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Lomeli Martinez SM, Carrillo Contreras NG, Gómez Sandoval JR, Zepeda Nuño JS, Gomez Mireles JC, Varela Hernández JJ, Mercado-González AE, Bayardo González RA, Gutiérrez-Maldonado AF. Oral Pyogenic Granuloma: A Narrative Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16885. [PMID: 38069207 PMCID: PMC10706684 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Pyogenic granuloma (PG) is a benign vascular lesion found predominantly in the oral cavity. Characterized by rapid growth and propensity to bleed, PG presents diagnostic challenges due to its similarity and alarming proliferation. This narrative review synthesizes current knowledge on the epidemiology, etiopathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and management of oral PG, with emphasis on recent advances in diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. The epidemiology of the injury is meticulously analyzed, revealing a higher incidence in women and a wide range of ages of onset. It delves into the etiopathogenesis, highlighting the uncertainty surrounding the exact causal factors, although historical attributions suggest an infectious origin. It exhaustively analyzes the clinical and histopathological aspects of oral PG, offering information on its various presentations and the importance of an accurate diagnosis to guide effective treatment. It details treatment strategies, emphasizing the personalized approach based on individual patient characteristics. This comprehensive review consolidates current knowledge on oral PG, highlighting the need for further research to clarify its pathogenesis and optimize treatment protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Monserrat Lomeli Martinez
- Department of Medical and Life Sciences, University of Guadalajara (CUCiénega-UdeG), 1115 Ave. Universidad, Ocotlán 47810, Jalisco, Mexico; (S.M.L.M.); (J.J.V.H.)
- Master of Public Health, Department of Wellbeing and Sustainable Development, University of Guadalajara (CUNorte-UdeG), 23 Federal Highway, Km. 191, Colotlán 46200, Jalisco, Mexico
- Periodontics Program, Department of Integrated Dentistry Clinics, University of Guadalajara (CUCS-UdeG), 950 Sierra Mojada, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico; (N.G.C.C.); (J.R.G.S.); (J.C.G.M.)
- Prostodontics Program, Department of Integrated Dentistry Clinics, University of Guadalajara (CUCS-UdeG), 950 Sierra Mojada, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Nadia Guadalupe Carrillo Contreras
- Periodontics Program, Department of Integrated Dentistry Clinics, University of Guadalajara (CUCS-UdeG), 950 Sierra Mojada, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico; (N.G.C.C.); (J.R.G.S.); (J.C.G.M.)
| | - Juan Ramón Gómez Sandoval
- Periodontics Program, Department of Integrated Dentistry Clinics, University of Guadalajara (CUCS-UdeG), 950 Sierra Mojada, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico; (N.G.C.C.); (J.R.G.S.); (J.C.G.M.)
- Research Institute of Dentistry, Department of Integrated Dentistry Clinics, University of Guadalajara (CUCS-UdeG), 950 Sierra Mojada, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - José Sergio Zepeda Nuño
- Microbiology and Pathology Department, Pathology Laboratory, University of Guadalajara (CUCS-UdeG), 950 Sierra Mojada, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico;
| | - Juan Carlos Gomez Mireles
- Periodontics Program, Department of Integrated Dentistry Clinics, University of Guadalajara (CUCS-UdeG), 950 Sierra Mojada, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico; (N.G.C.C.); (J.R.G.S.); (J.C.G.M.)
| | - Juan José Varela Hernández
- Department of Medical and Life Sciences, University of Guadalajara (CUCiénega-UdeG), 1115 Ave. Universidad, Ocotlán 47810, Jalisco, Mexico; (S.M.L.M.); (J.J.V.H.)
| | - Ana Esther Mercado-González
- Antiguo Hospital Civil de Guadalajara “Fray Antonio Alcalde”, 777 Coronel Calderón, Guadalajara 44200, Jalisco, Mexico;
| | - Rubén Alberto Bayardo González
- Department of Integrated Dentistry Clinics, University of Guadalajara (CUCS-UdeG), 950 Sierra Mojada, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico;
| | - Adrián Fernando Gutiérrez-Maldonado
- Department of Medical and Life Sciences, University of Guadalajara (CUCiénega-UdeG), 1115 Ave. Universidad, Ocotlán 47810, Jalisco, Mexico; (S.M.L.M.); (J.J.V.H.)
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Mahajan R, Alawi F, France K. Gingival Overgrowth in an Adult Male Patient. Cureus 2022; 14:e22572. [PMID: 35371828 PMCID: PMC8958140 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.22572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyogenic granuloma (PG) is an oral reactive inflammatory hyperplasia of connective tissue that can occur in response to hormonal changes and local irritation such as calculus, fractured teeth, rough dental restorations, and foreign materials. It is nonneoplastic and predominant in the second decade of life in young adult females. The most common site of involvement is the gingiva. Lesions are more common in the maxillary than mandibular gingiva and mainly occur on the facial or buccal aspect. Pyogenic granuloma rarely grows more than 2 cm in diameter and is rarely associated with bone loss. This article presents a rare case of an abnormally large pyogenic granuloma affecting both the labial and palatal gingiva sustaining occlusal trauma due to its size and associated with severe alveolar bone loss that was managed successfully with surgical excision in a 40-year-old male.
