Comparative evaluation of microleakage of three restorative glass ionomer cements: An in vitro study

A Comparative Evaluation of Postoperative Sensitivity Between Cention-N and Resin-Modified Glass Ionomer Cement in Class V Cavity: An In Vivo Study

Aim This research aimed to assess and compare the postoperative sensitivity in class V cavity when restored with Cention-N and resin-modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC). This study used the Schiff scale to assess sensitivity in the class V cavity. Materials and methods This was an in vivo study performed in the Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Sharad Pawar Dental College and Hospital, Sawangi Meghe, Maharashtra. Patients included in this study were randomly selected from regular outpatient departments diagnosed with class V cavities and referred for restorative treatment. These patients were segregated into Group A and Group B. Demographic information, detailed history of any medical condition, dental history, any allergy related to resins, and another group of drugs were recorded. The in vivo study involved 36 patients, 18 in each group, who presented at Sharad Pawar Dental College and Hospital. Inform consent was taken from all patients. The subjects' responses were evaluated using a Schiff analog scale to assess postoperative sensitivity to an air blast stimulus. Results The study included all 36 patients aged between 18 and 40 years. All 36 patients were segregated into two distinct groups. Two groups of 18 patients in each group were restored with Cention-N and RMGIC in groups A and B, respectively. It was determined that RMGIC exhibits a relatively higher incidence of postoperative sensitivity than Cention-N. It was determined that the difference was statistically relevant. Conclusion Considering the limitations of this study, it can be concluded that RMGIC shows more postoperative sensitivity than other groups on the first, second, and seventh days. Thus, it is concluded that Cention-N can be a superior alternative to RMGIC.

Renewal MI Dental Composite Etch and Seal Properties

This study's aim was to assess whether the Renewal MI composite can self-etch enamel, seal sound cavities, and stabilize demineralized dentine. Etching was assessed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Cavity sealing was quantified using the ISO-11405 dye microleakage test. Demineralized dentine stabilization was evaluated by visualizing resin tag formation, enzyme activity and mineral precipitation at the adhesion interface. Renewal MI provided a mild etching of sound enamel in comparison with 37% phosphoric acid. It provided a comparable seal of sound cavities to Z250/Scotchbond Universal adhesive and a superior seal to Activa, Fuji IX and Fuji II LC. With demineralized dentine, Renewal MI formed 300-400 µm resin tags covering 63% of the adhesion interface compared with 55 and 39% for Z250/Scotchbond and Activa. Fuji IX and Fuji II LC formed no resin tags. A higher tag percentage correlated with lower surface enzyme activity. Unlike Activa and Fuji II LC, Renewal MI promoted mineral precipitation from simulated body fluid, occluding adjacent dentinal tubules within 6 months. These novel etching and sealing properties may facilitate Renewal MI's application in minimally invasive dentistry.

Comparative Evaluation of Marginal Integrity of Three Esthetic Restorative Materials - An In-vitro Study

Context

Microleakage is the major cause for the failure of dental restorations, especially in Class V cavities, as margins of such restorations are generally located in dentin or cementum. Microleakage evaluation is necessary as a means of evaluation of the marginal integrity of restorative materials. This would assist in developing techniques and materials that would reduce damage caused by the failure of the restorative marginal seal.

Aim

The aim of this study is to analyze and compare the marginal integrity among three esthetic restorative materials, namely GC Fuji II LC, GC G-Aenial anterior composite resin, and GC Equia forte fil.

Setting and Design

Sixty orthodontically extracted caries-free premolar teeth with Class V restorations were divided into three groups. Microleakage was measured using an ordinal scale of 0-4, as given by Khera and Chan, in increasing order of dye penetration, which was observed under a microscope.

