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Silva T, Lunardi AJL, Barros ACSM, Mandetta ARH, Grudzien E, San-Martín M, Horliana ACRT, Bussadori SK, Motta LJ. Application of Photodynamic Therapy in Pediatric Dentistry: Literature Review. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2335. [PMID: 37765303 PMCID: PMC10537059 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15092335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbiological control of dental pathologies presents a significant clinical challenge for dental surgeons, particularly considering drug-resistant microorganisms. To address this issue, Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) has emerged as an effective and complementary technique for microbial reduction. This therapy involves the application of a photosensitizer dye (PS) either topically or systemically, followed by exposure to low-power lasers with appropriate visible light wavelengths. PDT has found a valuable place in dentistry across various specialties, including surgery, periodontics, endodontics, dentistry, implantology, orthodontics, and pediatrics. In the realm of pediatric dentistry, managing microorganisms during dental treatments has become a major challenge. Considering its promising results and ease of application, Photodynamic Therapy presents an interesting alternative for clinical practice. However, it is important to note that specific protocols must be followed for each application, encompassing the type of photosensitizer, concentration, pre-irradiation time, light type, wavelength, energy, power, and mode of light delivery. Researchers have been steadily refining these protocols to facilitate PDT's integration into clinical practice. The objective of this review is to describe in which procedures and oral health problems in children PDT can be applied. In this sense, we list what the literature brings about the possibilities of applying PDT in a pediatric dentistry clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamiris Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Biophotonics Applied to the Health Sciences, Nove de Julho University, São Paulo 01525-000, SP, Brazil (S.K.B.)
| | - Ana Júlia Lacerda Lunardi
- Postgraduate Program in Biophotonics Applied to the Health Sciences, Nove de Julho University, São Paulo 01525-000, SP, Brazil (S.K.B.)
| | | | - Amanda Rafaelly Honório Mandetta
- Postgraduate Program in Biophotonics Applied to the Health Sciences, Nove de Julho University, São Paulo 01525-000, SP, Brazil (S.K.B.)
| | - Elizabeth Grudzien
- Departamento de Bienestar y Salud, Universidad Católica del Uruguay, Av. 8 de Octubre 2738, Montevideo 11600, Uruguay
| | - Magdalena San-Martín
- Departamento de Bienestar y Salud, Universidad Católica del Uruguay, Av. 8 de Octubre 2738, Montevideo 11600, Uruguay
| | | | - Sandra Kalil Bussadori
- Postgraduate Program in Biophotonics Applied to the Health Sciences, Nove de Julho University, São Paulo 01525-000, SP, Brazil (S.K.B.)
| | - Lara Jansiski Motta
- Postgraduate Program in Biophotonics Applied to the Health Sciences, Nove de Julho University, São Paulo 01525-000, SP, Brazil (S.K.B.)
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Rajan SM, Shrestha B, Aati S, Kujan O, Tay A, Fawzy AS. Evaluation of Antibacterial Efficacy of High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound Versus Photodynamic Therapy Against Enterococcus faecalis-Infected Root Canals. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2023; 49:1875-1881. [PMID: 37263892 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2023.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The high incidence of endodontic failure is associated with the remnants of Enterococcus faecalis present within the intricate anatomies of the root canal system (RCS), often inaccessible by the current endodontic practices. This study was aimed at evaluating the effect of high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) and photodynamic therapy (PDT) on E. faecalis biofilms in artificially infected root canals for the potential application in current endodontic practices. METHODS Forty-five single-rooted extracted teeth were instrumented using hand files, sterilized in an autoclave, infected with E. faecalis and incubated for 4 wk. The specimens were treated and identified as follows: Control, 4% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl); riboflavin (1 mg/mL); light only; HIFU (250 kHz, 20 W, 60s); PDT; riboflavin/HIFU; light/HIFU; and riboflavin/HIFU/light. Bactericidal efficacy was determined by colony-forming units (CFU), (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) (MTT) assay, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). RESULTS Enterococcus faecalis biofilm exhibited significantly lower metabolic activity when treated with HIFU (250 kHz, 20 W, 60 s) compared with the control (4% NaOCl) and PDT groups. A similar phenomenon was observed with the CFU assay. HIFU remained the most effective treatment modality, with consistent results in CLSM and SEM. CONCLUSION This study highlighted the potential application of HIFU as an adjunct drug-free, non-destructive root canal disinfection method for endodontic treatment, suggesting an alternative to the current gold standard of 4% NaOCl and PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Barsha Shrestha
- UWA Dental School, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Sultan Aati
- UWA Dental School, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Omar Kujan
- UWA Dental School, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Alfred Tay
- Helicobacter pylori Research Laboratory, Marshall Centre for Infectious Disease Research and Training, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Amr S Fawzy
- UWA Dental School, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia.
