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Khirallah J, Eimbinder M, Li Y, Xu Q. Clinical progress in genome-editing technology and in vivo delivery techniques. Trends Genet 2023; 39:208-216. [PMID: 36669950 PMCID: PMC9974761 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2022.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
There is wide interest in applying genome-editing tools to prevent, treat, and cure a variety of diseases. Since the discovery of the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein (Cas) systems, these techniques have been used in combination with different delivery systems to create highly efficacious treatment options. Each delivery system has its own advantages and disadvantages and is being used for various applications. With the large number of gene-editing applications being studied but very few being brought into the clinic, we review current progress in the field, specifically where genome editing has been applied in vivo and in the clinic, and identify current challenges and areas of future growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Khirallah
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Maximilan Eimbinder
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Yamin Li
- Department of Pharmacology, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA.
| | - Qiaobing Xu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA.
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Escobar A, Reis RL, Oliveira JM. Nanoparticles for neurotrophic factor delivery in nerve guidance conduits for peripheral nerve repair. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2022; 17:477-494. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2021-0413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injuries are a major source of disabilities, and treatment of long nerve gap autografts is the gold standard. However, due to poor availability and donor-site morbidity, research is directed towards the development of regenerative strategies based on the use of artificial nerve guidance conduits (NGCs). Several properties and characteristics of the NGCs can be fine-tuned, such as the architecture of the conduit, the surface topography and the addition of bioactive molecules and cells to speed up nerve regeneration. In this review, US FDA-approved NGCs are described. The recent works, in which polymeric, magnetic, silica-based and lipidic NPs are employed to introduce growth factors (GFs) to NGCs, are overviewed and discussed in depth herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ane Escobar
- 3B’s Research Group, I3Bs – Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables & Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering & Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco GMR, 4805-017, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s – PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Rui Luís Reis
- 3B’s Research Group, I3Bs – Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables & Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering & Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco GMR, 4805-017, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s – PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Joaquim Miguel Oliveira
- 3B’s Research Group, I3Bs – Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables & Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering & Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco GMR, 4805-017, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s – PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
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Bloomer H, Khirallah J, Li Y, Xu Q. CRISPR/Cas9 ribonucleoprotein-mediated genome and epigenome editing in mammalian cells. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 181:114087. [PMID: 34942274 PMCID: PMC8844242 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.114087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein (Cas) system has revolutionized the ability to edit the mammalian genome, providing a platform for the correction of pathogenic mutations and further investigation into gene function. CRISPR reagents can be delivered into the cell as DNA, RNA, or pre-formed ribonucleoproteins (RNPs). RNPs offer numerous advantages over other delivery approaches due to their ability to rapidly target genomic sites and quickly degrade thereafter. Here, we review the production steps and delivery methods for Cas9 RNPs. Additionally, we discuss how RNPs enhance genome and epigenome editing efficiencies, reduce off-target editing activity, and minimize cellular toxicity in clinically relevant mammalian cell types. We include details on a broad range of editing approaches, including novel base and prime editing techniques. Finally, we summarize key challenges for the use of RNPs, and propose future perspectives on the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanan Bloomer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, US,School of Medicine and Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, US
| | - Jennifer Khirallah
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, US
| | - Yamin Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, US,Corresponding Authors: (Y. Li) and (Q. Xu)
| | - Qiaobing Xu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, US,Corresponding Authors: (Y. Li) and (Q. Xu)
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Eriksen AZ, Eliasen R, Oswald J, Kempen PJ, Melander F, Andresen TL, Young M, Baranov P, Urquhart AJ. Multifarious Biologic Loaded Liposomes that Stimulate the Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Signaling Pathway Show Retina Neuroprotection after Retina Damage. ACS NANO 2018; 12:7497-7508. [PMID: 30004669 PMCID: PMC6117751 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b00596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
A common event in optic neuropathies is the loss of axons and death of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) resulting in irreversible blindness. Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway agonists have been shown to foster axon regeneration and RGC survival in animal models of optic nerve damage. However, many challenges remain in developing therapies that exploit cell growth and tissue remodeling including (i) activating/inhibiting cell pathways synergistically, (ii) avoiding tumorigenesis, and (iii) ensuring appropriate physiological tissue function. These challenges are further exacerbated by the need to overcome ocular physiological barriers and clearance mechanisms. Here we present liposomes loaded with multiple mTOR pathway stimulating biologics designed to enhance neuroprotection after retina damage. Liposomes were loaded with ciliary neurotrophic factor, insulin-like growth factor 1, a lipopeptide N-fragment osteopontin mimic, and lipopeptide phosphatase tension homologue inhibitors for either the ATP domain or the c-terminal tail. In a mouse model of N-methyl-d-aspartic acid induced RGC death, a single intravitreal administration of liposomes reduced both RGC death and loss of retina electrophysiological function. Furthermore, combining liposomes with transplantation of induced pluripotent stem cell derived RGCs led to an improved electrophysiological outcome in mice. The results presented here show that liposomes carrying multiple signaling pathway modulators can facilitate neuroprotection and transplant electrophysiological outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Z. Eriksen
- DTU
Nanotech, Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Rasmus Eliasen
- DTU
Nanotech, Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Julia Oswald
- Schepens
Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, 20 Staniford Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Paul J. Kempen
- DTU
Nanotech, Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Fredrik Melander
- DTU
Nanotech, Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Thomas L. Andresen
- DTU
Nanotech, Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Michael Young
- Schepens
Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, 20 Staniford Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Petr Baranov
- Schepens
Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, 20 Staniford Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Andrew J. Urquhart
- DTU
Nanotech, Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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Piperigkou Z, Götte M, Theocharis AD, Karamanos NK. Insights into the key roles of epigenetics in matrix macromolecules-associated wound healing. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2018; 129:16-36. [PMID: 29079535 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2017.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 10/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM) is a dynamic network of macromolecules, playing a regulatory role in cell functions, tissue regeneration and remodeling. Wound healing is a tissue repair process necessary for the maintenance of the functionality of tissues and organs. This highly orchestrated process is divided into four temporally overlapping phases, including hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation and tissue remodeling. The dynamic interplay between ECM and resident cells exerts its critical role in many aspects of wound healing, including cell proliferation, migration, differentiation, survival, matrix degradation and biosynthesis. Several epigenetic regulatory factors, such as the endogenous non-coding microRNAs (miRNAs), are the drivers of the wound healing response. microRNAs have pivotal roles in regulating ECM composition during wound healing and dermal regeneration. Their expression is associated with the distinct phases of wound healing and they serve as target biomarkers and targets for systematic regulation of wound repair. In this article we critically present the importance of epigenetics with particular emphasis on miRNAs regulating ECM components (i.e. glycoproteins, proteoglycans and matrix proteases) that are key players in wound healing. The clinical relevance of miRNA targeting as well as the delivery strategies designed for clinical applications are also presented and discussed.
