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Rana S, Jogi MK, Choudhary S, Thakur R, Sahoo GC, Joshi V. Unraveling the intricacies of cold-inducible RNA-binding protein: A comprehensive review. Cell Stress Chaperones 2024; 29:615-625. [PMID: 38969204 DOI: 10.1016/j.cstres.2024.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Cold-inducible RNA-binding protein (CIRP) is a versatile RNA-binding protein, pivotal in modulating cellular responses to diverse stress stimuli including cold shock, ultraviolet radiation, hypoxia, and infections, with a principal emphasis on cold stress. The temperature range of 32-34 °C is most suitable for CIRP expression. The human CIRP is an 18-21 kDa polypeptide containing 172 amino acids coded by a gene located on chromosome 19p13.3. CIRP has an RNA-recognition motif (RRM) and an arginine-rich motif (RGG), both of which have roles in coordinating numerous cellular activities. CIRP itself also undergoes conformational changes in response to diverse environmental stress. Transcription factors such as hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha and nuclear factor-kappa B have been implicated in coordinating CIRP transcription in response to specific stimuli. The potential of CIRP to relocate from the nucleus to the cytoplasm upon exposure to different stimuli enhances its varied functional roles across different cellular compartments. The different functions include decreasing nutritional demand, apoptosis suppression, modulation of translation, and preservation of cytoskeletal integrity at lower temperatures. This review explores the diverse functions and regulatory mechanisms of CIRP, shedding light on its involvement in various cellular processes and its implications for human health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sindhuprava Rana
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Mukesh Kumar Jogi
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology Genetics and Molecular Biology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Shivani Choudhary
- Department of Biotechnology, Indira Priyadarshini College, Raja Shankar Shah University, Chhindwara, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Rahul Thakur
- Department of Fisheries Science, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ganesh Chandra Sahoo
- Department of Virology, ICMR-Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Science, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Vibhor Joshi
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology Genetics and Molecular Biology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India.
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Liu YX, Zhao M, Yu Y, Liu JP, Liu WJ, Yao RQ, Wang J, Yang RL, Wu Y, Dong N, Cao Y, Li SC, Zhang QH, Yan RM, Yao YM. Extracellular cold-inducible RNA-binding protein mediated neuroinflammation and neuronal apoptosis after traumatic brain injury. BURNS & TRAUMA 2024; 12:tkae004. [PMID: 38817684 PMCID: PMC11136617 DOI: 10.1093/burnst/tkae004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Background Extracellular cold-inducible RNA-binding protein (eCIRP) plays a vital role in the inflammatory response during cerebral ischaemia. However, the potential role and regulatory mechanism of eCIRP in traumatic brain injury (TBI) remain unclear. Here, we explored the effect of eCIRP on the development of TBI using a neural-specific CIRP knockout (KO) mouse model to determine the contribution of eCIRP to TBI-induced neuronal injury and to discover novel therapeutic targets for TBI. Methods TBI animal models were generated in mice using the fluid percussion injury method. Microglia or neuron lines were subjected to different drug interventions. Histological and functional changes were observed by immunofluorescence and neurobehavioural testing. Apoptosis was examined by a TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labelling assay in vivo or by an annexin-V assay in vitro. Ultrastructural alterations in the cells were examined via electron microscopy. Tissue acetylation alterations were identified by non-labelled quantitative acetylation via proteomics. Protein or mRNA expression in cells and tissues was determined by western blot analysis or real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The levels of inflammatory cytokines and mediators in the serum and supernatants were measured via enzyme-linked immunoassay. Results There were closely positive correlations between eCIRP and inflammatory mediators, and between eCIRP and TBI markers in human and mouse serum. Neural-specific eCIRP KO decreased hemispheric volume loss and neuronal apoptosis and alleviated glial cell activation and neurological function damage after TBI. In contrast, eCIRP treatment resulted in endoplasmic reticulum disruption and ER stress (ERS)-related death of neurons and enhanced inflammatory mediators by glial cells. Mechanistically, we noted that eCIRP-induced neural apoptosis was associated with the activation of the protein kinase RNA-like ER kinase-activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4)-C/EBP homologous protein signalling pathway, and that eCIRP-induced microglial inflammation was associated with histone H3 acetylation and the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. Conclusions These results suggest that TBI obviously enhances the secretion of eCIRP, thereby resulting in neural damage and inflammation in TBI. eCIRP may be a biomarker of TBI that can mediate the apoptosis of neuronal cells through the ERS apoptotic pathway and regulate the inflammatory response of microglia via histone modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-xiao Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Medical Center of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ming Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Medical Center of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yang Yu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medical Science, Sixth Medical Center of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100037, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing-peng Liu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medical Science, Sixth Medical Center of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100037, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wen-jia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 100071, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ren-qi Yao