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Alves DRS, Decucio DDA, Alencar AHGD, Estrela CRDA, Souza JBD, Pinheiro ALB, Estrela C. Effect of low-power diode laser on infected root canals. Braz Dent J 2022; 33:8-17. [PMID: 35766720 DOI: 10.1590/0103-6440202204999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the effect of photodynamic therapy (PDT) on infected root canals. Twenty-one human teeth were selected, and 18 were infected by E. faecalis for 60 days. The antimicrobial strategies tested were: G1. Root canal preparation (RCP) using Niquel-Titanium (NiTi) rotary instruments, 2.5% NaOCl, and final irrigation with 17% EDTA, followed by PDT with methylene blue photosensitizer and laser diode low power; G2. RCP using stainless steel files and the same irrigation and PDT protocols as G1; G3. Same RCP protocol as G1 without PDT; G4. Only irrigation with 2.5% NaOCl; G5. Same PDT protocol as G1 without RCP; G6. Negative control; G7. Positive control. Samples for microbiological tests were collected initially (S1), after RCP (S2), and after PDT (S3). Subsequently, the roots were sectioned and prepared for Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis. Bacterial growth was analyzed according to the turbidity of the culture medium, followed by spectrophotometric optical density (nm). The effect of PDT on the dentinal structure was evaluated at magnifications 1,600X and 5,000X and described qualitatively. The Wilcoxon test was used for the comparisons from the same specimens, and the Mann-Whitney test was used to compare groups ((=5%). Bacteria were found in all experimental groups' microbiological samples (S1, S2 and S3). The optical density of culture media was lower in S2 than in S1 of G1, 2, 3, and 4 (p> 0.05). After PDT (S3) in G1 and 2, there was an additional reduction in optical density of the culture medium, respectively (p>0.05). In Group 5, the analysis of culture media at S2 revealed an increase in optical density compared to S1(p>0.05). In SEM images of G1, 2, and 5, dentin with melting and recrystallization areas were evidenced. After preparation of the root canal with the rotary system or manually associated with 2.5% NaOCl, PDT was not able to completely eliminate E. faecalis present in the root canal.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Carlos Estrela
- Faculty of Dentistry, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
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Shahbazi S, Esmaeili S, Feli M, Asnaashari M. Photodynamic Therapy in Root Canal Disinfection: A Case Series and Mini-Review. J Lasers Med Sci 2022; 13:e19. [PMID: 35996480 PMCID: PMC9392882 DOI: 10.34172/jlms.2022.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Introduction: Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is now a widely used treatment modality in many fields of dentistry, including endodontics. The most common application of PDT in endodontics is to disinfect root canals. The purpose of this study was to present the experience of using PDT in root canal disinfection of three patients. Case Presentation: Three patients referred to the Endodontics Department of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences were treated using 0.1 mg/mL Toluidine Blue (FotoSan® agent; CMS Dental, Denmark) irradiated with a light-emitting diode (LED) lamp (FotoSan®; CMS Dental, Denmark) with a mean wavelength of 630 nm and a mean power density of 3 W/cm2 over two 30-second periods. Conclusion: PDT using LED lighting can be used in conjunction with conventional root canal treatment (RCT) to achieve great results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soheil Shahbazi
- Laser Application in Medical Sciences Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saharnaz Esmaeili
- Laser Application in Medical Sciences Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mojgan Feli
- Department of Endodontics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Asnaashari
- Laser Application in Medical Sciences Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Alimadadi H, Asnaashari M, Naseri M, Yadegari Z. Effect of Apical Size and Taper on the Efficacy of Root Canal Disinfection With LED Photodynamic Therapy as an Adjunct to Irrigation With Sodium Hypochlorite. J Lasers Med Sci 2021; 12:e58. [PMID: 35155143 PMCID: PMC8837831 DOI: 10.34172/jlms.2021.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: This study assessed the effect of apical size and taper on the efficacy of root canal disinfection with LED photodynamic therapy (PDT) as an adjunct to irrigation with sodium hypochlorite. Methods: A total of 126 extracted human mandibular molars were divided into 4 groups. The mesiobuccal canal was prepared to size 25/4% in group 1, 25/6% in group 2, 30/4% in group 3, and 30/6% in group 4 using the iRaCe rotary system. A 21-day Enterococcus faecalis biofilm was prepared and used for inoculation of the canals. Each group was randomly divided into 3 subgroups for canal disinfection with 2.5% sodium hypochlorite, sodium hypochlorite plus LED PDT and saline (positive control). Samples from the root canals were obtained with rotary files and cultured. Microbiologic data were analyzed using the Poisson regression test. Results: The bacterial count significantly decreased following disinfection with sodium hypochlorite with/without PDT in all sizes and tapers of preparation compared with the control group (P<0.05). Increasing the apical taper or apical size and the use of PDT as an adjunct did not have a significant effect on the reduction of the bacterial count (P>0.05). However, the apical size and PDT had a significant effect on the number of residual bacteria (P<0.05), and increasing the apical size and conduction of PDT significantly decreased the number of residual bacteria. Conclusion: The apical size and taper and the use of PDT as an adjunct did not have a significant effect on the reduction of the bacterial count. However, increasing the apical size and conduction of PDT as an adjunct to sodium hypochlorite irrigation significantly decreased the number of residual bacteria in the root canal system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoda Alimadadi
