LPS might be suggested.
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Tel BC, Telli G, Onder S, Nemutlu E, Bozkurt TE. Investigation of the relationship between chronic montelukast treatment, asthma and depression-like behavior in mice. Exp Ther Med 2020; 21:27. [PMID: 33262813 PMCID: PMC7690246 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.9459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2008, the Food and Drug Administration of the US issued a warning about the neuropsychiatric side effects of montelukast. Previous clinical studies on montelukast have reported conflicting results and, to the best of our knowledge, no experimental studies concerning these side effects had been conducted. In the current study, the effect of montelukast on depression-like behavior in an ovalbumin (OVA)-induced mouse model was investigated. A total of 3 OVA challenges were applied at 2 week intervals for the persistence of asthma. Depression-like behavior was assessed using forced swim tests following each challenge and locomotor activities were evaluated using open field tests. At the end of the current study, plasma montelukast concentrations were measured and the development of asthma and effect of montelukast treatment were histopathologically examined. Inflammation scores that were increased in the OVA mice following all challenges were indicated to be reduced by montelukast treatment. The immobility time of mice increased beginning with the first challenge and this was also reduced by montelukast treatment. Montelukast administration to the control mice did not alter immobility times. Moreover, motor activity of the OVA and montelukast-treated mice were not altered. The results indicated there was no association between chronic montelukast treatment and depression. Furthermore, the chronic administration of montelukast to non-asthmatic mice did not increase immobility. However, depressive behavior increased at all time points in the OVA mice. These results indicated that chronic montelukast treatment is not associated with depression-like behavior and confirmed the association between asthma and depression. Further studies are required to provide an improved understanding of the neuropsychiatric side effects of montelukast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Banu Cahide Tel
- Department of Pharmacology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara, Sihhiye 06100, Turkey
| | - Gokcen Telli
- Department of Pharmacology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara, Sihhiye 06100, Turkey
| | - Sevgen Onder
- Department of Pathology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Sihhiye 06100, Turkey
| | - Emirhan Nemutlu
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Hacettepe University Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara, Sihhiye 06100, Turkey
| | - Turgut Emrah Bozkurt
- Department of Pharmacology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara, Sihhiye 06100, Turkey
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Ayati Z, Sarris J, Chang D, Emami SA, Rahimi R. Herbal medicines and phytochemicals for obsessive–compulsive disorder. Phytother Res 2020; 34:1889-1901. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Ayati
- Department of Traditional Pharmacy, School of PharmacyMashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
- NICM Heath Research InstituteWestern Sydney University Penrith Australia
| | - Jerome Sarris
- NICM Heath Research InstituteWestern Sydney University Penrith Australia
- Professorial Unit, The Melbourne Clinic, Department of PsychiatryThe University of Melbourne Melbourne Australia
| | - Dennis Chang
- NICM Heath Research InstituteWestern Sydney University Penrith Australia
| | - Seyed A. Emami
- Department of Traditional Pharmacy, School of PharmacyMashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Biotechnology Research CenterMashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
| | - Roja Rahimi
- Department of Traditional Pharmacy, School of Persian MedicineTehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
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Khan AU, Akram M, Daniyal M, Akhter N, Riaz M, Akhtar N, Shariati MA, Anjum F, Khan SG, Parveen A, Ahmad S. Awareness and current knowledge of epilepsy. Metab Brain Dis 2020; 35:45-63. [PMID: 31605258 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-019-00494-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a severe neural disorder that affects approximately fifty million individuals globally. Despite the fact that for most of the people with epilepsy, convulsions are better controlled by current accessible antiepileptic medicines, yet there are more than 30% of individuals affected with medically intractable epilepsy and around 30-40% of all patients with epilepsy affected by many adverse reactions and convulsion resistance to the present antiepileptic drugs. Consequently, various scientists attempt to develop new strategies to treat epilepsy, for instance, to find out novel antiepileptic ingredients from traditional medicines. This work aims to present a complete summary of natural medicines prescribed as antiepileptic agents all over the world by ethnic groups and different tribes. We undertook an extensive bibliographic analysis by searching peer reviewed papers and classical textbooks and further consulting well accepted worldwide scientific databases. We carried out PubMed, EMbase and CENTRAL searches by means of terms such as "antiepileptic" and "anti-convulsant" activity