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Alkuraythi DM, Alkhulaifi MM. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus prevalence in food-producing animals and food products in Saudi Arabia: A review. Vet World 2024; 17:1753-1764. [PMID: 39328450 PMCID: PMC11422649 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2024.1753-1764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In Saudi Arabia, the occurrence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in food and livestock represents a major public health hazard. The emergence of livestock-associated MRSA has heightened the risk of human infection with comparable virulence traits. The lack of information about MRSA transmission in our region hinders accurate risk assessment, despite its detection in food animals and retail foods. Adopting a One Health approach is essential for effectively combating MRSA in Saudi Arabia. This method unites actions in the human, animal, and environmental spheres. To combat MRSA contamination, surveillance measures need strengthening; interdisciplinary collaboration among healthcare professionals, veterinarians, and environmental scientists is crucial, and targeted interventions must be implemented in local food chains and animal populations. Through a holistic strategy, public health and sustainable food production in the region are protected. This review aims to improve public health interventions by increasing understanding of MRSA prevalence and related risks in local food chains and animal populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalal M Alkuraythi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Manal M Alkhulaifi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Ayyal Salman H, Yaakop AS, Al-Rimawi F, Ahmad Makhtar AM, Mousa M, Semreen MH, Alharbi NS. Ephedra alte extracts' GC-MS profiles and antimicrobial activity against multidrug-resistant pathogens (MRSA). Heliyon 2024; 10:e27051. [PMID: 38444505 PMCID: PMC10912435 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The extracts of E. alte offer promising potential as renewable resources for various chemical derivative products aimed at addressing antibiotic resistance. These extracts exhibited significant activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), a strain known for its resistance to multiple antibiotics. The extracts were found to be effective against several common antibiotics, including Imipenem, Ampicillin, Penicillin G, Oxacillin, and Amoxicillin-clavulanate. GC-MS analysis revealed that the phytoconstituents of E. alte extracts, obtained using both methanol and ethyl acetate, consist of a diverse range of 83 and 160 phytocompounds, respectively. These organic compounds serve as important biochemical precursors for the synthesis of vitamins E and K1, and exhibit antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties in both plants and microorganisms. Notable compounds identified include fatty acids (such as palmitic acid, dodecanoic acid, sebacic acid, pentadecanoic acid, myristic acid, stearic acid, behenic acid, and linoelaidic acid), phytosterols (Campesterol, β-sitosterol, Stigmast-5-ene), sugars (D-fructose, Fructofuranans), terpenoids (Phytol, citronellol), and phenolic acids (Protocatechoic acid, shikimic acid). The antimicrobial activity of all E. alte extracts was found to be superior to that of mupirocin and ciprofloxacin, as observed in susceptibility testing against MRSA ATCC 43300 and other pathogenic bacteria and fungi. It is likely that the combined action of the antimicrobial components within the E. alte extract bypasses the mechanisms employed by MRSA to protect itself from antibiotics. Further experiments are needed to investigate the individual effects of each pure compound and their potential synergistic interactions, which may enhance their overall performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haya Ayyal Salman
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Amira Suriaty Yaakop
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Fuad Al-Rimawi
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Technology, Al-Quds University, P.O. Box 2002, Jerusalem, Palestine
| | - Ana Masara Ahmad Makhtar
- Green Biopolymer Coating and Packaging Centre, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Muath Mousa
- BIOSCOPE Research Group, LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Mohammad H. Semreen