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Asnaashari
- Laser Application in Medical Sciences Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mandana Naseri
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Yadegari
- Department of Dental Biomaterials, School of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Moradi M, Fazlyab M, Pourhajibagher M, Chiniforush N. Antimicrobial action of photodynamic therapy on Enterococcus faecalis biofilm using curing light, curcumin and riboflavin. AUST ENDOD J 2021; 48:274-282. [PMID: 34529329 DOI: 10.1111/aej.12565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the effect of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) with curcumin and riboflavin on three-week Enterococcus faecalis biofilm. At first the 15-mm root canals of 65 single rooted extracted human teeth (including maxillary incisors, mandibular and maxillary canines and mandibular premolars) were separated from the crown and were prepared with ProTaper instruments. After autoclave sterilisation, samples were inoculated with E. faecalis suspension, and incubated for three weeks. After ensuring biofilm formation by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in two teeth, the remaining 63 teeth were randomly divided into seven groups (n = 9): aPDT + curcumin, aPDT + riboflavin, LED, curcumin, riboflavin, 5.25% NaOCl (positive control) and no intervention (negative control). For light source a LED unit with 390-480 nm wavelength (peak of 460 nm), power density of 1000 ± 100 mW cm-2 and mean energy density of 60 J cm-2 was used. The roots were horizontally sectioned into coronal, middle and apical thirds each with 5 mm thicknesses. Dentin chips with equal weight (1 ± 0.005 g) were collected from the root canal walls with Gates Glidden drills and were transferred into microtubes containing 1 mL of sterile saline and vortexed for 30 s. Next, 10 µL of the contents of each tube was serially diluted and eventually, 10 µL of each solution was cultured on BHI agar. The number of colony-forming units was determined. Data were analysed using the Kruskal-Wallis and Friedman tests. The colony reduction was not significantly different between NaOCl and either riboflavin + LED or Curcumin + LED. The 5.25% NaOCl group showed maximum reduction in colony count, compared with the negative control (P = 0.00). Groups with aPDT with Curcumin + LED (P = 0.005), and with riboflavin + LED (P = 0.011) showed significant reduction in colony count in all three canal thirds (P < 0.05) without any difference with one another. With significant reduction of E. faecalis colony count, aPDT with Curcumin and riboflavin can serve as an adjunct to routine root canal disinfection method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Moradi
- Faculty of dentistry, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahta Fazlyab
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of dentistry, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.,Iranian Center for Endodontic Research, Research Institute of Dental Sciences, Dental School, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Pourhajibagher
- Dental Research Center, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nasim Chiniforush
- Laser Research Center of Dentistry, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Afkhami F, Karimi M, Bahador A, Ahmadi P, Pourhajibagher M, Chiniforush N. Evaluation of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy with toluidine blue against Enterococcus faecalis: Laser vs LED. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2020; 32:102036. [PMID: 33022420 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.102036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM This study aimed to compare the antibacterial effect of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) by use of light emitting diode (LED) and diode laser light sources with toluidine blue (TBO) photosensitizer on Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) biofilm in root canals of extracted single-canal human teeth. METHODS Eighty-five sound human single-canal teeth were chosen for this study and standardized to have 15 mm of root length. The root canals were prepared with ProTaper rotary files and inoculated and incubated with E. faecalis for one week. Samples were divided into five experimental (n = 15) groups of PDT with TBO/LED, TBO/diode laser, LED, TBO and diode laser and one negative (NaOCl) and one positive (no treatment) control group. Dentin chip samples were collected from inside the canals using size 40 hedstrom file. The number of colony forming units (CFUs) in each group was calculated. RESULTS Irrespective of the light source used for activation of photosensitizer (diode or LED), PDT was significantly more effective than other experimental groups (P < 0.001). No significant difference was noted between aPDT with diode laser or LED (P > 0.05). No significant difference was noted in colony count among other groups (LED, TBO, diode; P > 0.05). CONCLUSION The results showed that aPDT significantly decreased residual bacteria in the canal. Thus, it may be used as an adjunct for root canal disinfection. Both diode and LED are suitable light sources for this purpose and can be used alternatively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzaneh Afkhami
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, International Campus, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahsa Karimi
- School of Dentistry, International Campus, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Bahador
- Oral Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Paniz Ahmadi
- School of Dentistry, International Campus, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Pourhajibagher
- Dental Research Center, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nasim Chiniforush
- Dental Implant Research Center, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Surgical and Diagnostic Sciences (D.I.S.C), Laser Therapy Centre, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.