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Rufino-Ramos D, Albuquerque PR, Carmona V, Perfeito R, Nobre RJ, Pereira de Almeida L. Extracellular vesicles: Novel promising delivery systems for therapy of brain diseases. J Control Release 2017; 262:247-258. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Boerboom A, Dion V, Chariot A, Franzen R. Molecular Mechanisms Involved in Schwann Cell Plasticity. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:38. [PMID: 28261057 PMCID: PMC5314106 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Schwann cell incredible plasticity is a hallmark of the utmost importance following nerve damage or in demyelinating neuropathies. After injury, Schwann cells undergo dedifferentiation before redifferentiating to promote nerve regeneration and complete functional recovery. This review updates and discusses the molecular mechanisms involved in the negative regulation of myelination as well as in the reprogramming of Schwann cells taking place early following nerve lesion to support repair. Significant advance has been made on signaling pathways and molecular components that regulate SC regenerative properties. These include for instance transcriptional regulators such as c-Jun or Notch, the MAPK and the Nrg1/ErbB2/3 pathways. This comprehensive overview ends with some therapeutical applications targeting factors that control Schwann cell plasticity and highlights the need to carefully modulate and balance this capacity to drive nerve repair.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Valérie Dion
- GIGA-Neurosciences, University of Liège Liège, Belgium
| | - Alain Chariot
- GIGA-Molecular Biology of Diseases, University of LiègeLiège, Belgium; Walloon Excellence in Lifesciences and Biotechnology (WELBIO)Wavre, Belgium
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Takeda YS, Wang M, Deng P, Xu Q. Synthetic bioreducible lipid-based nanoparticles for miRNA delivery to mesenchymal stem cells to induce neuronal differentiation. Bioeng Transl Med 2016; 1:160-167. [PMID: 29313011 PMCID: PMC5675087 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNA (miRNA) functions in tissue regeneration and determines the fate of stem cells. Nanoparticle‐based miRNA delivery systems for therapeutic applications have been studied in clinical settings. However, gene delivery to stem cells is still a challenging issue. Lipid‐like nanoparticles produced using combinatorial approaches have recently been used for delivery of a variety of biologics. In this study, we investigated the ability of these lipids to deliver miRNA to human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). First, small library screening of bioreducible lipids was performed using fluorophore‐conjugated miRNA to determine the optimal chemical structure for miRNA delivery to hMSCs. Next, miRNA‐9 (miR‐9), which promotes neuronal differentiation of stem cells, was delivered to hMSCs using the lipids identified from the library screening. Morphological changes of the cells and upregulation of neuronal marker genes were observed after the delivery of miR‐9. The synthetic bioreducible lipids are effective in facilitating miRNA delivery to hMSCs and promoting the neuronal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji S Takeda
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering Tufts University 4 Colby Street Medford MA 02155
| | - Ming Wang
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering Tufts University 4 Colby Street Medford MA 02155.,Present address: Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems Institute of Chemistry Beijing 100190 China, The Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)
| | - Pu Deng
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering Tufts University 4 Colby Street Medford MA 02155
| | - Qiaobing Xu
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering Tufts University 4 Colby Street Medford MA 02155
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Neuronal Differentiation of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells Using Exosomes Derived from Differentiating Neuronal Cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135111. [PMID: 26248331 PMCID: PMC4527703 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes deliver functional proteins and genetic materials to neighboring cells, and have potential applications for tissue regeneration. One possible mechanism of exosome-promoted tissue regeneration is through the delivery of microRNA (miRNA). In this study, we hypothesized that exosomes derived from neuronal progenitor cells contain miRNAs that promote neuronal differentiation. We treated mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) daily with exosomes derived from PC12 cells, a neuronal cell line, for 1 week. After the treatment with PC12-derived exosomes, MSCs developed neuron-like morphology, and gene and protein expressions of neuronal markers were upregulated. Microarray analysis showed that the expression of miR-125b, which is known to play a role in neuronal differentiation of stem cells, was much higher in PC12-derived exosomes than in exosomes from B16-F10 melanoma cells. These results suggest that the delivery of miRNAs contained in PC12-derived exosomes is a possible mechanism explaining the neuronal differentiation of MSC.
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