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences (RIHMS), University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Naiyf S. Alharbi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Ahmed OB, Bahwerth FS, Alsafi R, Elsebaei EA, Ebid GT, Theyab A, Assaggaf H. The Prevalence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Before and After the COVID-19 Pandemic in a Tertiary Saudi Hospital. Cureus 2024; 16:e54809. [PMID: 38529437 PMCID: PMC10962010 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.54809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has become a major public health problem all over the world. After the 2019 coronavirus illness (COVID-19), the pandemic may have influenced research priorities and resource allocation, potentially affecting the ability to monitor MRSA trends. AIMS The study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of S. aureus, including MRSA infections, and their antimicrobial susceptibilities over the years 2019 and 2020 in a tertiary hospital in Makkah City, KSA. METHODOLOGY A total of 2128 and 1515 laboratory (lab) samples were collected during the years 2019 and 2020, respectively. From these samples, the prevalence of S. aureus, including MRSA, and their antibiotic susceptibility were identified using standard, automated, and molecular microbiological methods. RESULTS The present study shows that the lab prevalence of all S. aureus during 2019 was found to be 35.5%, of which MRSA was 44.8%. During 2020, the frequency of S. aureus strains was 16%, of which MRSA was 41.2%. The most common MRSA isolated during both years were colonizing pus swabs and urine samples. The results showed that MRSA susceptibility against antimicrobial agents in 2019 was as follows: vancomycin (100%), linezolid (100%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (88%), and doxycycline (34.2%). The MRSA strains isolated during 2020 were as follows: vancomycin (100%), linezolid (96%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (100%), and doxycycline (24.3%). There was no significant difference in the incidence and antimicrobial resistance rates of MRSA over the two years. CONCLUSION It was concluded that the prevalence rates of MRSA have not increased in 2020 when compared to 2019. Vancomycin, linezolid, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and doxycycline remain susceptible to the positive collected MRSA strains. There was no significant difference between the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance rates of MRSA between 2019 and 2020. Continued research efforts are needed to address this persistent public health threat. Strategies to control the spread of MRSA should include early detection of MRSA and surveillance, even during pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar B Ahmed
- Environmental and Health Research, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, SAU
| | | | - Radi Alsafi
- Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, SAU
| | - Eman A Elsebaei
- Medical Microbiology, Egypt Healthcare Authority, Cairo, EGY
| | - Gamal T Ebid
- Laboratory Medicine, Security Forces Hospital, Makkah, Makkah, SAU
- National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, EGY
| | - Abdulrhaman Theyab
- Department of Laboratory and Blood Bank, Security Forces Hospital, Mecca, Makkah, SAU
- Collage of Medicine, Al-Faisal University, Riyadh, SAU
| | - Hamza Assaggaf
- Laboratory Medicine/Public Health, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, SAU
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Alkuraythi DM, Alkhulaifi MM, Binjomah AZ, Alarwi M, Aldakhil HM, Mujallad MI, Alharbi SA, Alshomrani M, Alshahrani SM, Gojobori T, Alajel SM. Clonal Flux and Spread of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Meat and Its Genetic Relatedness to Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Patients in Saudi Arabia. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2926. [PMID: 38138070 PMCID: PMC10745650 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11122926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated both meat-derived and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), exploring their genetic relatedness to patient-derived MRSA isolates in Saudi Arabia. We collected 250 meat samples and identified 53 S. aureus isolates, with 79% being methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) and 21% being MRSA. Moreover, we included 80 clinically confirmed patient-derived MRSA isolates. We identified the most common S. aureus clone in both patients and retail meat. In meat, ST6 and ST97 were the most common clones in 55% of the MRSA isolates, and ST1153 and ST672 were the most common in 21% and 17% of the MSSA isolates. In patients, ST5 and ST6 were the predominant clones in 46% of the S. aureus isolates. CC5/ST5-SCCmecVc-t311 and CC361/ST672-SCCmecV-t3841 were common MRSA clones in both meat and patients. CC97 and CC361 clones were the second most prevalent S. aureus clones in meat and were relatively common in patients. Furthermore, we sequenced and characterized novel S. aureus strains ST8109, ST8110, and ST8111. The genomic similarities between meat- and patient-derived S. aureus isolates suggest that retail meat might be a reservoir for S.aureus and MRSA transmission. Therefore, a structured One Health approach is recommended for S. aureus dissemination, genetic characterization, antibiotic resistance, and impact on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalal M. Alkuraythi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia (M.M.A.)