Materials and Methods

Study was conducted in sound human extracted premolars in which Standardized Class V cavities were prepared. Teeth were randomly and equally assigned to three groups (GC Fuji II LC, GC G-Aenial anterior composite resin, and GC Equia forte fil). Teeth were sectioned longitudinally into two halves using diamond discs and the sectioned halves of the teeth were evaluated for dye penetration under stereomicroscope.

Statistical Analysis Used

Intergroup comparison of mean dye penetration scores were compared using the Kruskal-Wallis test along with post hoc pairwise comparison by Mann Whitney U test. The level of statistical significance was set at 0.05.

Results and Conclusion

All the three groups (GC Fuji II LC, GC G-Aenial anterior composite resin, and GC Equia forte fil) tested showed microleakage at the tooth restoration interface. It was evident that microleakage was found to be highest with the Fuji II LC, both at occlusal and cervical levels. GC Equia forte exhibited the best performance in limiting microleakage around the restoration margins.

A comparative evaluation of the fracture resistance of endodontically treated teeth with simulated invasive cervical resorption cavities restored with different adhesive restorative materials: An in vitro study

Aim:

The aim of the study was to compare the fracture resistance of endodontically treated teeth with simulated invasive cervical resorption cavities, restored with different restorative materials, namely, conventional glass-ionomer cement (CGIC), resin-modified glass-ionomer cement (RMGIC), flowable composite (FC), and giomer.

Methods:

Sixty extracted human permanent maxillary central incisor teeth were assigned to six groups,which were, Group 1 (intact teeth, control), Group 2 (teeth with biomechanical preparation and resorption cavity), Group 3 (CGIC), Group 4 (RMGIC), Group 5 (FC), and Group 6 (giomer). Except for Group 1, other groups were subjected to endodontic treatment. Teeth of Group 2 were left unobturated and teeth of Groups 3–6 were obturated. A simulated resorption cavity was prepared labially in the specimens belonging to Groups 2–6 and restored with respective restorative materials. The specimens were subjected to compressive load until failure in an Instron testing machine and the load at failure was recorded in Newtons.

Statistical Analysis:

The data obtained were statistically analyzed using one-way ANOVA, pair-wise comparison was made with Tukey's multiple comparison test, and P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results:

There was a statistically significant difference in the fracture resistance of intact teeth and endodontically treated teeth with simulated invasive cervical resorption cavities restored with different adhesive restorative materials. Among the restored teeth, there was no significant difference.

Conclusion:

Intact teeth were found to have the highest resistance to fracture followed by those restored with giomer, FC, RMGIC, and CGIC in that order.

The effect of dentin age on the microshear bond strength and microleakage of glass-ionomer cements

OBJECTIVE

To compare the microshear bond strength (µSBS) and microleakage of glass-ionomer cements when bonded to aged and young dentin.

BACKGROUND

Glass-ionomer cement (GIC) is frequently used to restore root caries in elders. Many studies of GIC have been conducted using young dentin; however, few studies have assessed adhesion and microleakage of GICs to aged dentin.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Seventy-eight non-carious human molars (patient age 16-30 = 39; patient age ≥ 65 = 39) were tested with three GICs (Fuji II LC, Equia Forte Fil and Fuji BULK). For µSBS, teeth were horizontally sectioned, embedded in resin and three tubes attached to the sectioned surface. Materials were mixed and injected into the tubes, allowed to set and the tubes removed leaving the GIC cylinders. Specimens were stored in deionised water for 24 hours and tested in a universal testing machine. For microleakage, a buccocervical cavity was prepared, restored with GIC and stored in deionised water. The specimens were polished, coated with varnish, placed in 0.5% basic fuchsin for 24 hours, sectioned at the midpoint and evaluated for microleakage under a stereomicroscope and scanning electron microscope.

RESULTS

For µSBS, Fuji II LC showed the highest bond strength among three products. There was no significant difference between age groups. (P = .93) For microleakage, Fuji II LC had more dye penetration (P < .01) and there was significant difference between age groups.

