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Liu C, Du L, Wang S, Kong L, Zhang S, Li S, Zhang W, Du G. Differences in the prevention and control of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Pharmacol Res 2021; 170:105737. [PMID: 34147660 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
At present, the prevention and control of cardiovascular diseases (CAVDs) has made initial advancements, although the prevention and control of cerebrovascular diseases (CEVDs) has not yet achieved the desired progress. In this paper, we review the prevention and control of CEVDs and CAVDs, and analyze the differences in prevention effects, and the pathological and physiological structures pertaining to CEVDs and CAVDs. Combined with the different effects of low-dose aspirin in the primary prevention of CEVDs and CAVDs by meta-analysis, aspirin plays a more important role in the primary prevention of CAVDs than CEVDs. We recognize the misunderstandings and blind spots concerning prevention and control of CEVDs, which can be summarized as follows: (1) CEVDs and CAVDs can be controlled by the same methods and drugs; (2) considering the same pathological factors for cardiovascular diseases; (3) a lack of understanding of the particularity of CEVDs; (4) a focus on platelets and neglect of cerebrovascular protection. In summary, our research clarifies the differences in the prevention measures and drugs used for CEVDs and CAVDs. Of particular concern is the serious lack of preventive drugs for CEVDs in clinical use. An ideal drug for the prevention of CEVDs should have protective effects on the blood, the vascular endothelium, the blood-brain barrier (BBB), and other related factors. Our review aims to highlight several issues in the current prevention of CEVDs and CAVDs, and to provide an optimized plan for preventive drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengdi Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Lida Du
- King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario M5S1A8, Canada
| | - Shoubao Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Linglei Kong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Sen Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Sha Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Guanhua Du
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China.
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Protective Effects of Yiqi Xingnao Oral Liquid on Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Rats and Its Related Mechanisms. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2020:3268047. [PMID: 32908558 PMCID: PMC7468675 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3268047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Purpose This study aimed to investigate the effects of different concentrations of Yiqi Xingnao (YQXN) oral liquid on cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in rats and YQXN's related mechanisms. Methods Rats were pretreated with 3 mL/kg, 6 mL/kg, and 12 mL/kg YQXN and Naoxuekang capsule (NXK). Afterwards, cerebral I/R model rats were established by a middle cerebral artery occlusion surgery. Neurological deficits, histopathology, and cerebral infarction volume were used to evaluate the effects of YQXN. Evans blue and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining were utilized to determine the blood-brain barrier permeability and cell apoptosis, respectively. The expression of VEGF and Bcl-2 was analyzed by real-time quantification PCR (RT-qPCR) and western blot. The malondialdehyde (MDA) content and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were measured using corresponding assay kits. Results The rats pretreated with YQXN had improved neurological deficits, reduced infarct volume and blood-brain barrier permeability, and ameliorated ischemia-induced morphology change in injured brain tissues. TUNEL staining results showed that different concentrations of YQXN inhibited cell apoptosis of neurocytes in I/R rats. Besides, RT-qPCR and western blot analyses indicated that the expression levels of VEGF and Bcl-2 were significantly upregulated by YQXN compared with the I/R group (P < 0.05). Additionally, rats in the I/R group had lower SOD activity and higher MDA content than those in the sham-operated group, while their levels were recovered by YQXN (P < 0.05). Conclusion YQXN could alleviate cerebral I/R injury by suppressing blood-brain barrier permeability, neuron apoptosis, and oxidative stress, promoting angiogenesis.
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Song J, Zhou YZ, Pang YY, Gao L, Du GH, Qin XM. The anti-aging effect of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi flowers extract by regulating the glutamine-glutamate metabolic pathway in d-galactose induced aging rats. Exp Gerontol 2020; 134:110843. [PMID: 32045633 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2020.110843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi flowers is rich in flavonoids resources but not effectively exploited. This study aimed to investigate the anti-aging effects and potential mechanism of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi flowers extract (SFE). The chemical components of the SFE were analyzed by UPLC-MS and the anti-aging effects of SFE were investigated in d-galactose (d-gal) induced aging rats by behavior examination and biochemical indexes, and the potential anti-aging mechanism of SFE were explored by 1H NMR-based liver metabolomics. Chemical composition research showed that 19 flavonoids were identified in SFE, and pharmacological research showed that SFE could significantly ameliorate spatial learning and memory ability. SFE could significantly regulate malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and advanced glycation end products (AGEs). It also ameliorated the pathological abnormalities in liver. Additionally, anti-aging mechanism of SFE showed that total of 10 potential biomarkers were found by metabolomics techniques, which involved in 6 metabolic pathways. Among them, SFE could significantly increased the levels of d-glutamine and d-glutamate. Furthermore, the levels of glutamine and glutamate, and the levels of the key amino acids, enzymes and final product in the synthesis process of glutathione (GSH) were quantitatively determined in the liver by commercial kits and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. These results indicated that regulation of the glutamine-glutamate metabolic pathway is involved in the anti-aging effect of SFE in d-gal induced aging rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Song
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, PR China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering of Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, PR China
| | - Yu-Zhi Zhou
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, PR China.