- Translational Medicine Research Center, Medical Innovation Research Division and Fourth Medical Center of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seventh Medical Center of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100700, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rong-li Yang
- Intensive Care Unit, Dalian Municipal Central Hospital Affiliated Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116033, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yao Wu
- Translational Medicine Research Center, Medical Innovation Research Division and Fourth Medical Center of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ning Dong
- Translational Medicine Research Center, Medical Innovation Research Division and Fourth Medical Center of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yang Cao
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Medical Center of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shou-chun Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Medical Center of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qin-hong Zhang
- Translational Medicine Research Center, Medical Innovation Research Division and Fourth Medical Center of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, People’s Republic of China
| | - Run-min Yan
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Medical Center of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yong-ming Yao
- Translational Medicine Research Center, Medical Innovation Research Division and Fourth Medical Center of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, People’s Republic of China
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Dai H, Zhou Y, Lu Y, Zhang X, Zhuang Z, Gao Y, Liu G, Chen C, Ma J, Li W, Hang C. Decreased Expression of CIRP Induced by Therapeutic Hypothermia Correlates with Reduced Early Brain Injury after Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11123411. [PMID: 35743480 PMCID: PMC9225369 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11123411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Early brain injury is considered to be a primary reason for the poor prognosis of patients suffering from subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Due to its pro-inflammatory activity, cold-inducible RNA-binding protein (CIRP) has been implicated in the ischemic brain insult, but its possible interplay with hypothermia in SAH treatment remains to be evaluated. One-hundred and thirty-eight Sprague-Dawley rats (300–350 g males) were randomly allocated into the following groups: sham-operated (Sham); SAH; and SAH + hypothermia (SAH + H), each comprised of 46 animals. After treatments, the brain tissues of the three groups were randomly collected after 12 h, 1 d, 3 d, and 7 d, and the expression levels of the CIRP and mitochondrial apoptosis pathway-related proteins Bax, Bcl-2, caspase-9, caspase-3, and cytochrome c measured using Western blotting and real-time PCR. Brain damage was assessed by TUNEL and Nissl staining, the electron microscopy of brain tissue slices as well as functional rotarod tests. Expression of CIRP, Bax, caspase-9, caspase-3, and cytochrome c as well as reduced motor function incidence were higher in the SAH group, particularly during the first 3 d after SAH induction. Hypothermia blunted these SAH responses and apoptosis, thereby indicating reduced inflammatory signaling and less brain cell injury in the early period after SAH. Hypothermia treatment was found to effectively protect the brain tissue from early SAH injury in a rat model and its further evaluation as a therapeutic modality in SAH patients requires further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibin Dai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China; (H.D.); (Y.Z.); (Y.L.); (Z.Z.); (Y.G.); (G.L.); (C.C.); (W.L.)
| | - Yan Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China; (H.D.); (Y.Z.); (Y.L.); (Z.Z.); (Y.G.); (G.L.); (C.C.); (W.L.)
| | - Yue Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China; (H.D.); (Y.Z.); (Y.L.); (Z.Z.); (Y.G.); (G.L.); (C.C.); (W.L.)
| | - Xiangsheng Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China;
| | - Zong Zhuang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China; (H.D.); (Y.Z.); (Y.L.); (Z.Z.); (Y.G.); (G.L.); (C.C.); (W.L.)
| | - Yongyue Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China; (H.D.); (Y.Z.); (Y.L.); (Z.Z.); (Y.G.); (G.L.); (C.C.); (W.L.)
| | - Guangjie Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China; (H.D.); (Y.Z.); (Y.L.); (Z.Z.); (Y.G.); (G.L.); (C.C.); (W.L.)
| | - Chunlei Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China; (H.D.); (Y.Z.); (Y.L.); (Z.Z.); (Y.G.); (G.L.); (C.C.); (W.L.)
| | - Jin Ma
- Department of Medical Equipment, School of Aerospace Medicine, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China
- Correspondence: (J.M.); (C.H.); Tel.: +86-29-84774825 (J.M.); +86-25-83106666 (C.H.)