CONCLUSION

After bonding of GICs, aged dentin showed no difference in µSBS but less microleakage when compared to young dentin.

Effect of Intracanal Glass-Ionomer Barrier Thickness on Microleakage in Coronal Part of Root in Endodontically Treated Teeth: an In Vitro Study

Statement of the Problem:

The most common cause of endodontic treatment failures is improper coronal sealing. Therefore, besides to proper root sealing, coronal sealing which is supported by a proper restoration has a major role in endodontic treatment success, and coronal microleakage should be considered as an etiologic factor in endodontic treatment failure. Glass-ionomer (GI) has been proposed as a coronal barrier for microleakage after endodontic treatment.

Purpose:

This study aimed to evaluate the coronal microleakage in GI-obturated root canals in endodontically treated teeth using different thicknesses of GI.

Materials and Method:

In this in vitro study, forty-five single-rooted extracted human teeth with single canals were collected and disinfected with 0.5% chloramine solution. After endodontic treatment, teeth were divided into 3 groups. In the group 1 to 3, 1 to 3mm of gutta-percha was removed and GI was replaced at 1-, 2- and 3-mm thicknesses respectively. Then subgroups were placed in methylene blue dye and the microleakage was assessed using dye penetration.

Results:

The mean dye penetration in groups 1, 2 and 3 were 5.1, 3.7 and 2.9, respectively, with statistically significant differences. Group 1 exhibited the highest amount of dye penetration while group 3 showed the least one. Moreover, a significant difference between groups 1 and 2 (p= 0.002) and a non-significant difference between groups 2 and 3 (p= 0.098) was detected in mean dye penetration.

Conclusion:

Thicker layers of GI might decrease the coronal microleakage. GI at 3-mm thickness resulted in the best protective effect on coronal microleakage in endodontically treated teeth, though further studies are needed to confirm these results.

Evaluation of Marginal Adaptation and Microleakage of Three Glass Ionomer-Based Class V Restorations: In Vitro Study

Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the marginal adaptation and microleakage of class V cavities restored with conventional glass ionomer cement (GIC), resin-modified glass ionomer (RMGI), and bioactive ionic resin (BIR) restorative materials after 6 months of water storage.

Materials and Methods One hundred twenty standardized class V cavities (2 mm deep, 4 mm in width, and 3 mm in height) were prepared in sound extracted human molar teeth, where the coronal margins were in enamel while the cervical margins were in dentin. Three glass ionomer-based restorations were tested ( n = 40): GIC (Equia Fil), RMGI (Fuji II LC), and BIR (ACTIVA Bioactive Restorative). Half of the teeth from each group ( n = 20) were evaluated for their marginal adaptation with scanning electron microscopy and the other half submitted to dye penetration test to examine microleakage. Further division for each subgroup ( n = 10) occurred to be tested immediately, while the remaining teeth were examined after keeping for 6 months and thermocycling.

Statistical analysis The outcomes were analyzed by Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney U tests.

Results No statistically significant differences were observed among the three studied restorative materials. However, the differences were statistically significant in microleakage test between enamel and dentin and after water aging.

Conclusion All tested restorative materials exhibited the same marginal adaptation and microleakage. Dentin substrate revealed greater microleakage than enamel, especially with BIR restorative material. Water aging had a negative effect on RMGI with respect to microleakage.

Microleakage of an Enhanced Resin-Modified Glass Ionomer Restorative Material in Primary Molars

OBJECTIVES

Resin composites, glass ionomers (GIs), or a combination of these materials have gradually replaced silver amalgam in pediatric dentistry. The purpose of this study was to compare the microleakage of Class II (box only) cavity restorations with ACTIVA Bioactive Restorative Glass, resin-modified GI (RMGI), and composite in primary molars.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A total of 65 primary molars with at least one intact proximal surface were selected in this in-vitro study. After debridement of each tooth, Class II (box only) cavities were prepared. Based on the type of the restorative material and the application of etching and bonding adhesives, the samples were categorized into five groups: (1) composite; (2) RMGI (Fuji II LC)+conditioner; (3) RMGI (Fuji II LC); (4) enhanced RMGI (ACTIVA Bioactive Restorative Glass)+etching/bonding; and (5) ACTIVA Bioactive Restorative Glass. The restored teeth were thermocycled for 2000 cycles. After embedding in an acrylic resin, the degree of dye penetration at axial and gingival walls was assessed using a stereomicroscope. The data were statistically analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's test.