| | - Yi-Yuan Pang
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, PR China
| | - Li Gao
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, PR China
| | - Guan-Hua Du
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, PR China
| | - Xue-Mei Qin
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, PR China
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Withania coagulans Protects Striatum from Oxidative Damages Induced by Global Brain Ischemia in Rat. Jundishapur J Nat Pharm Prod 2017. [DOI: 10.5812/jjnpp.65051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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The Effects of Chunghyul-Dan, an Agent of Korean Medicine, on a Mouse Model of Traumatic Brain Injury. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2017; 2017:7326107. [PMID: 28684970 PMCID: PMC5480248 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7326107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Chunghyul-Dan (CHD) is the first choice agent for the prevention and treatment of stroke at the Kyung Hee Medical Hospital. To date, CHD has been reported to have beneficial effects on brain disease in animals and humans, along with antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects. The aim of this study was to evaluate the pharmacological effects of CHD on a traumatic brain injury (TBI) mouse model to explore the possibility of CHD use in patients with TBI. The TBI mouse model was induced using the controlled cortical impact method. CHD was orally administered twice a day for 5 d after TBI induction; mice were assessed for brain damage, brain edema, blood-brain barrier (BBB) damage, motor deficits, and cognitive impairment. Treatment with CHD reduced brain damage seen on histological examination and improved motor and cognitive functions. However, CHD did not reduce brain edema and BBB damage. In conclusion, CHD could be a candidate agent in the treatment of patients with TBI. Further studies are needed to assess the exact mechanisms of the effects during the acute-subacute phase and pharmacological activity during the chronic-convalescent phase of TBI.
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An Analysis of the Combination Frequencies of Constituent Medicinal Herbs in Prescriptions for the Treatment of Stroke in Korean Medicine: Determination of a Group of Candidate Prescriptions for Universal Use. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2016; 2016:2674014. [PMID: 27087820 PMCID: PMC4818814 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2674014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 02/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to Western medicine, which typically prescribes one medicine to treat a specific disease, traditional East Asian medicine uses any one of a large number of different prescriptions (mixtures of medicinal herbs), according to the patient's characteristics. Although this can be considered an advantage, the lack of a universal prescription for a specific disease is considered a drawback of traditional East Asian medicine. The establishment of universally applicable prescriptions for specific diseases is therefore required. As a basic first step in this process, this study aimed to select prescriptions used in the treatment of stroke and, through the analysis of medicinal herb combination frequencies, select a high-frequency medicinal herb combination group for further experimental and clinical research. As a result, we selected some candidates of a medicinal herb combination and 13 candidates of a medicinal herb for the treatment of stroke.