of plants. Medicinal plants have been prescribed to treat epilepsy and have been recognized as antiepileptic medicines. In this review, a variety of herbs have been reviewed for thorough studies such as Cuminum cyminum, Butea monosperma, Solanum americanum, Anacyclus pyrethrum, Leonotis leonurus, Elaeocarpus ganitrus and Angelica archangelica. This paper shows that it was high time experimental studies are increased to obtain novel potential active principles from medicinal plants. Plant extracts and their chemical constituents should be further evaluated to clarify their mechanisms of action. This paper provides a solid base upon which to further investigate the clinical efficacy of medicinal plants that are both currently prescribed by physicians as traditional antiepileptic agents, but also could be effective as an antiepileptic drug with further research and study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmat Ullah Khan
- Department of Eastern Medicine, The University of Poonch, Rawalakot, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Akram
- Department of Eastern Medicine, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Daniyal
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, Innovative Materia Medica Research Institute, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Naheed Akhter
- College of Allied Health Professional, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Riaz
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, Sargodha Medical College, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Naheed Akhtar
- Department of Pharmacy, The University of Poonch, Rawalakot, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan
| | - Mohammad Ali Shariati
- Kazakh Research Institute of Processing and Food industry (Semey branch), Semey, Kazakhstan
| | - Fozia Anjum
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Samreen Gul Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Abida Parveen
- Department of Botany, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Saeed Ahmad
- University College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan.
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Jahani R, Khaledyan D, Jahani A, Jamshidi E, Kamalinejad M, Khoramjouy M, Faizi M. Evaluation and comparison of the antidepressant-like activity of Artemisia dracunculus and Stachys lavandulifolia ethanolic extracts: an in vivo study. Res Pharm Sci 2019; 14:544-553. [PMID: 32038734 PMCID: PMC6937744 DOI: 10.4103/1735-5362.272563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have supported the preventive and therapeutic values of phenolic compounds including chlorogenic acid, syringic acid, vanillic acid, ferulic acid, caffeic acid, luteolin, rutin, catechin, kaempferol, and quercetin in mental disorders. Since these secondary metabolites are reported as the phenolic compounds of Artemisia dracunculus (A. dracunculus) and Stachys lavandulifolia (S. lavandulifolia), the main aim of this study was the evaluation and comparison of the phenolic contents, flavonoids, and antidepressant-like activity of Artemisia dracunculus with Stachys lavandulifolia. Antidepressant-like activity of the extracts was evaluated in the forced swimming test (FST) and the tail suspension test (TST). Moreover, the open field test was conducted to evaluate the general locomotor activity of mice following treatment with the extracts. Since phenolic compounds and flavonoids play main roles in pharmacological effects, the phenolic and flavonoid contents of the extracts were measured. Though significant difference between the phenolic contents of the extracts was not observed, but S. lavandulifolia exhibited higher flavonoid contents. Animal treatment with extracts decreased the immobility times in both FST and TST compared to the vehicle group without any significant effect on the locomotor activity of animals. Also, S. lavandulifolia at 400 mg/kg showed higher potency in both tests compared to A. dracunculus. Our results provided promising evidence on the antidepressant-like activity of both extracts which could be related to flavonoids as the main components of the extracts, but more studies need to be conducted to specify the main compounds and the mechanisms involved in the observed effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Jahani
- Student Research Committee, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, I.R. Iran
| | - Dariush Khaledyan
- Student Research Committee, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, I.R. Iran
| | - Ali Jahani
- Faculty of Natural Environment and Biodiversity, College of Environment, Karaj, I.R. Iran
| | - Elham Jamshidi
- Student Research Committee, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, I.R. Iran
| | - Mohammad Kamalinejad
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, I.R. Iran
| | - Mona Khoramjouy
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, I.R. Iran
| | - Mehrdad Faizi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, I.R. Iran
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12
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Beheshti F, Hosseini M, Hashemzehi M, Soukhtanloo M, Asghari A. The effects of PPAR-γ agonist pioglitazone on anxiety and depression-like behaviors in lipopolysaccharide injected rats. TOXIN REV 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2019.1673425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Farimah Beheshti
- Neuroscience Research Center, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran