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TIȘLER CE, BADEA ME, BUDURU S, KUI A, FLORIA M, POPESCU Ș, MITARIU M, NEGUCIOIU M. Biofilm Inactivation using Photodynamic Therapy in Dentistry: a review of literature. BALNEO RESEARCH JOURNAL 2020. [DOI: 10.12680/balneo.2020.353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a therapy involving light and a photosensitising chemical substance, used in conjunction with molecular oxygen in order to elicit cell death (photo-toxicity) and thus ability to kill microbial cells, including bacteria, fungi and viruses. Photodynamic therapy is an alternative method of biofilm disruption and it is considered a new way of microorganism inactivation. It is also an additional procedure to reduce the infection rate in patients, caused by the increasing antimicrobials resistance of bacteria. The aim of this literature review was to evaluate the specific effects and the antibacterial effectiveness of photodynamic therapy using different types of photosensitizers (Erythrosine, Rose Bengal, Toluidine blue, Methylene blue, Ozone, Riboflavin, Curcumin, Chlorhexidine, SAPYR) and a visible light of a specific wavelength for each photosensitizer and to reveal the applications of PDT in periodontics, endodontics, prosthodontics and dental caries. Methods: A research of literature was performed in an attempt to find all the articles published on this topic in the last 10 years. The articles was searched by using a certain combination of different keywords (photodynamic therapy ) and (diode laser ) and (teeth) in PubMed database. Results: A total number of 83 articles were found. After applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, 35 articles were taken into consideration for our study and among them 4 were a manuscript, 3 was a review of literature, 1 was an in vivo evaluation and 27 were in vitro studies. Conclusion: Considering that none of the disinfection methods can completely remove the biofilm, PDT is a therapeutic tool complementary to conventional disinfection, with great applicability in dentistry. PDT showed significantly efficacy in reduction of biofilms. Exposure to light in the presence of a photosensitizing chemical substance helps in the reduction of microbes and the protocols could be recommended for clinical usage, but only together with ‘classic ‘ disinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corina-Elena TIȘLER
- 1. Prosthodontic Department, "Iuliu Haţieganu“ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Mîndra-Eugenia BADEA
- 2. Prevention in Dentistry Department, "Iuliu Haţieganu“ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Smaranda BUDURU
- 1. Prosthodontic Department, "Iuliu Haţieganu“ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Andreea KUI
- 1. Prosthodontic Department, "Iuliu Haţieganu“ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Mihaela FLORIA
- 1. Prosthodontic Department, "Iuliu Haţieganu“ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ștefan POPESCU
- 1. Prosthodontic Department, "Iuliu Haţieganu“ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Mihai MITARIU
- 1. Prosthodontic Department, "Iuliu Haţieganu“ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Marius NEGUCIOIU
- 1. Prosthodontic Department, "Iuliu Haţieganu“ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Maliszewska I, Wróbel J, Wanarska E, Podhorodecki A, Matczyszyn K. Synergistic effect of methylene blue and biogenic gold nanoparticles against Enterococcus faecalis. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2019; 27:218-226. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2019.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Lane J, Bonsor S. Survival rates of teeth treated with bacterial photo-dynamic therapy during disinfection of the root canal system. Br Dent J 2019; 226:333-339. [DOI: 10.1038/s41415-019-0026-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Tunçel A, Öztürk İ, Ince M, Ocakoglu K, Hoşgör-Limoncu M, Yurt F. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy against Staphylococcus aureus using zinc phthalocyanine and zinc phthalocyanine-integrated TiO2 nanoparticles. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2019. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424619500238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is an increasing healthcare problem worldwide. In the present study, the effects of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (APDT) of ZnPc and ZnPc-integrated TiO2 nanoparticles (ZnPc-TiO[Formula: see text] were investigated against Staphylococcus aureus. A light emitting diode (LED) (630–700 nm, 17.4 mW/cm[Formula: see text] was used on S. aureus at different light doses (8 J/cm2 for 11 min, 16 J/cm2 for 22 min, 24 J/cm2 for 33 min) in the presence of the compounds under the minimum inhibitory concentration values. Both compounds showed similar phototoxicity toward S. aureus when high light doses (16 and 24 J/cm[Formula: see text] were applied. In addition, the success of APDT increased with an increasing light dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayça Tunçel
- Institute of Nuclear Science, Department of Nuclear Applications, Ege University, Bornova, 35100, Izmir, Turkey
| | - İsmail Öztürk
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Izmir Katip Celebi University, Bornova, 35620, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Mine Ince
- Department of Energy Systems Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Tarsus University, TR33400, Tarsus, Turkey
| | - Kasim Ocakoglu
- Department of Energy Systems Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Tarsus University, TR33400, Tarsus, Turkey
| | - Mine Hoşgör-Limoncu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Ege University, Bornova, 35100, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Fatma Yurt
- Institute of Nuclear Science, Department of Nuclear Applications, Ege University, Bornova, 35100, Izmir, Turkey