RESULTS

Resin-based composite (RBC) Z250 showed the least microleakage, while RMGI showed maximum microleakage at axial walls. The mean degree of microleakage at gingival margins was the lowest in RBC Z250 and ACTIVA+etching/bonding groups and the highest in RMGI+conditioner and RMGI groups.

CONCLUSIONS

The microleakage of ACTIVA Bioactive Restorative material in the absence or presence of etching and bonding could be comparable to the microleakage of composites.

The effect of three lining materials on microleakage of packable composite resin restorations in young premolars with cavity margins located on enamel and dentin/cementum - An In vitro study

OBJECTIVES

The objective of our in vitro investigation was to assess the effect of a layer of three lining materials; flowable composite, flowable compomer, and light-curing glass ionomer cement as a liner on microleakage with Class V packable composite restorations in young premolar teeth.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A total of 40 premolars were assigned randomly into four groups of 10 teeth each (Groups 1, 2, 3, and 4). Class V cavities (3 mm × 2 mm × 1.5 mm) were prepared in a standardized technique on the buccal surface of every tooth with the cervical margin extending 0.5 mm below the cementoenamel junction, into the dentin. Cavities in the first group (control group) were filled with packable composite (Heliomolar HB) without liners. Cavities in Groups 2, 3, and 4 were restored with packable composite after placing flowable composite (Heliomolar Flow), light-curing glass ionomer cement (Vivaglass), and flowable compomer (Compoglass Flow) as liners, respectively. The 40 restored teeth were put in thermocycling machine, then immersed in 2% methylene blue solution for a period of 24 h to permit penetration of methylene blue into potential microgaps that might have been created between the restorative material and the tooth. Each tooth was then cut buccolingually into two halves through the center of the restoration parallel to their long axes. Photomicrographs of each group were captured, then examined using the ImageJ an analysis software.

RESULTS

Control group (packable composite), Group 2 (flowable composite), and Group 3 (light-curing glass ionomer cement) showed no statistical significance between them. The difference between control group (packable composite) and Group 4 (flowable compomer) was statistically significant.

CONCLUSIONS

Flowable compomer as intermediate lining material can significantly reduce microleakage under packable composite.

A Comparative Evaluation of the Influence of Command Set Methods on Microleakage of Glass Ionomer Cement: An In Vitro Study

INTRODUCTION

A major challenge when using glass ionomer cement in clinical situation particularly in paediatric dentistry is to overcome the problem of microleakage. Fast or command setting of Type IX glass ionomer cement using external energy source enhances the setting reaction and results in improved initial physical and mechanical properties.

AIM

To compare and evaluate the influence of ultrasonic activation, halogen light irradiation and combined effect of both on microleakage of enamel adjacent to Type IX glass ionomer restorations.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

For forty premolar teeth, standard Class V cavities prepared were restored with GC Gold Label Type IX glass ionomer cement in vitro. The specimens were randomly divided into four groups: 1) Control group; 2) halogen group; 3) ultrasonic group; 4) ultrasonic with halogen group. The teeth were kept in distilled water for 24 hours. Teeth were exposed to 1500 thermocycles at temperature of 12°C ±2 and 60°C ±2 with alternate immersion in hot and cold water for one minute. First teeth were immersed in dye solution for four hours and then in developing solution for four hours. The samples were sectioned buccolingually through centre of the restorations and degree of dye penetration was assessed under stereomicroscope and scored. One-Way ANOVA model was constructed followed by post-hoc Tukey's test for multiple pair wise comparison of mean values.