- Department of Physiology, School of Paramedical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Hosseini
- Division of Neurocognitive Sciences, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Milad Hashemzehi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Physiology, Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences, Iranshahr, Iran
| | - Mohammad Soukhtanloo
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amir Asghari
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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13
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Abareshi A, Anaeigoudari A, Norouzi F, Marefati N, Beheshti F, Saeedjalali M, Hosseini M. The effects of captopril on lipopolysaccharide-induced sickness behaviors in rats. VETERINARY RESEARCH FORUM : AN INTERNATIONAL QUARTERLY JOURNAL 2019; 10:199-205. [PMID: 31737228 PMCID: PMC6828174 DOI: 10.30466/vrf.2018.90760.2198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Neuro-immune mediators play an important role in the development of sickness behaviors. In the present study, the effect of captopril on sickness behaviors caused by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was studied in the rats. The animals were randomized into the following groups: control, sham, 10 mg kg-1 captopril - LPS (Capto 10-LPS), 50 mg kg-1 captopril - LPS (Capto 50-LPS), and 100 mg kg-1 captopril - LPS (Capto 100-LPS). Behavioral tests including open-field (OF), elevated plus maze (EPM) and forced swimming (FS) test were performed, and the serum level of interleukin-6 (IL-6) was assessed. In OF, the number of crossings in the central zone in Capto 10-LPS, Capto 50-LPS, and Capto 100-LPS groups was higher than that of the sham group. In EPM, the open arm entry numbers in the sham group were lower compared to the control group. Furthermore, pretreatment by captopril increased the entries to the open arms. In FS test, the immobility time of the sham group was longer than that of the control group. In Capto 10-LPS, Capto 50-LPS, and Capto 100-LPS groups, immobility was shorter compared to the sham group. In addition, the IL-6 level was higher in the sham group compared to the control group, and treatment with 50 and 100 mg kg-1 of captopril restored the IL-6 level in comparison with the sham group. Results confirmed that pretreatment with captopril ameliorated LPS-caused sickness behaviors and attenuated IL-6 as an inflammatory marker in the rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azam Abareshi
- Division of Neurocognitive Sciences, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Akbar Anaeigoudari
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Norouzi
- Department of Physiology, Esfarayen Faculty of Medical Sciences, Esfarayen, Iran
| | - Narges Marefati
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Farimah Beheshti
- Neuroscience Research Center, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran., Department of Physiology, School of Paramedical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran
| | - Mohsen Saeedjalali
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Montazeri, Khorasan Branch, Technical and Vocational University (TVU), Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Hosseini
- Division of Neurocognitive Sciences, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Gonulalan EM, Bayazeid O, Yalcin FN, Demirezer LO. The roles of valerenic acid on BDNF expression in the SH-SY5Y cell. Saudi Pharm J 2018; 26:960-964. [PMID: 30416353 PMCID: PMC6218383 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2018.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The roots of Valeriana officinalis L. (Valerianaceae) are used for treating sleep disorders and/or mild nerve tension. The effect of valerenic acid on brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has not yet been studied, although it is known that gamma-amino butyric acid A (GABAA) receptor is regulated by BDNF, which modulates the depressive-like behavior and neurogenesis. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of V. officinalis root extract (VO), its main constituents valerenic acid (VA) and acetoxy valerenic acid (AVA) as well as valerenic acid-free (VAF), acetoxy valerenic acid-free (AVAF) extracts and increasing amounts of valerenic acid containing extracts on the BDNF expression in SH-SY5Y cell lines. The effect of methanolic extracts of VO, VA, AVA, VAF, AVAF, and the extracts whose amount of VA were increased gradually, were tested using a Human BDNF ELISA kit with 17β-estradiol as a positive control. The VO and VA extracts caused a significant (p < 0.001) increase in the BDNF expression in SH-SY5Y cells compared to control. This effect completely disappeared when cells were treated with VAF extract. AVA alone did not show any significant change in the BDNF levels. The extracts with increasing amount of VA led to a concentration- dependent effect on the cells. In conclusion, our findings suggest that the antidepressant-like effect of the VO extract is also related to BDNF expression, and that this is mainly due to the presence of VA in the extract. Removing VA from VO extract leads to a loss of activity. Moreover, the concentration of VA plays a role for BDNF expressions in SH-SY5Y cells, which demonstrates the importance of quality control on the commercially available products.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Lutfiye-Omur Demirezer
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacognosy, 06100 Sihhiye, Ankara, Turkey