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Prada I, Micó-Muñoz P, Giner-Lluesma T, Micó-Martínez P, Muwaquet-Rodríguez S, Albero-Monteagudo A. Update of the therapeutic planning of irrigation and intracanal medication in root canal treatment. A literature review. J Clin Exp Dent 2019; 11:e185-e193. [PMID: 30805124 PMCID: PMC6383907 DOI: 10.4317/jced.55560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The success of endodontic treatment derives from the complete elimination of microorganisms capable of causing an intraradicular or extraradicular infection. To achieve a more effective eradication of these microorganisms, endodontic instrumentation must always be implemented with abundant irrigation, which has to achieve chemical, mechanical and biological effects. The irrigators most used today are NaOCl, CHX and EDTA, released into the ducts through different techniques such as syringe, manual agitation, positive or negative apical pressure, sonic or ultrasonic activation, PIPS and PDT. The objective of this review is to update the different irrigating solutions and intracanal disinfection drugs, as well as to establish an irrigation protocol in the endodontic treatment. Material and Methods Systematic search of scientific articles in the databases PubMed, Medline and Google Scholar, with the following keywords Endodontic, Infection, Failure, Irrigation, Retreatment and Irrigation protocol. The exclusion criteria were “case report” articles and articles with a publication date prior to 2000. Results 48 articles that met the inclusion criteria were analyzed. Comparing the different articles it can be seen that the NaOCl is the “gold standard” in terms of immediate antimicrobial efficacy, followed by the CHX that has a long-term antibacterial effect. As an intra-conductive drug it is advisable to use the combination of Ca(OH)2 with CPMC. Conclusions The most adequate irrigation protocol consists of using 2.5% NaOCl activated with ultrasound followed by a final wash with 7% MA or 0.2% CTR combined with 2% CHX. Key words:Endodontic failure, endodontic infection, enterococcus faecalis, endodontic retreatment, irrigation, sodium hipoclorite, irrigation protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Prada
- Licensed Dentist at Universidad Europea de Valencia, España
| | - Pedro Micó-Muñoz
- Endodontic and restorative dentistry Titular Professor, Universidad Europea de Valencia, España
| | - Teresa Giner-Lluesma
- Endodontic and restorative dentistry Associate Professor, Universidad Europea de Valencia, España
| | - Pablo Micó-Martínez
- Licensed Dentist at Universidad Europea de Valencia. Periodontology and Osteointegration Master at Universidad de Valencia, España
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Madani L, Sarkisians E, Kiomarsi N, Kharazifard MJ, Chiniforush N. Effect of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy on microleakage of class cavities restored with composite resin. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2018; 23:78-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2018.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 05/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Mucus-penetrating nanoparticles: Promising drug delivery systems for the photodynamic therapy of intestinal cancer. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2018; 129:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2018.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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15
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Hu X, Huang YY, Wang Y, Wang X, Hamblin MR. Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy to Control Clinically Relevant Biofilm Infections. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1299. [PMID: 29997579 PMCID: PMC6030385 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilm describes a microbially-derived sessile community in which microbial cells are firmly attached to the substratum and embedded in extracellular polymeric matrix. Microbial biofilms account for up to 80% of all bacterial and fungal infections in humans. Biofilm-associated pathogens are particularly resistant to antibiotic treatment, and thus novel antibiofilm approaches needed to be developed. Antimicrobial Photodynamic therapy (aPDT) had been recently proposed to combat clinically relevant biofilms such as dental biofilms, ventilator associated pneumonia, chronic wound infections, oral candidiasis, and chronic rhinosinusitis. aPDT uses non-toxic dyes called photosensitizers (PS), which can be excited by harmless visible light to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS). aPDT is a multi-stage process including topical PS administration, light irradiation, and interaction of the excited state with ambient oxygen. Numerous in vitro and in vivo aPDT studies have demonstrated biofilm-eradication or substantial reduction. ROS are produced upon photo-activation and attack adjacent targets, including proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids present within the biofilm matrix, on the cell surface and inside the microbial cells. Damage to non-specific targets leads to the destruction of both planktonic cells and biofilms. The review aims to summarize the progress of aPDT in destroying biofilms and the mechanisms mediated by ROS. Finally, a brief section provides suggestions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- The Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ying-Ying Huang
- The Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Yuguang Wang
- The Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Center of Digital Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Michael R. Hamblin
- The Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
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16
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Holland R, Gomes JE, Cintra LTA, Queiroz ÍODA, Estrela C. Factors affecting the periapical healing process of endodontically treated teeth. J Appl Oral Sci 2017; 25:465-476. [PMID: 29069143 PMCID: PMC5804382 DOI: 10.1590/1678-7757-2016-0464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue repair is an essential process that reestablishes tissue integrity and regular function. Nevertheless, different therapeutic factors and clinical conditions may interfere in this process of periapical healing. This review aims to discuss the important therapeutic factors associated with the clinical protocol used during root canal treatment and to highlight the systemic conditions associated with the periapical healing process of endodontically treated teeth. The antibacterial strategies indicated in the conventional treatment of an inflamed and infected pulp and the modulation of the host's immune response may assist in tissue repair, if wound healing has been hindered by infection. Systemic conditions, such as diabetes mellitus and hypertension, can also inhibit wound healing. The success of root canal treatment is affected by the correct choice of clinical protocol. These factors are dependent on the sanitization process (instrumentation, irrigant solution, irrigating strategies, and intracanal dressing), the apical limit of the root canal preparation and obturation, and the quality of the sealer. The challenges affecting the healing process of endodontically treated teeth include control of the inflammation of pulp or infectious processes and simultaneous neutralization of unpredictable provocations to the periapical tissue. Along with these factors, one must understand the local and general clinical conditions (systemic health of the patient) that affect the outcome of root canal treatment prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Holland