RESULTS

Statistically significant differences were found in microleakage among the four groups (p<0.001) with respect to dye penetration. Halogen group showed least microleakage followed by control but differences between them were statistically not significant (p>0.05). Similarly the differences between Ultrasonic plus halogen group and ultrasonic group were not significant (p>0.05). The differences between ultrasonic and halogen group were statistically significant (p<0.05).

CONCLUSION

Halogen light decreases the microleakage of enamel adjacent to GC Type IX glass ionomer restorations, when used to accelerate the setting reaction of glass ionomers and can be used as command set method in paediatric dentistry.

Comparing marginal microleakage of three different dental materials in veneer restoration using a stereomicroscope: an in vitro study

Objectives:

The objectives were to evaluate the degree of dye penetration of three different dental materials as esthetic veneer restorations on anterior teeth using stereomicroscope, and to provide reference for clinical choice.

Materials and Methods:

Sixty freshly extracted human maxillary central incisors were selected and randomly divided into three main groups of 20 each. Respectively, the teeth were prepared for veneer restoration by fiber-reinforced composite (FRC) (Everstick NET, Stick Tech), porcelain laminate veneer (PLV) (IPS Empress II(E-Max Press)) and 3M composites (3M ESPE) bonding with G-Cem resin cement (GC). After exposed to thermocycling (500cycles per day (5–55 °C, intervals: 30 s)) and immersed in 2% basic fuchsin dye solution for 24 h, the specimens were then sectioned buccolingual into three halves in a vertical plane parallel and measured dye penetration using stereomicroscope (Zeiss). The data collected was recorded by the dye penetration index (0–5) and statistically analysed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and T-tests using SPSS 13.

Results:

It is evident that the FRC group showed the lowest mean score of 0.333 mm, and the PLV group showed a highest mean score of 0.749 mm, as compared with the FRC group and the 3M composites group. Overall, when the three groups were compared for microleakage using ANOVA, there was significant difference among the groups.

Conclusions:

To evaluate the dye penetration of microleakage, the FRC showed a better marginal adaptability for veneer restoration. Therefore, within the limitation of this study, the use of FRC as veneer on anterior teeth can be suggested.

Comparative Evaluation of Microleakage Between Nano-Ionomer, Giomer and Resin Modified Glass Ionomer Cement in Class V Cavities- CLSM Study

INTRODUCTION

Marginal integrity of adhesive restorative materials provides better sealing ability for enamel and dentin and plays an important role in success of restoration in Class V cavities. Restorative material with good marginal adaptation improves the longevity of restorations.

AIM

Aim of this study was to evaluate microleakage in Class V cavities which were restored with Resin Modified Glass Ionomer Cement (RMGIC), Giomer and Nano-Ionomer.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This in-vitro study was performed on 60 human maxillary and mandibular premolars which were extracted for orthodontic reasons. A standard wedge shaped defect was prepared on the buccal surfaces of teeth with the gingival margin placed near Cemento Enamel Junction (CEJ). Teeth were divided into three groups of 20 each and restored with RMGIC, Giomer and Nano-Ionomer and were subjected to thermocycling. Teeth were then immersed in 0.5% Rhodamine B dye for 48 hours. They were sectioned longitudinally from the middle of cavity into mesial and distal parts. The sections were observed under Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope (CLSM) to evaluate microleakage. Depth of dye penetration was measured in millimeters.

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS

The data was analysed using the Kruskal Wallis test. Pair wise comparison was done with Mann Whitney U Test. A p-value<0.05 is taken as statistically significant.

RESULTS

Nano-Ionomer showed less microleakage which was statistically significant when compared to Giomer (p=0.0050). Statistically no significant difference was found between Nano Ionomer and RMGIC (p=0.3550). There was statistically significant difference between RMGIC and Giomer (p=0.0450).