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Shetty SJ, Hallikeri K, Anehosur V, Desai A. An aggressive pyogenic granuloma masquerading as a vascular neoplasm. J Indian Soc Periodontol 2020; 24:276-279. [PMID: 32773980 PMCID: PMC7307463 DOI: 10.4103/jisp.jisp_459_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyogenic granuloma (PG) is a benign lesion, with a female predilection, commonly associated with local irritation or trauma. We report an unusual, destructive case of PG, displaying excessive loss of blood and destruction of alveolar bone leading to the loss of maxillary anterior teeth in an 18-year-old female, compromising function and esthetics. The incisional and excisional biopsy specimen of this recurrent lesion obtained during a 5-year span was studied, which revealed an increase in vascularity and extensive proliferation of endothelial cells admixed with varying degree of inflammatory cell infiltrate. The clinical, radiographic, and histopathological diagnostic tools enabled to precisely diagnose the lesion as an aggressive variant of PG, distinguishing it from other vascular neoplasms. No recurrence has been noted during a 5-year follow-up. The clinicians should be aware of the aggressive and destructive clinical behavior of PG to avoid the inadvertent treatment of this reactive lesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shravya Jaganath Shetty
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology and Microbiology, SDM College of Dental Sciences and Hospital, A Constituent Unit of Shri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara University, Dharwad, Karnataka, India
| | - Kaveri Hallikeri
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology and Microbiology, SDM College of Dental Sciences and Hospital, A Constituent Unit of Shri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara University, Dharwad, Karnataka, India
| | - Venkatesh Anehosur
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, SDM College of Dental Sciences and Hospital, A Constituent Unit of Shri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara University, Dharwad, Karnataka, India
| | - Anil Desai
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, SDM College of Dental Sciences and Hospital, A Constituent Unit of Shri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara University, Dharwad, Karnataka, India
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Atarbashi-Moghadam F, Atarbashi-Moghadam S, Namdari M, Shahrabi-Farahani S. Reactive oral lesions associated with dental implants. A systematic review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 9:e12342. [PMID: 29752778 DOI: 10.1111/jicd.12342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Reactive lesion formation around dental implants a complication that has been given much consideration. These lesions can lead to marginal bone loss, and consequently, implant failure. In the present systematic review, all reported reactive lesions associated with dental implants in the literature were assessed. An electronic search was performed using PubMed Central, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Science Direct. The search strategy was limited to human studies (case reports and case series), full-text English language articles, published until May 2017. A total of 19 articles reporting 27 lesions in 25 cases were included. Peripheral giant cell granuloma and pyogenic granuloma were the most reactive lesions found around dental implants. The mean age of the patients was 51.28 ± 14.48 years, with a slight female predilection. Posterior mandibular gingiva was the most common location for these lesions. The recurrence rate of lesions was 33.33%, and the chance of implant removal was 29.62%. Due to the clinical significance of these lesions, early histopathologic examination is recommended to exclude the presence of such pathological lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Saede Atarbashi-Moghadam
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahshid Namdari
- Department of Oral Health Community, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shokoufeh Shahrabi-Farahani
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences and Oral Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, College of Dentistry, Memphis, TN, USA
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Rathore A, Jadhav T, Kulloli A, Singh A. Oral telangiectatic granuloma with an intrabony defect. J Indian Soc Periodontol 2016; 19:705-8. [PMID: 26941527 PMCID: PMC4753721 DOI: 10.4103/0972-124x.164745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral telangiectatic granuloma is a benign hyperplastic lesion occurring in response to trauma or chronic irritation in the oral cavity. The characteristic histological appearance comprises of typical granulation tissue with a proliferation of small thin-walled blood vessels in the loose connective tissue. We describe a case of a 36-year-old female who had a swelling in the left maxillary region which was associated with the intrabony defect. An internal bevel gingivectomy was performed, and the histopathological report was suggestive of telangiectatic granuloma. The intrabony defect was managed with the placement of platelet rich fibrin plug in the defect. A follow-up at 6 months showed no recurrence and no loss in the width of keratinized tissue. The aim of this case is to highlight the rare association of intrabony defect with telangiectatic granuloma and the need for histopathological diagnosis in such lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akanksha Rathore
- Department of Periodontology, Dr. D. Y. Patil Dental College, Pimpri, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Tanya Jadhav
- Department of Periodontology, Dr. D. Y. Patil Dental College, Pimpri, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Anita Kulloli
- Department of Periodontology, Dr. D. Y. Patil Dental College, Pimpri, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Archana Singh
- Department of Periodontology, Dr. D. Y. Patil Dental College, Pimpri, Pune, Maharashtra, India