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Odontologia de Araçatuba, Departamento de Odontologia Restauradora, Araçatuba, SP, Brasil
| | - João Eduardo Gomes
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Odontologia de Araçatuba, Departamento de Odontologia Restauradora, Araçatuba, SP, Brasil
| | - Luciano Tavares Angelo Cintra
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Odontologia de Araçatuba, Departamento de Odontologia Restauradora, Araçatuba, SP, Brasil
| | - Índia Olinta de Azevedo Queiroz
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Odontologia de Araçatuba, Departamento de Odontologia Restauradora, Araçatuba, SP, Brasil
| | - Carlos Estrela
- Universidade Federal de Goiás, Faculdade de Odontologia, Departamento de Ciências Estomatológicas, Goiânia, GO, Brasil
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17
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Prażmo EJ, Godlewska RA, Mielczarek AB. Effectiveness of repeated photodynamic therapy in the elimination of intracanal Enterococcus faecalis biofilm: an in vitro study. Lasers Med Sci 2017; 32:655-661. [PMID: 28185089 PMCID: PMC5360838 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-017-2164-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of photodynamic therapy in the elimination of intracanal Enterococcus faecalis biofilm and to analyse how a repeated light irradiation, replenishment of oxygen and photosensitiser affect the results of the photodynamic disinfecting protocol. After chemomechanical preparation, 46 single-rooted human teeth were infected with a clinical strain of E. faecalis and incubated for a week in microaerobic conditions. The experimental procedures included groups of single application of photodynamic therapy, two cycles of PDT, irrigation with 5.25% NaOCl solution and negative and positive control. The number of residing bacterial colonies in the root canals was determined based on the CFU/ml method. In the group of preparations irrigated with NaOCl, bacterial colonies were not observed. A single PDT eliminated 45% of the initial CFU/ml. Repeated PDT eradicated 95% of the intracanal bacterial biofilm. Photodynamic therapy has a high potential for the elimination of E. faecalis biofilm. There is a safe therapeutic window where photoinduced disinfection can be used as an adjuvant to conventional endodontic treatment, which remains the most effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Joanna Prażmo
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Medical University of Warsaw, Miodowa Street 18, 02-797, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Renata Alicja Godlewska
- Department of Bacterial Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa Street 1, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Beata Mielczarek
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Medical University of Warsaw, Miodowa Street 18, 02-797, Warsaw, Poland
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18
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The potential of photodynamic therapy (PDT)-Experimental investigations and clinical use. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 83:912-929. [PMID: 27522005 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.07.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 07/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an intensively studied part of medicine based on free radicals. These reactive species, extremely harmful for whole human organism, are used for eradication numerous diseases. Specific structure of ill tissues causes accumulation free radicals inside them without attack remaining healthy tissues. A rapid development of medicine and scientific research has led to extension of PDT towards treatment many diseases such as cancer, herpes, acne and based on antimicrobials. The presented review article is focused on the aforementioned disorders with accurate analysis of the newest available scientific achievements. The discussed cases explicitly indicate on high efficacy of the therapy. In most cases, free radicals turned out to be solution of many afflictions. Photodynamic therapy can be considered as promising treatment with comparable effectiveness but without side effects characteristic for chemotherapy.
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Comparison between one-session root canal treatment with aPDT and two-session treatment with calcium hydroxide-based antibacterial dressing, in dog’s teeth with apical periodontitis. Lasers Med Sci 2016; 31:1481-91. [DOI: 10.1007/s10103-016-2014-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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20
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Susila AV, Sugumar R, Chandana CS, Subbarao CV. Combined effects of photodynamic therapy and irrigants in disinfection of root canals. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2016; 9:603-609. [PMID: 26235897 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201500112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Revised: 06/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the combined effects of photodynamic therapy and irrigants in eradicating common endodontic pathogens are evaluated. Roots of 80 extracted single rooted teeth are divided into 2 groups (1) mechanical flushing; (2) antibacterial irrigation. After cleaning and shaping, they are inoculated with either (A) Streptococcus mutans or (B) Enterococcus faecalis and incubated. They are again subdivided and either only irrigated or irrigated and lased. Dentin shavings are taken from root canal walls and cultured. Statistical analysis using One-Way ANOVA and Post-hoc tests are done. The combination eradicated both bacteria. Antibacterial irrigants controlled S. mutans better than PDT (p = 0.041). The combination of PDT and antibacterial irrigation proposed in this study can be used in all primary cases for thorough and reliable disinfection of root canals but may be highly effective in resistant cases like endodontic failures, as E. faecalis is prevalent in such cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand V Susila
- Department of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics, Saveetha Dental College, Chennai, 600077, India.
- Madha Dental College, Kundrathur, Chennai, 600069, India.