CONCLUSION

Nano-Ionomer and RMGIC showed significantly less leakage and better adaptation than Giomer and there was no statistically significant difference between Nano-Ionomer and RMGIC.

Marginal Micro-leakage of Self-etch and All-in One Adhesives to Primary Teeth, with Mechanical or Chemo-Mechanical Caries Removal

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

Chemo-mechanical caries removal is an effective alternative to the traditional rotary drilling method. One of the factors that can influence micro-leakage is the method of caries removal.

OBJECTIVES

To compare the micro-leakage of resin composite in primary dentition using self-etch and all-in one adhesives following conventional and chemo-mechanical caries removal.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Sixty extracted human primary anterior teeth with class III carious lesions were collected. The selected teeth were divided randomly into two groups each consisting of 30 teeth. In group1 carious lesions were removed using Carisolv multi mix gel. In group 2, caries was removed using round steel burs in a slow-speed hand piece. Then, the specimens in each group were randomly divided into two subgroups (A and B) of 15 and treated by either Clearfil SE Bond (CSEB) or Scotch bond. All prepared cavities were filled with a resin composite (Estellite). All the specimens were stored in distilled water at 37ºC for 24 hours and then thermocycled in 5ºC and 55ºC water with a dwell time of 20 seconds for 1500 cycles. The specimens were immersed in 1% methylene blue solution for 24 hours, removed, washed and sectioned mesiodistally. The sectioned splits were examined under a stereomicroscope to determine the micro-leakage scores. The data were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis Test in SPSS version 21.

RESULTS

There were no significant differences between micro-leakage scores among the four groups (p = 0.127). Score 0 of micro-leakage was detected for 60% of the specimens in group 1-A (Carisolv + CSEB), 73% of the group 2-A (hand piece + CSEB), 80% of the group 1-B (Carisolv + Scotch bond), and 93% of the group 2-B in which caries was removed using hand piece and bonded with Scotch bond .

CONCLUSIONS

Although caries removal using hand piece bur along with using Scotch bond adhesive performed less micro-leakage, it would seems that the use of Carisolv doesn't adversely affect the micro-leakage of composite restorations while using self-etch or all-in one adhesives.

Microleakage of Three Types of Glass Ionomer Cement Restorations: Effect of CPP-ACP Paste Tooth Pretreatment

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) increases the mineral content of tooth structure. This may enhance the chemical bonding of glass ionomer cements (GIC) and marginal sealing of their restorations.

PURPOSE

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of CPP-ACP paste pretreatment on the microleakage of three types of GIC.

MATERIALS AND METHOD

In this study, 72 Class V cavities were prepared on the buccal and lingual surfaces of molars with occlusal margins in enamel and gingival margins in root. The cavities were divided into 6 groups. Cavities in group 1 and 2 were restored with Fuji II, group 3 and 4 with Fuji II LC, and group 5 and 6 with Ketac N100 with respect to the manufacturers' instructions. In groups 2, 4 and 6, CPP-ACP containing paste (MI paste) was placed into the cavities for 3 minutes before being filled with GIC. The teeth were thermocycled, stained with dye, sectioned, and scored for microleakage under stereomicroscope. Kruskall-Wallis and Chi-Square tests were used to analyze the data.

RESULT

There were no statistically significant differences between the control and the CPP-ACP pretreatment groups in enamel and dentin margins. In pairwise comparisons, there were no significant differences between the control and the experimental groups in enamel margin, and in dentin margins of G1 and 2, G5 and 6; however, a significant differences was detected in dentin margins between G3 and 4 (p= 0.041).

CONCLUSION

CPP-ACP paste pretreatment did not affect the microleakage of Fuji II and Ketac N100 in enamel or dentin, but decreased the microleakage in dentine margins of Fuji II LC when cavity conditioner was applied before surface treatment.