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Huang LY, Sun X, Pan HX, Wang L, He CQ, Wei Q. Cell transplantation therapies for spinal cord injury focusing on bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells: Advances and challenges. World J Stem Cells 2023; 15:385-399. [PMID: 37342219 PMCID: PMC10277963 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v15.i5.385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating condition with complex pathological mechanisms that lead to sensory, motor, and autonomic dysfunction below the site of injury. To date, no effective therapy is available for the treatment of SCI. Recently, bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs) have been considered to be the most promising source for cellular therapies following SCI. The objective of the present review is to summarize the most recent insights into the cellular and molecular mechanism using BMMSC therapy to treat SCI. In this work, we review the specific mechanism of BMMSCs in SCI repair mainly from the following aspects: Neuroprotection, axon sprouting and/or regeneration, myelin regeneration, inhibitory microenvironments, glial scar formation, immunomodulation, and angiogenesis. Additionally, we summarize the latest evidence on the application of BMMSCs in clinical trials and further discuss the challenges and future directions for stem cell therapy in SCI models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Yi Huang
- Rehabilitation Medicine Center and Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital/West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610044, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Xin Sun
- Rehabilitation Medicine Center and Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital/West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610044, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Hong-Xia Pan
- Rehabilitation Medicine Center and Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital/West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610044, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Rehabilitation Medicine Center and Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital/West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610044, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Cheng-Qi He
- Rehabilitation Medicine Center and Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital/West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610044, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Quan Wei
- Rehabilitation Medicine Center and Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital/West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610044, Sichuan Province, China
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Abstract
Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) results in direct and indirect damage to neural tissues, which results in motor and sensory dysfunction, dystonia, and pathological reflex that ultimately lead to paraplegia or tetraplegia. A loss of cells, axon regeneration failure, and time-sensitive pathophysiology make tissue repair difficult. Despite various medical developments, there are currently no effective regenerative treatments. Stem cell therapy is a promising treatment for SCI due to its multiple targets and reactivity benefits. The present review focuses on SCI stem cell therapy, including bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, umbilical mesenchymal stem cells, adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells, neural stem cells, neural progenitor cells, embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, and extracellular vesicles. Each cell type targets certain features of SCI pathology and shows therapeutic effects via cell replacement, nutritional support, scaffolds, and immunomodulation mechanisms. However, many preclinical studies and a growing number of clinical trials found that single-cell treatments had only limited benefits for SCI. SCI damage is multifaceted, and there is a growing consensus that a combined treatment is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyi Huang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine Center, 34753West China Hospital/West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine in Sichuan Province, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, PR China
| | - Chenying Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, 34753West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Feng Xiong
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine Center, 34753West China Hospital/West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine in Sichuan Province, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, PR China
| | - Chengqi He
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine Center, 34753West China Hospital/West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine in Sichuan Province, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, PR China
| | - Quan Wei
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine Center, 34753West China Hospital/West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine in Sichuan Province, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, PR China
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Hou XQ, Wang L, Wang FG, Zhao XM, Zhang HT. Combination of RNA Interference and Stem Cells for Treatment of Central Nervous System Diseases. Genes (Basel) 2017; 8:genes8050135. [PMID: 28481269 PMCID: PMC5448009 DOI: 10.3390/genes8050135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi), including microRNAs, is an important player in the mediation of differentiation and migration of stem cells via target genes. It is used as a potential strategy for gene therapy for central nervous system (CNS) diseases. Stem cells are considered vectors of RNAi due to their capacity to deliver RNAi to other cells. In this review, we discuss the recent advances in studies of RNAi pathways in controlling neuronal differentiation and migration of stem cells. We also highlight the utilization of a combination of RNAi and stem cells in treatment of CNS diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Qin Hou
- Institute of Pharmacology, Taishan Medical University, Taian 271016, Shandong, China.
| | - Lei Wang
- Institute of Pharmacology, Taishan Medical University, Taian 271016, Shandong, China.
| | - Fu-Gang Wang
- Institute of Pharmacology, Taishan Medical University, Taian 271016, Shandong, China.
| | - Xiao-Min Zhao
- Institute of Pharmacology, Taishan Medical University, Taian 271016, Shandong, China.
| | - Han-Ting Zhang
- Institute of Pharmacology, Taishan Medical University, Taian 271016, Shandong, China.
- Departments of Behavioral Medicine & Psychiatry and Physiology & Pharmacology, Blanchette Rockefeller Neurosciences Institute, West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
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Lee JS, Kim SK, Cha JK, Jung BJ, Choi SB, Choi EY, Kim CS. Novel Technique for Isolating Human Bone Marrow Stem Cells Using Hyaluronic Acid Hydrogel. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2016; 22:941-951. [PMID: 27609497 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2016.0214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Centrifugation based on density gradients is a general methodology for isolating human bone marrow (hBM)-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs). The mononuclear cell (MNC) layer can be obtained using a density gradient solution in the conventional protocol, but it is not suitable for direct transplantation due to the possible toxicity of this solution. The results obtained are also influenced by the skill level when applying the technique, which involves time-consuming processes. We have developed a novel protocol for isolating hBMSCs using hyaluronic acid (HA), which is the most widely used injectable biomaterial in clinical settings and a major component of the extracellular matrix. Laying hBM over the HA and then applying centrifugation yielded three separate layers, with the HA layer, including MNCs being the most superficial one. Increasing the volume of HA and/or its crosslinking rate enhanced the yield of MNCs from hBM, and the cell yield was also significantly higher for a lower centrifugal acceleration (530 g) than for a higher one (1500 g). Isolated hBMSCs by HA exhibited similar biological characteristics such as in terms of their proliferation rate, fibroblast-like morphology, cell-cycle status, immunophenotype, and multipotency. The use of either type of hBMSC confirmed the regenerative potential of bone and bone marrow-like tissue in ectopic transplantation models. This is the first report of a novel protocol for isolating hBMSCs that utilize HA. We suggest that this novel isolation technique can be used for the direct application of autogenous MSCs with advantages of being less time-consuming and involving steps that are easier to perform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Seok Lee
- 1 Department of Periodontology, Research Institute for Periodontal Regeneration, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University , Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seul-Ki Kim
- 1 Department of Periodontology, Research Institute for Periodontal Regeneration, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University , Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Kook Cha
- 1 Department of Periodontology, Research Institute for Periodontal Regeneration, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University , Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Joo Jung
- 2 Department of Neurosurgery, Naeun Hospital , Anyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Bok Choi
- 2 Department of Neurosurgery, Naeun Hospital , Anyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Young Choi
- 1 Department of Periodontology, Research Institute for Periodontal Regeneration, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University , Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Sung Kim
- 1 Department of Periodontology, Research Institute for Periodontal Regeneration, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University , Seoul, Republic of Korea.,3 Department of Applied Life Science, BK21 PLUS Project, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University , Seoul, Republic of Korea
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