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 23445, Saudi Arabia
| | - Manal M. Alkhulaifi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia (M.M.A.)
| | - Abdulwahab Z. Binjomah
- Microbiology Department, Riyadh Regional Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Riyadh 12746, Saudi Arabia (S.A.A.)
- College of Medicine, AL-Faisal University, Takhassusi Street, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Alarwi
- Computational Bioscience Research Center, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hind M. Aldakhil
- Computational Bioscience Research Center, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Saleh Ali Alharbi
- Microbiology Department, Riyadh Regional Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Riyadh 12746, Saudi Arabia (S.A.A.)
| | - Mohammad Alshomrani
- Microbiology Department, Riyadh Regional Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Riyadh 12746, Saudi Arabia (S.A.A.)
| | - Saeed Mastour Alshahrani
- Department of Public Health, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia
| | - Takashi Gojobori
- Computational Bioscience Research Center, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sulaiman M. Alajel
- Reference Laboratory for Microbiology, Executive Department for Reference Laboratories, Research and Laboratories Sector, Food and Drug Authority, Riyadh 12843, Saudi Arabia
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Al-Said HM, Alghamdi A, Ashgar SS, Jalal NA, Faidah HS, Johargy AK, Momenah AM, Barhameen AA, Hariri SH, Bantun F, Althobiany E, Khidir EB. Isolation and Detection of Drug-Resistant Bacterial Pathogens in Postoperative Wound Infections at a Tertiary Care Hospital in Saudi Arabia. SAUDI JOURNAL OF MEDICINE & MEDICAL SCIENCES 2023; 11:229-234. [PMID: 37533663 PMCID: PMC10393095 DOI: 10.4103/sjmms.sjmms_405_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Background Surgical site infections (SSIs), especially when caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria, are a major healthcare concern worldwide. For optimal treatment and prevention of antimicrobial resistance, it is important for clinicians to be aware of local drug-resistant bacterial pathogens that cause SSIs. Objective To determine the frequency patterns of drug-resistant bacterial strains causing SSIs at a tertiary care hospital in Saudi Arabia. Methods This retrospective study was conducted at the Microbiology laboratory of Al-Noor Specialist Hospital, Makkah, Saudi Arabia, and included wound swab samples from all cases of SSI between January 01, 2017, and December 31, 2021. The swabs were processed for the identification of bacterial strains and their resistance pattern to antibiotics according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Results A total of 5409 wound swabs were analyzed, of which 3604 samples (66.6%) were from male. Most samples were from the Department of Surgery (43.3%). A total of 14 bacterial strains were isolated, of which 9 were Gram-negative bacteria. The most common isolates were Klebsiella pneumoniae, followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Acinetobacter baumannii, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE), and vancomycin-resistant S. aureus (VRSA). In terms of MDR in 2021, the highest rate of carbapenem-resistance was in A. baumannii (97%). MDR was as follows: A. baumannii, 97%; K. pneumoniae, 81%; E. coli, 71%; MRSA, 60%; P. aeruginosa, 33%; VRE, 22%; and VRSA, 2%. Conclusion This study showed that in the city of Makkah, Saudi Arabia, the rates of MDR bacteria are high, with the majority being Gram-negative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamdi M. Al-Said
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Alghamdi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sami S. Ashgar
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naif A. Jalal
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hani S. Faidah
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayman K. Johargy
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aiman M. Momenah
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abeer A. Barhameen
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sumyya H. Hariri
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Farkad Bantun
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Essa Althobiany
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Al-Noor Specialist Hospital, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Elshiekh B. Khidir
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Applied Medical Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