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China; (H.D.); (Y.Z.); (Y.L.); (Z.Z.); (Y.G.); (G.L.); (C.C.); (W.L.)
| | - Chunhua Hang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China; (H.D.); (Y.Z.); (Y.L.); (Z.Z.); (Y.G.); (G.L.); (C.C.); (W.L.)
- Correspondence: (J.M.); (C.H.); Tel.: +86-29-84774825 (J.M.); +86-25-83106666 (C.H.)
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Downregulation of CIRP Prone Cells to Oxidative Injury via Regulating Nrf2 Signaling Pathway. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:2416787. [PMID: 35800223 PMCID: PMC9256419 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2416787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Cold-inducible RNA-binding protein (CIRP) is a cellular stress-response protein, whose expression can be induced by a variety of stress conditions. Our previous study showed that intracellular CIRP is a protective factor against cellular oxidative stress and silencing of CIRP gene prone cells to apoptosis. However, the underlying mechanism remains unknown. The present study was aimed at investigating the possible mechanisms underlying the protective role of CIRP in oxidative stress injury. Herein, we used HEK293T cells as our cell model to investigate the relation between CIRP and the possible antioxidant pathways by using the latest genetic silencing technologies. Our results showed that silencing CIRP by using SaiRNA-based genetic silencing tool leads to the downregulation of Nrf2 and Nrf2-regulated antioxidant genes in HEK293T cells. Taken together, our study identified the antioxidant Nrf2 signaling pathway as a downstream target of CIRP, and silencing CIRP may prone cells to apoptosis by downregulating the Nrf2 antioxidant pathway in response to oxidative injury.
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Usmanov ES, Chubarova MA, Saidov SK. Emerging Trends in the Use of Therapeutic Hypothermia as a Method for Neuroprotection in Brain Damage (Review). Sovrem Tekhnologii Med 2021; 12:94-104. [PMID: 34796010 PMCID: PMC8596265 DOI: 10.17691/stm2020.12.5.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The review analyzes current clinical studies on the use of therapeutic hypothermia as a neuroprotective method for treatment of brain damage. This method yields good outcomes in patients with acute brain injuries and chronic critical conditions. There has been shown the interest of researchers in studying the preventive potential of therapeutic hypothermia in secondary neuronal damage. There has been described participation of new molecules producing positive effect on tissues and cells of the central nervous system - proteins and hormones of cold stress - in the mechanisms of neuroprotection in the brain. The prospects of using targeted temperature management in treatment of brain damage are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Sh Usmanov
- Researcher, Laboratory of Clinical Neurophysiology; Federal Clinical Research Centre for Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, 777 Lytkino Village, Solnechnogorsk District, Moscow Region, 141534, Russia
| | - M A Chubarova
- Junior Researcher, Laboratory of Clinical Neurophysiology; Federal Clinical Research Centre for Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, 777 Lytkino Village, Solnechnogorsk District, Moscow Region, 141534, Russia
| | - Sh Kh Saidov
- Senior Researcher, Laboratory of Clinical Neurophysiology Federal Clinical Research Centre for Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, 777 Lytkino Village, Solnechnogorsk District, Moscow Region, 141534, Russia
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Liu H, Xu C, Bao M, Huang J, Zou L, Fan X, Zhu C, Xia W. Cold-inducible RNA-binding protein regulates cyclin B1 against spermatogenesis arrest caused by heat stress. Andrology 2021; 10:392-403. [PMID: 34628721 DOI: 10.1111/andr.13115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spermatogenesis arrest and spermatogenic cell apoptosis occur in the testes of heat-stressed mice. Although heat stress-induced spermatogenic cell apoptosis is due to the decreased expression of cold-inducible RNA-binding protein (CIRBP), it remains unclear whether spermatogenesis arrest is also affected by CIRBP. Additionally, the specific mechanism by which CIRBP regulates spermatogenic cell apoptosis or inhibits spermatogenesis remains to be elucidated. OBJECTIVES To investigate the mechanism by which CIRBP contributes to heat stress-induced testicular spermatogenesis arrest. MATERIALS AND METHODS Target mRNAs downstream of CIRBP in testicular tissue of BALB/c mice, exposed or not to heat stress, were sequenced. Sequencing data were subjected to bioinformatics analysis to identify key mRNAs and pathways associated with heat stress-induced spermatogenic damage. The link between CIRBP and its target mRNA Ccnb1 (cyclin B1) was verified by western blotting, flow cytometry, and RNA pulldown assays, and the ability of CIRBP to inhibit germ cell cycle arrest by regulating cyclin B1 expression was investigated in a mouse spermatocyte cell line (GC-2spd). RESULTS Changes in mRNA expression downstream of CIRBP were mainly associated with the cell cycle and RNA binding, transport and splicing. Cyclin B1 was found to regulate the G2/M transition during the first meiotic division of spermatogenic cells. Further, CIRBP was shown to bind directly to the 3'-untranslated region of Ccnb1 mRNA and was associated with cyclin B1-induced inhibition of spermatogenesis arrest. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION In conclusion, our results provide strong evidence that CIRBP may exert its key function in heat stress-induced testicular spermatogenic cell injury partly by regulating the expression of Ccnb1, the product of which inhibits spermatogenesis arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heyu Liu
