Estimation of alkaline phosphatase in the gingival crevicular fluid during orthodontic tooth movement in premolar extraction cases to predict therapeutic progression

The Influence of Orthodontic Treatment on Periodontal Health between Challenge and Synergy: A Narrative Review

By correctly repositioning teeth, orthodontic therapy improves both the function and appearance of an occlusion. The relationship between teeth and the tissues that surround and support them significantly influences these alterations. With ever more adults seeking orthodontic care, orthodontists are increasingly seeing patients with periodontal issues. Concerns about the patient's appearance, such as uneven gingival margins or functional issues caused by inflammatory periodontal diseases, should be accounted for when designing orthodontic treatment plans. Furthermore, orthodontics may increase the chances of saving and recovering a degraded dentition in cases of severe periodontitis. Today, general dentists, dontists, and orthodontists play integrative roles that enable them to achieve the best possible results for their patients. This review will improve the results of interdisciplinary treatments and increase cooperation between dental specialists by drawing attention to the essential connection between orthodontics and periodontics in regular clinical practice.

Effects of sodium chloride on the gene expression profile of periodontal ligament fibroblasts during tensile strain

Purpose

During orthodontic tooth movement, pressure and tension zones develop in the periodontal ligament, and periodontal ligament fibroblasts (PDLF) become exposed to mechanical strain. Enhanced salt (NaCl) concentrations are known to modulate responses of PDLF and immune cells to different stimuli like mechanical strain. Here, we investigated the impact of tensile strain on the gene expression profile of PDLF under normal (NS) and high salt (HS) conditions.

Methods

After preincubation under NS or HS (+40 mM NaCl in medium) conditions for 24 h, PDLF were stretched 16% for 48 h using custom-made spherical cap silicone stamps using an established and published setup. After determination of cell number and cytotoxicity, we analyzed expression of genes involved in extracellular matrix reorganization, angiogenesis, bone remodeling, and inflammation by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR).

Results

Tensile strain did not affect the expression of genes involved in angiogenesis or extracellular matrix reorganization by PDLF, which however modulate inflammatory responses and bone remodeling in reaction to 16% static tensile strain. Salt (NaCl) treatment triggered enhanced extracellular matrix formation, expression of cyclooxygenase 2 and bone metabolism in PDLF during tensile strain.

Conclusions

Salt (NaCl) consumption may influence orthodontic tooth movement and periodontal bone loss via modulation of extracellular matrix and bone metabolism. Excessive salt intake during orthodontic therapy may cause adverse effects regarding periodontal inflammation and bone resorption.

Effect of orthodontic forces on levels of enzymes in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF): A systematic review

Objective:

Orthodontic force application releases multiple enzymes in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) for activation, resorption, reversal, deposition of osseous elements and extracellular matrix degradation. The current systematic review critically evaluated all existing evidence on enzymes in orthodontic tooth movement.

Methods:

Literature was searched with predetermined search strategy on electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus, Embase), along with hand search.

Results:

Initial search identified 652 studies, shortlisted to 52 studies based on PRISMA. Quality assessment further led to final inclusion of 48 studies (13 moderately and 35 highly sensitive studies). Primary outcomes are significant upregulation in GCF levels of enzymes-aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), β-glucuronidase (βG), tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), acid phosphatase (ACP) and down regulation in cathepsin B (Cb). Site specificity is shown by ALP, TRAP, AST, LDH, MMP9 with levels at compression site increasing earlier and in higher quantities compared with tension site. ALP levels are higher at tension site only in retention. A positive correlation of LDH, ALP and AST is also observed with increasing orthodontic force magnitude.

Conclusions:

A strong evidence of variation in enzymes (ALP, AST, ACP TRAP, LDH, MMPs, Cb) in GCF is found in association with different magnitude, stages and sites of orthodontic force application.

Detection of Ostecalcin in gingival Crevicular fluid in a Group of Orthodontic Patients

Aim:

To detect osteocalcin (OC) in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and to monitor the concentration of OC at what stage inflammation and bone resorption reaches their maximum following orthodontic activation.

Materials and Methods:

GCF samples were collected from six adult orthodontic patients (mean age = 22.3, range 20–24 years) on 3, 7, 10, 14, 21, 28, and 35 days after activation of orthodontic appliance, from the tooth surface where bone resorption was expected to occur. A total of 330 GCF sample were collected using filter paper strip, the volume measured by weighing. OC was analyzed using Enzyme-Linked immunoassay technique. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences software, SPSS (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) version 15.

Results:

An increase in GCF volume and flow rate was noted in the 10^th day after activation of the orthodontic appliance activation; however, due to high-standard deviation, the result was not significant. OC was detected in all GCF samples. The amount and concentration were quite variable. Increase in the amount of OC was observed between days 7 and 14.

Conclusion:

OC was detected in all samples. The quantity of OC increased at day 10 in a number of samples. There was no obvious association between OC concentration and time of collection.