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Herrera D, Alonso B, de Arriba L, Santa Cruz I, Serrano C, Sanz M. Acute periodontal lesions. Periodontol 2000 2015; 65:149-77. [PMID: 24738591 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This review provides updates on acute conditions affecting the periodontal tissues, including abscesses in the periodontium, necrotizing periodontal diseases and other acute conditions that cause gingival lesions with acute presentation, such as infectious processes not associated with oral bacterial biofilms, mucocutaneous disorders and traumatic and allergic lesions. A periodontal abscess is clinically important because it is a relatively frequent dental emergency, it can compromise the periodontal prognosis of the affected tooth and bacteria within the abscess can spread and cause infections in other body sites. Different types of abscesses have been identified, mainly classified by their etiology, and there are clear differences between those affecting a pre-existing periodontal pocket and those affecting healthy sites. Therapy for this acute condition consists of drainage and tissue debridement, while an evaluation of the need for systemic antimicrobial therapy will be made for each case, based on local and systemic factors. The definitive treatment of the pre-existing condition should be accomplished after the acute phase is controlled. Necrotizing periodontal diseases present three typical clinical features: papilla necrosis, gingival bleeding and pain. Although the prevalence of these diseases is not high, their importance is clear because they represent the most severe conditions associated with the dental biofilm, with very rapid tissue destruction. In addition to bacteria, the etiology of necrotizing periodontal disease includes numerous factors that alter the host response and predispose to these diseases, namely HIV infection, malnutrition, stress or tobacco smoking. The treatment consists of superficial debridement, careful mechanical oral hygiene, rinsing with chlorhexidine and daily re-evaluation. Systemic antimicrobials may be used adjunctively in severe cases or in nonresponding conditions, being the first option metronidazole. Once the acute disease is under control, definitive treatment should be provided, including appropriate therapy for the pre-existing gingivitis or periodontitis. Among other acute conditions affecting the periodontal tissues, but not caused by the microorganisms present in oral biofilms, infectious diseases, mucocutaneous diseases and traumatic or allergic lesions can be listed. In most cases, the gingival involvement is not severe; however, these conditions are common and may prompt an emergency dental visit. These conditions may have the appearance of an erythematous lesion, which is sometimes erosive. Erosive lesions may be the direct result of trauma or a consequence of the breaking of vesicles and bullae. A proper differential diagnosis is important for adequate management of the case.
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Riehl J, Bell CM, Constantaras ME, Snyder CJ, Charlier CJ, Soukup JW. Clinicopathologic Characterization of Oral Pyogenic Granuloma in 8 Cats. J Vet Dent 2014; 31:80-6. [DOI: 10.1177/089875641403100203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This case series characterizes the clinicopathologic features and treatment of oral pyogenic granuloma in 8 cats. The cats reported here were patients originating from collaborative efforts at an academic clinical teaching hospital and a specialty dentistry/oral surgery referral practice. Although the initial biopsy results were variable, in all cases the diagnosis reflected an inflammatory process. A second clinicopathologic evaluation of these cases determined that all lesions were consistent with oral pyogenic granuloma. The location of the lesion was consistent among all cats within the present study. Lesions developed at the vestibular mucogingival tissues of the mandibular first molar teeth. We propose that malocclusion and secondary traumatic contact of the ipsilateral maxillary fourth premolar tooth with the mandibular soft tissues is a possible contributing factor in the etiopathogenic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Riehl
- From the Dentistry and Oral Surgery Section (Riehl, Snyder, Soukup), Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2015 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, 53706; the Center for Comparative Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology (Soukup, Bell), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2015 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, 53706; the Wisconsin Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (Bell), University of Wisconsin-Madison, 445 Easterday Lane, Madison, WI,
| | - Cynthia M. Bell
- From the Dentistry and Oral Surgery Section (Riehl, Snyder, Soukup), Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2015 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, 53706; the Center for Comparative Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology (Soukup, Bell), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2015 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, 53706; the Wisconsin Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (Bell), University of Wisconsin-Madison, 445 Easterday Lane, Madison, WI,
| | - Marika E. Constantaras
- From the Dentistry and Oral Surgery Section (Riehl, Snyder, Soukup), Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2015 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, 53706; the Center for Comparative Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology (Soukup, Bell), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2015 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, 53706; the Wisconsin Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (Bell), University of Wisconsin-Madison, 445 Easterday Lane, Madison, WI,
| | - Christopher J. Snyder
- From the Dentistry and Oral Surgery Section (Riehl, Snyder, Soukup), Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2015 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, 53706; the Center for Comparative Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology (Soukup, Bell), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2015 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, 53706; the Wisconsin Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (Bell), University of Wisconsin-Madison, 445 Easterday Lane, Madison, WI,
| | - Cindy J. Charlier
- From the Dentistry and Oral Surgery Section (Riehl, Snyder, Soukup), Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2015 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, 53706; the Center for Comparative Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology (Soukup, Bell), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2015 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, 53706; the Wisconsin Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (Bell), University of Wisconsin-Madison, 445 Easterday Lane, Madison, WI,
| | - Jason W. Soukup
- From the Dentistry and Oral Surgery Section (Riehl, Snyder, Soukup), Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2015 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, 53706; the Center for Comparative Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology (Soukup, Bell), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2015 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, 53706; the Wisconsin Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (Bell), University of Wisconsin-Madison, 445 Easterday Lane, Madison, WI,
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