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Snoussi M, Noumi E, Bouali N, Bazaid AS, Alreshidi MM, Altayb HN, Chaieb K. Antibiotic Susceptibility Profiling of Human Pathogenic Staphylococcus aureus Strains Using Whole Genome Sequencing and Genome-Scale Annotation Approaches. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1124. [PMID: 37317098 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11051124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus species are major pathogens with increasing importance due to the rise in antibiotic resistance. Whole genome sequencing and genome-scale annotation are promising approaches to study the pathogenicity and dissemination of virulence factors in nosocomial methicillin-resistant and multidrug-resistant bacteria in intensive care units. Draft genome sequences of eight clinical S. aureus strains were assembled and annotated for the prediction of antimicrobial resistance genes, virulence factors, and phylogenetic analysis. Most of the studied S. aureus strains displayed multi-resistance toward the tested drugs, reaching more than seven drugs up to 12 in isolate S22. The mecA gene was detected in three isolates (S14, S21, and S23), mecC was identified in S8 and S9, and blaZ was commonly identified in all isolates except strain S23. Additionally, two complete mobile genomic islands coding for methicillin resistance SCCmec Iva (2B) were identified in strains S21 and S23. Numerous antimicrobial resistance genes (norA, norC, MgrA, tet(45), APH(3')-IIIa, and AAC(6')-APH(2″)) were identified in chromosomes of different strains. Plasmid analysis revealed the presence of blaZ, tetK, and ermC in different plasmid types, located in gene cassettes containing plasmid replicons (rep) and insertion sequences (IS). Additionally, the aminoglycoside-resistant determinants were identified in S1 (APH(3')-IIIa), while AAC(6)-APH(2″) was detected in strains S8 and S14. The trimethoprim (dfrC) resistance gene was detected in S. aureus S21, and the fosfomycin (fosB) resistance gene was detected only in S. aureus S14. We also noted that S. aureus S1 belongs to ST1-t127, which has been reported as one of the most frequent human pathogen types. Additionally, we noted the presence of rare plasmid-mediated mecC-MRSA in some of our isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mejdi Snoussi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Ha'il, Ha'il P.O. Box 2440, Saudi Arabia
- Medical and Diagnostic Research Centre, University of Ha'il, Ha'il 55473, Saudi Arabia
| | - Emira Noumi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Ha'il, Ha'il P.O. Box 2440, Saudi Arabia
- Medical and Diagnostic Research Centre, University of Ha'il, Ha'il 55473, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nouha Bouali
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Ha'il, Ha'il P.O. Box 2440, Saudi Arabia
- Medical and Diagnostic Research Centre, University of Ha'il, Ha'il 55473, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman S Bazaid
- Department of Medical, Laboratory Science, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Ha'il, Ha'il 55476, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mousa M Alreshidi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Ha'il, Ha'il P.O. Box 2440, Saudi Arabia
- Medical and Diagnostic Research Centre, University of Ha'il, Ha'il 55473, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hisham N Altayb
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Center of Artificial Intelligence in Precision Medicines, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kamel Chaieb
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Laboratory of Analysis, Treatment and Valorization of Pollutants of the Environmental and Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Monastir 5000, Tunisia
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Fakhreldain ZN, Assad HC. EVALUATION THE PREVALENCE OF MULTIDRUG RESISTANCE BACTERIA AMONG IRAQI PATIENTS AND ITS ASSOCIATION WITH PATIENTS' PREDICTIVE FACTORS: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY. WIADOMOSCI LEKARSKIE (WARSAW, POLAND : 1960) 2023; 76:1039-1048. [PMID: 37326087 DOI: 10.36740/wlek202305123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim: The study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of multidrug resistance bacteria (MDR),, it's types and explore the patient's predictive factors associated with it. PATIENTS AND METHODS Materials and methods: The study was a cross-sectional observational study conducted in a microbiology lab in AL-Zahraa Teaching Hospital and Alsader Medical City, in Najaf Province, Iraq. The participants included patients presented with different kinds of infections and caused by organisms isolated from different sources. The patients had positive growth media were 304 out of total 475 patients. RESULTS Results: The data extraction sheet included the laboratory culture and sensitivity report and patient sociodemographic factors and risk factors. The study displayed an extremely high prevalence of MDR bacteria 88% and the prevalence of extensive drug resistance (XDR) was 23%, whereas Pan-drug resistance (PDR) prevalence was 2%. Specifically, Methicillin resistance Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) was detected in 73% of the total patients infected with Staph. Bacteria. The prevalence of Extended spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) was reached to 56% among the patients infected with Enterobacteria, while carbap¬enem resistance (CR) was recorded in 25% of the patients infected with different kinds of bacteria. Only education level was significantly associated with the prevalence of MDR. Patients with (college/post-graduate) education were associated with a low incidence of MDR. CONCLUSION Conclusions: A very high prevalence of multidrug resistance bacteria was noted in patients with a bacterial infection. Among all patients' characters, only higher education was associated with lower incidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahraa N Fakhreldain