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Chen YJ, Wang L, Zhou GY, Yu XL, Zhang YH, Hu N, Li QQ, Chen C, Qing C, Liu YT, Yang WM. Scutellarin attenuates endothelium-dependent aasodilation impairment induced by hypoxia reoxygenation, through regulating the PKG signaling pathway in rat coronary artery. Chin J Nat Med 2016; 13:264-73. [PMID: 25908623 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(15)30013-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Scutellarin (SCU), a flavonoid from a traditional Chinese medicinal plant. Our previous study has demonstrated that SCU relaxes mouse aortic arteries mainly in an endothelium-depend-ent manner. In the present study, we investigated the vasoprotective effects of SCU against HR-induced endothelial dysfunction (ED) in isolated rat CA and the possible mechanisms involving cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) dependent protein kinase (PKG). The isolated endothelium-intact and endothelium-denuded rat CA rings were treated with HR injury. Evaluation of endothelium-dependent and -independent vasodilation relaxation of the CA rings were performed using wire myography and the protein expressions were assayed by Western blotting. SCU (10-1 000 μmol·L(-1)) could relax the endothelium-intact CA rings but not endothelium-denuded ones. In the intact CA rings, the PKG inhibitor, Rp-8-Br-cGMPS (PKGI-rp, 4 μmol·L(-1)), significantly blocked SCU (10-1 000 μmol·L(-1))-induced relaxation. The NO synthase (NOS) inhibitor, NO-nitro-L-arginine methylester (L-NAME, 100 μmol·L(-1)), did not significantly change the effects of SCU (10-1 000 μmol·L(-1)). HR treatment significantly impaired ACh-induced relaxation, which was reversed by pre-incubation with SCU (500 μmol·L(-1)), while HR treatment did not altered NTG-induced vasodilation. PKGI-rp (4 μmol·L(-1)) blocked the protective effects of SCU in HR-treated CA rings. Additionally, HR treatment reduced phosphorylated vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (p-VASP, phosphorylated product of PKG), which was reversed by SCU pre-incubation, suggesting that SCU activated PKG phosphorylation against HR injury. SCU induces CA vasodilation in an endothelium-dependent manner to and repairs HR-induced impairment via activation of PKG signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Juan Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Science & Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Lei Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science & Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Guang-Yu Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Science & Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Xian-Lun Yu
- Zhaotong Institute of Tianma, Zhaotong 657000, China
| | - Yong-Hui Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science & Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Na Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science & Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Qing-Qing Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Science & Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Chen Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Science & Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Chen Qing
- School of Pharmaceutical Science & Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Ying-Ting Liu
- Department of Periodontology and Implant Dentistry, The First People's Hospital of Yun-Nan Province, Kunhua Hospital Affiliated to Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650032, China.
| | - Wei-Min Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science & Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China.
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Sarbishegi M, Heidari Z, Mahmoudzadeh- Sagheb H, Valizadeh M, Doostkami M. Neuroprotective effects of Withania coagulans root extract on CA1 hippocampus following cerebral ischemia in rats. AVICENNA JOURNAL OF PHYTOMEDICINE 2016; 6:399-409. [PMID: 27516980 PMCID: PMC4967835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Oxygen free radicals may be implicated in the pathogenesis of ischemia reperfusion damage. The beneficial effects of antioxidant nutrients, as well as complex plant extracts, on cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injuries are well known. This study was conducted to determine the effects of the hydro-alcoholic root extract of Withania coagulans on CA1 hippocampus oxidative damages following global cerebral ischemia/reperfusion in rat. MATERIALS AND METHODS Male Wistar rats were randomly divided in five groups: control, sham operated, Ischemia/ Reperfiusion (IR), and Withania Coagulans Extract (WCE) 500 and 1000mg/kg + I/R groups. Ischemia was induced by ligation of bilateral common carotid arteries for 30 min after 30 days of WCE administration. Three days after, the animals were sacrificed, their brains were fixed for histological analysis (NISSL and TUNEL staining) and some samples were prepared for measurement of malondialdehyde (MDA) level and superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity in hippocampus. RESULTS WCE showed neuroprotective activity by significant decrease in MDA level and increase in the SOD, CAT and GPx activity in pretreated groups as compared to I/R groups (p<0.001). The number of intact neurons was increased while the number of TUNEL positive neurons in CA1 hippocampal region in pretreated groups were decreased as compared to I/R group (p<0.001). CONCLUSION WCE showed potent neuroprotective activity against oxidative stress-induced injuries caused by global cerebral ischemia/ reperfusion in rats probably by radical scavenging and antioxidant activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Sarbishegi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran ,Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Zahra Heidari
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Zahedan, Iran,Department of Histology, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran,Corresponding Author: Tel: +98-33295728, Fax: +98-33295728,
| | - Hamidreza Mahmoudzadeh- Sagheb
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Zahedan, Iran,Department of Histology, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Moharram Valizadeh
- Department of Medicinal and Aromatic Plant, High Complex Education of Saravan, Saravan, Iran
| | - Mahboobeh Doostkami
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
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Thanh HN, Thi Minh HP, Le TA, Thi Ly HD, Huu TN, Duc LV, Kim TD, Thanh TB. Ethanol extracts of Scutellaria baicalensis protect against lipopolysaccharide-induced acute liver injury in mice. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apjtb.2015.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
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