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15
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Pellow J, Nienhuis C. Medicinal plants for primary dysmenorrhoea: A systematic review. Complement Ther Med 2018; 37:13-26. [PMID: 29609924 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctim.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Primary dysmenorrhoea is a common complaint experienced by many females in their reproductive years. The use of medicinal plants in the treatment of various gynaecological conditions is on the increase, despite the limited evidence available regarding efficacy and safety of their use. The aim of this systematic review was to synthesise the most recent evidence relating to the treatment of primary dysmenorrhoea with medicinal plants. METHODOLOGY A thorough database search was conducted using defined search terms, and randomised controlled trials (RCTs) published in English between 2008 and 2016, pertaining to the use of medicinal plants (single use) for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhoea, were assessed. Studies evaluating dysmenorrhoeal pain and associated symptoms as a primary or secondary outcome were considered and assessed by two reviewers independently of each other, using the JADAD scale and the Cochrane risk of bias tool,. RESULTS 22 RCTs were included in the review; 9 were placebo-controlled trials and 13 were comparative studies to pharmacological treatment or nutritional supplements. Most of the evaluated medicinal plants showed evidence of efficacy in relieving menstrual pain in at least one RCT. The low or unclear quality of the majority of these studies however warrants caution in interpreting these results. CONCLUSION This review adds to the knowledge-base on the use of these medicinal plants in the treatment of primary dysmenorrhoea. Further research is needed before definitive conclusions can be made regarding the efficacy and safety of the use of these medicinal plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janice Pellow
- Department of Homoeopathy, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein Campus, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein, Gauteng, 2028, South Africa.
| | - Chantelle Nienhuis
- Department of Homoeopathy, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein Campus, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein, Gauteng, 2028, South Africa.
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Norouzi F, Abareshi A, Anaeigoudari A, Shafei MN, Gholamnezhad Z, Saeedjalali M, Mohebbati R, Hosseini M. The effects of Nigella sativa on sickness behavior induced by lipopolysaccharide in male Wistar rats. AVICENNA JOURNAL OF PHYTOMEDICINE 2016; 6:104-16. [PMID: 27247927 PMCID: PMC4884223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Neuroimmune factors contribute on the pathogenesis of sickness behaviors. Nigella sativa (NS) has anti-inflammatory, anti-anxiety and anti-depressive effects. In the present study, the effect of NS hydro-alcoholic extract on sickness behavior induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS The rats were divided into five groups (n=10 in each): (1) control (saline), (2) LPS (1 mg/kg, administered two hours before behavioral tests), (3-5) LPS-Nigella sativa 100 , 200 and 400 mg/kg (LPS-NS 100, LPS-NS 200 and LPS-NS 400, respectively). Open- field (OF), elevated plus maze (EPM) and forced swimming test (FST) were performed. RESULTS In OF, LPS reduced the peripheral crossing, peripheral distance, total crossing and total distance compared to control (p<0.01- p<0.001). The central crossing, central distance and central time in LPS-NS 100, LPS-NS200 and LPS-NS 400 groups were higher than LPS (p<0.01- p<0.001). In EPM, LPS decreased the open arm entries, open arm time and closed arm entries while increased the closed time compared to control (p<0.001). Pretreatment by NS extract reversed the effects of LPS (p<0.05- p<0.001). In FST, LPS increased the immobility time while, decreased the climbing and active times compared to control (p<0.05- p<0.001). In LPS-NS 100, LPS-NS 200 and LPS-NS 400 groups the immobility time was less while, the active and climbing times were more than those of LPS (p<0.05- p<0.001). CONCLUSION The results of the present study showed that the hydro-alcoholic extract of NS reduced the LPS-induced sickness behaviors in rats. Further investigations are required for better understanding the responsible compound (s) and the underlying mechanism(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Norouzi
- Neurocognitive Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Azam Abareshi
- Pharmacological Research Center of Medicinal Plants, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Akbar Anaeigoudari
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Jiroft University of medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran
| | - Mohammad Naser Shafei
- Neurocognitive Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Zahra Gholamnezhad
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohsen Saeedjalali
- Mashhad Technical Faculty, Technical and Vocational University, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Reza Mohebbati
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Jiroft University of medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Hosseini
- Neurocognitive Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran,Corresponding Author: Tel: 9851138828565, Fax: 9851138828564,