- DEPARTMENT OF CLINICAL PHARMACY, COLLEGE OF PHARMACY, KUFA UNIVERSITY, KUFA, IRAQ
| | - Hayder Ch Assad
- DEPARTMENT OF CLINICAL PHARMACY, COLLEGE OF PHARMACY, KUFA UNIVERSITY, KUFA, IRAQ
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Bin Yousef N, Yenugadhati N, Alqahtani N, Alshahrani A, Alshahrani M, Al Jeraisy M, Badri M. Patterns of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Pharm J 2022; 30:8-13. [PMID: 35145342 PMCID: PMC8802091 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2021.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pharmacovigilance enhances post-market drug safety. However, analytical reports of a pattern of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) experienced by patients in Saudi Arabia are demanded. Objective To describe patterns of ADRs submitted to the Saudi Central National Pharmacovigilance and Drug Safety Center (NPC), Saudi Food and Drug Administration (SFDA), from its inception in 2015 until the end of 2017 to understand the pattern of ADR reporting in Saudi Arabia. Methods In this retrospective study, data from cases reported to the NPC were used to determine ADRs and identify the most common associated drug classes based on anatomical therapeutic chemical (ATC) classification system. Result A total of 17,730 ADR cases were reported during study period. An annual increase in ADRs was clearly evident. Approximately 54% of the total ADRs reported were serious. Most commonly reported ATC drug classes were anti-infective agents for systemic use (22.27%), antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents (21.49%), alimentary tract and metabolism (15.48 %), cardiovascular system (11.11%) and nervous system (10.23%). Vancomycin (2.7%), ceftiraxone (1.8%), fingolimod (1.4%) and paracetamol (1.4%) were the most common drugs associated with serious ADRs. Conclusion This study provide valuable insights in hypothesis generation for future studies on drug-event interactions and amplification studies. The NPC educational programs and awareness campaigns to promote systematic reporting of ADRs among healthcare professionals and general public should be continued.
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Prevalence of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.14.1.07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
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Impact of mass migrations on the clonal variation of clinical Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from the Western region of Saudi Arabia. J Infect Public Health 2018; 12:317-322. [PMID: 30442593 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES A rapid molecular typing system was used to determine the impact of mass migration on the clonal variation of Staphylococcus aureus isolates recovered from King Abdulaziz University Hospital (KAUH) Jeddah, in the western region of Saudi Arabia. This region experiences an annual influx of millions of pilgrims. METHODS SmaI-multiplex PCR typing (SMT) was used for the initial analysis of strains and the resulting data subsequently supported by Multi-Locus Sequence Typing (MLST). RESULTS A total of 89 S. aureus isolates were SMT typed and revealed a high degree of genetic variation, with 40 SMT profiles detected among the isolates. Representatives of all forty SMT types were subsequently analysed by MLST, identifying 26 sequence types. A novel sequence type (ST), named ST3303, was identified in two methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) isolates. MSSA strains exhibited more diversity than methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains, with community acquired MSSA and MRSA strains reaching alarmingly high levels. CONCLUSION The relatively high degree of genetic diversity found among S. aureus isolates of single hospital was attributed to the fact that Jeddah is the principal gateway to Mecca, visited each year by millions of pilgrims from many countries. The observed diversity clearly reflects the impact of such mass migrations in the rapid dissemination of strains world-wide. Our findings suggest the importance of surveillance programmes in locations affected by mass migrations, both to monitor their impact on endemic strains and for the detection of pandemic strains. SMT provides a cost-effective and sensitive typing method for achieving this objective.
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