| | - R Sugumar
- Department of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics, Saveetha Dental College, Chennai, 600077, India
| | - C S Chandana
- Department of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics, Saveetha Dental College, Chennai, 600077, India
| | - C V Subbarao
- Department of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics, Saveetha Dental College, Chennai, 600077, India
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21
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Samiei M, Shahi S, Abdollahi AA, Eskandarinezhad M, Negahdari R, Pakseresht Z. The Antibacterial Efficacy of Photo-Activated Disinfection, Chlorhexidine and Sodium Hypochlorite in Infected Root Canals: An in Vitro Study. IRANIAN ENDODONTIC JOURNAL 2016; 11:179-83. [PMID: 27471527 PMCID: PMC4947840 DOI: 10.7508/iej.2016.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study compared the efficacy of light-activated low-power laser, 2% chlorhexidine (CHX) and 2.5% NaOCl in eliminating Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) from the root canal system. METHODS AND MATERIALS The root canals of 60 maxillary central incisors were contaminated with E. faecalis and then the bacteria were incubated for 24 h. All the root canals were instrumented in a crown-down manner with #4 and 3 Gates-Glidden drills, followed by RaCe rotary files (40/0.10, 35/0.08, and 30/0.06). The samples were randomly assigned to three experimental groups and one control group (n=15). In the control group no intervention was made. In the photo-activated disinfection (PAD) group, laser therapy was undertaken with diode laser beams (with an output power of 100 mW/cm(2)) for 120 sec. For the other two experimental groups, root canals were irrigated either with 5 mL of 2% CHX or 2.5% NaOCl solutions, respectively. The Kruskal-Wallis test was used to compare the CFU values of the bacteria and post-hoc Bonferroni test was used for pairwise comparisons. The level of significance was set at 0.05. RESULTS The inhibition of bacterial growth in all the experimental groups was significantly superior to the control group (P<0.05). There was no significant difference between the effect of PAD and 2% CHX (P=0.05). The effect of 2.5% NaOCl was significantly better than that of the PAD technique (P<0.001). In addition, 2.5% NaOCl was significantly better than 2% CHX (P=0.007). CONCLUSION Photodynamic therapy was effective in reducing the E. faecalis counts in comparison with the control group, but 2.5% NaOCl solution was the most effective protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Samiei
- Department of Endodontics, Dental and Periodontal Research Center, Dental School, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Shahriar Shahi
- Department of Endodontics, Dental and Periodontal Research Center, Dental School, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amir Ardalan Abdollahi
- Department of Endodontics, Dental and Periodontal Research Center, Dental School, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mahsa Eskandarinezhad
- Department of Endodontics, Dental and Periodontal Research Center, Dental School, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ramin Negahdari
- Department of Prosthodontics, Dental and Periodontal Research Center, Dental School, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Chiniforush N, Pourhajibagher M, Shahabi S, Kosarieh E, Bahador A. Can Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy (aPDT) Enhance the Endodontic Treatment? J Lasers Med Sci 2016; 7:76-85. [PMID: 27330702 DOI: 10.15171/jlms.2016.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In order to achieve a long-lasting effect, one of the main goals in root canal treatment is to eliminate the endodontic bacteria. Conventional chemomechanical debridement is considered as the basic treatment in root canal therapy, but adjunctive techniques such as antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) can also be helpful. The aim of this study was to evaluate reports in the scientific literature that used different photosensitizers (PSs) for bacterial reduction. The literature search was conducted using databases including PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar with the keywords "photodynamic therapy," "antimicrobial photodynamic therapy," or "photoactivated disinfection" and "endodontic," "Enterococcus faecalis," or "root canal treatment," from 2000 to 2015. By evaluating different studies, it was concluded that aPDT should be applied in combination with conventional mechanical debridement and irrigants. However, it is also important to note that the success rate is critically dependent on the type of the PS, output power of the laser used, irradiation time, pre-irradiation time, and type of tips used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasim Chiniforush
- Laser Research Center of Dentistry, Dental Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Pourhajibagher
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sima Shahabi
- Dental biomaterials Department, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Emad Kosarieh
- Laser Research Center of Dentistry, Dental Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Bahador
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Muhammad OH, Rocca JP, Fornaini C, Medioni E. Evolution of the role of phototherapy during endodontic decontamination. Laser Ther 2015; 24:291-302. [PMID: 26877593 DOI: 10.5978/islsm.15-or-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A microbe free root canal space before obturation leads to higher success rate and conventional chemo-mechanical debridement might not achieve this goal completely. First trials of laser in dentistry started from surgical intervention on caries and bones of oral cavity and extended to prepare cavities and even shaping root canals. Afterward lasers were implicated soon into direct debridement of root canal space. Anyhow failure of laser to remove debris totally from root canal space is demonstrated recently, additionally it might lead to damages to surrounding tissues or inorganic material of root canal if be used without precaution. Nowadays the theory of light assisted protocols became another start point for laser in endodontics. Laser has been introduced as an adjuvant to conventional debridement of root canals. We used Medline search engine to collect scientific publications to edit this review article in purpose of revealing the evolution of laser position from an ultimate cleaning methodology to an adjuvant to conventional root canal disinfection protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid Heidar Muhammad
- MICORALIS Laboratory (EA 7354), Faculté d'Odontologie, Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis
| | - Jean-Paul Rocca