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Azizi-Malekabadi H, Pourganji M, Zabihi H, Saeedjalali M, Hosseini M. Tamoxifen antagonizes the effects of ovarian hormones to induce anxiety and depression-like behavior in rats. ARQUIVOS DE NEURO-PSIQUIATRIA 2015; 73:132-9. [PMID: 25742583 DOI: 10.1590/0004-282x20140221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The effects of tamoxifen (TAM) on anxiety and depression-like behavior in ovariectomized (OVX) and naïve female rats were investigated. The animals were divided into Sham-TAM, OVX-TAM, Sham and OVX groups. Tamoxifen (1 mg/kg) was administered for 4 weeks. In the forced swimming test, the immobility times in the OVX and Sham-TAM groups were higher than in the Sham group. In the open field, the numbers of central crossings in the OVX and Sham-TAM groups were lower than the number in the Sham group, and the number of peripheral crossings in the OVX group was lower than the number in the Sham group. In the elevated plus maze, the numbers of entries to the open arm among the animals in the Sham-TAM and OVX groups were lower than the number in the Sham group, while the number of entries to the open arm in the OVX-TAM group was higher than the number in the OVX group. It was shown that deletion of ovarian hormones induced anxiety and depression-like behavior. Administration of tamoxifen in naïve rats led to anxiety and depression-like behavior that was comparable with the effects of ovarian hormone deletion. It can be suggested that tamoxifen antagonizes the effects of ovarian hormones. It also seems that tamoxifen has anxiolytic effects on ovariectomized rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Azizi-Malekabadi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Masoume Pourganji
- Neurocognitive Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hoda Zabihi
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohsen Saeedjalali
- Mashhad Technical Faculty, Technical and Vocational University, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Hosseini
- Neurocognitive Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Diene Valepotriates from Valeriana glechomifolia Prevent Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Sickness and Depressive-Like Behavior in Mice. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 2015:145914. [PMID: 26170871 PMCID: PMC4480249 DOI: 10.1155/2015/145914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 05/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Valeriana glechomifolia, a native species from southern Brazil, presents antidepressant-like activity and diene valepotriates (VAL) contribute to the pharmacological properties of the genus. It is known that depression can develop on an inflammation background in vulnerable patients and antidepressants present anti-inflammatory properties. We investigated the effects of VAL (10 mg/kg, p.o.) on sickness and depressive-like behaviors as well as proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and TNF-α) and BDNF expression in the cortex of mice exposed to a 5 min swimming session (as a stressful stimulus) 30 min before the E. coli LPS injection (600 µg/kg, i.p.). The forced swim + LPS induced sickness and depressive-like behaviors, increased the cortical expression of IL-1β and TNF-α, and decreased BDNF expression. VAL was orally administered to mice 1 h before (pretreatment) or 5 h after (posttreatment) E. coli LPS injection. The pretreatment with VAL restored the behavioral alterations and the expression of cortical proinflammatory cytokines in LPS-injected animals but had no effects on BDNF expression, while the posttreatment rescued only behavioral alterations. Our results demonstrate for the first time the positive effects of VAL in an experimental model of depression associated with inflammation, providing new data on the range of action of these molecules.
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Deletion of ovarian hormones induces a sickness behavior in rats comparable to the effect of lipopolysaccharide. Neurol Res Int 2015; 2015:627642. [PMID: 25705518 PMCID: PMC4325213 DOI: 10.1155/2015/627642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Revised: 12/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroimmune factors have been proposed as the contributors to the pathogenesis of sickness behaviors. The effects of female gonadal hormones on both neuroinflammation and depression have also been well considered. In the present study, the capability of deletion of ovarian hormones to induce sickness-like behaviors in rats was compared with the effect lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The groups were including Sham, OVX, Sham-LPS, and OVX-LPS. The Sham-LPS and OVX-LPS groups were treated with LPS (250 μg/kg) two hours before conducting the behavioral tests. In the forced swimming (FST), the immobility times in both OVX and Sham-LPS groups were higher than that of Sham (P < 0.001). In open-field (OP) test, the central crossing number by OVX and Sham-LPS groups were lower than Sham (P < 0.001) while there were no significant differences between OVX-LPS and OVX groups. In elevated plus maze (EPM), the percent of entries to the open arm by both OVX and Sham-LPS groups was lower than that of Sham group (P < 0.001). The results of present study showed that deletion of ovarian hormones induced sickness behaviors in rats which were comparable to the effects of LPS. Moreover, further investigations are required in order to better understand the mechanism(s) involved.
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