- MICORALIS Laboratory (EA 7354), Faculté d'Odontologie, Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis; Pôle Odontologie, CHU NICE
| | | | - Etienne Medioni
- MICORALIS Laboratory (EA 7354), Faculté d'Odontologie, Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis; Pôle Odontologie, CHU NICE
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López-Jiménez L, Fusté E, Martínez-Garriga B, Arnabat-Domínguez J, Vinuesa T, Viñas M. Effects of photodynamic therapy on Enterococcus faecalis biofilms. Lasers Med Sci 2015; 30:1519-26. [PMID: 25917515 PMCID: PMC4475243 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-015-1749-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Microbial biofilms are involved in almost all infectious pathologies of the oral cavity. This has led to the search for novel therapies specifically aimed at biofilm elimination. In this study, we used atomic force microscopy (AFM) to visualize injuries and to determine surface roughness, as well as confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) to enumerate live and dead bacterial cells, to determine the effects of photodynamic therapy (PDT) on Enterococcus faecalis biofilms. The AFM images showed that PDT consisting of methylene blue and a 670-nm diode laser (output power 280 mW during 30 s) or toluidine blue and a 628-nm LED light (output power 1000 mW during 30 s) induced severe damage, including cell lysis, to E. faecalis biofilms, with the former also causing an important increase in surface roughness. These observations were confirmed by the increase in dead cells determined using CLSM. Our results highlight the potential of PDT as a promising method to achieve successful oral disinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- L López-Jiménez
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Antimicrobials, Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical School, IDIBELL-University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Ok E, Adanir N, Hakki S. Comparison of cytotoxicity of various concentrations origanum extract solution with 2% chlorhexidine gluconate and 5.25% sodium hypochlorite. Eur J Dent 2015; 9:6-10. [PMID: 25713477 PMCID: PMC4319301 DOI: 10.4103/1305-7456.149630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The purpose of this in vitro study was to compare the cytotoxicity of 0.5–4.5 origanum extract solution (OES), 2% chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX) and 5.25% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) with WST-1 test on human periodontal ligament (hPDL) fibroblasts. Materials and Methods: About 0.5–4.5% OES, 2% CHX and 5.25% NaOCl solutions cytotoxicity was evaluated with cell culture test using PDL fibroblasts. Viability of hPDL cells was evaluated with WST-1 (Cell Proliferation Reagent WST-1 Roche) test at 1, 24 and 72nd h. hPDL cells were plated at 20 × 103 cells per well in 96-well plates. Absorbance values were read in optical density 480 nm by ELISA plate reader spectrophotometer. The statistical differences between various groups were evaluated using one-way ANOVA, post-hoc Duncan's Multiple Range test using SAS software. Statistically, a significant difference was considered at P < 0.001. Results: According to the 1-h cytotoxicity results, 0.5% OES showed the least cytotoxic effect in test groups. There were not found any statistical significance between 1% OES and 2% CHX. About 5.25% NaOCl showed more cytotoxic effect than 1% OES and 2% CHX. In 24 and 72 h, different concentrations of OES, 5.25% NaOCl, 2% CHX solutions showed similar cytotoxic effect. Conclusions: Based on these results, 1% OES and 2% CHX showed similar results and less cytotoxic effect than 5.25% NaOCl. It could be considered as a favorable solution concentration when OES was used as root canal irrigation solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evren Ok
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Sifa University, Izmir, Turkiye
| | - Necdet Adanir
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkiye
| | - Sema Hakki
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkiye
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Ricatto LGO, Conrado LAL, Turssi CP, França FMG, Basting RT, Amaral FLB. Comparative evaluation of photodynamic therapy using LASER or light emitting diode on cariogenic bacteria: An in vitro study. Eur J Dent 2014; 8:509-514. [PMID: 25512733 PMCID: PMC4253108 DOI: 10.4103/1305-7456.143634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate in vitro the effect of photodynamic therapy (PDT) using LASER or light emitting diode (LED) on cariogenic bacteria (Streptococcus mutans [SM] and Lactobacillus casei [LC]) in bovine dentin. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty five fragments of dentin were contaminated with SM and LC strands and divided into five experimental groups according to the therapy they received (n = 5): C - control (no treatment), SCLED - no dye/LED application (94 J/cm(2)), SCLASER - no dye/LASER application (94 J/cm(2)), CCLED - dye/LED application (94 J/cm(2)) and CCLASER - dye/LASER application (94 J/cm(2)). The dye used was methylene blue at 10 mM. Dentin scrapes were harvested from each fragment and prepared for counts of colony forming units (CFU)/mL. The data were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis, followed by Student-Newman-Keuls (α =0.05). RESULTS Regarding SM, groups CCLASER and CCLED showed a significant reduction in CFU/mL, which was statistically superior to the SCLASER, SCLED and C groups. Regarding LC, the groups CCLASER and CCLED caused a significant reduction in CFU/mL when compared with SCLASER, which showed intermediate values. SCLED and C had a lesser effect on reducing CFU/mL, where the former showed values similar to those of SCLASER. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, PDT combined with LASER or LED and methylene blue had a significant antimicrobial effect on cariogenic bacteria in the dentin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Cecilia Pedroso Turssi
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, São Leopoldo Mandic Institute and Research Center, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Roberta Tarkany Basting
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, São Leopoldo Mandic Institute and Research Center, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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A. S. Arneiro R, D. Nakano R, A. A. Antunes L, B. Ferreira G, B. F. C. Fontes K, S. Antunes L. Efficacy of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy for root canals infected with Enterococcus faecalis. J Oral Sci 2014; 56:277-85. [DOI: 10.2334/josnusd.56.277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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