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Department of Gynecology, Wuhan Third Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Chengcheng Xu
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Meng Bao
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jin Huang
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Liping Zou
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaorong Fan
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Changhong Zhu
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Xia
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Liao Y, Feng J, Sun W, Wu C, Li J, Jing T, Liang Y, Qian Y, Liu W, Wang H. CIRP promotes the progression of non-small cell lung cancer through activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling via CTNNB1. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2021; 40:275. [PMID: 34465343 PMCID: PMC8406911 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-021-02080-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cold-inducible RNA binding protein (CIRP) is a newly discovered proto-oncogene. In this study, we investigated the role of CIRP in the progression of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) using patient tissue samples, cultured cell lines and animal lung cancer models. METHODS Tissue arrays, IHC and HE staining, immunoblotting, and qRT-PCR were used to detect the indicated gene expression; plasmid and siRNA transfections as well as viral infection were used to manipulate gene expression; cell proliferation assay, cell cycle analysis, cell migration and invasion analysis, soft agar colony formation assay, tail intravenous injection and subcutaneous inoculation of animal models were performed to study the role of CIRP in NSCLC cells; Gene expression microarray was used to select the underlying pathways; and RNA immunoprecipitation assay, biotin pull-down assay, immunopurification assay, mRNA decay analyses and luciferase reporter assay were performed to elucidate the mechanisms. The log-rank (Mantel-Cox) test, independent sample T-test, nonparametric Mann-Whitney test, Spearman rank test and two-tailed independent sample T-test were used accordingly in our study. RESULTS Our data showed that CIRP was highly expressed in NSCLC tissue, and its level was negatively correlated with the prognosis of NSCLC patients. By manipulating CIRP expression in A549, H460, H1299, and H1650 cell lines, we demonstrated that CIRP overexpression promoted the transition of G1/G0 phase to S phase and the formation of an enhanced malignant phenotype of NSCLC, reflected by increased proliferation, enhanced invasion/metastasis and greater tumorigenic capabilities both in vitro and in vivo. Transcriptome sequencing further demonstrated that CIRP acted on the cell cycle, DNA replication and Wnt signaling pathway to exert its pro-oncogenic action. Mechanistically, CIRP directly bound to the 3'- and 5'-UTRs of CTNNB1 mRNA, leading to enhanced stability and translation of CTNNB1 mRNA and promoting IRES-mediated protein synthesis, respectively. Eventually, the increased CTNNB1 protein levels mediated excessive activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and its downstream targets C-myc, COX-2, CCND1, MMP7, VEGFA and CD44. CONCLUSION Our results support CIRP as a candidate oncogene in NSCLC and a potential target for NSCLC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liao
- The Central Laboratory, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital/First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518035, P. R. China
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, P. R. China
| | - Jianguo Feng
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Province, Luzhou, 646099, Sichuan, China
| | - Weichao Sun
- The Central Laboratory, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital/First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518035, P. R. China
| | - Chao Wu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, P. R. China
| | - Jingyao Li
- The Central Laboratory, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital/First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518035, P. R. China
| | - Tao Jing
- Department of Cardiology, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, P. R. China
| | - Yuteng Liang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital/First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518035, P. R. China
| | - Yonghui Qian
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital/First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518035, P. R. China
| | - Wenlan Liu
- The Central Laboratory, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital/First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518035, P. R. China.
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital/First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518035, P. R. China.
| | - Haidong Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, P. R. China.
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Horioka K, Tanaka H, Okaba K, Yamada S, Ishii N, Motomura A, Inoue H, Alkass K, Druid H, Yajima D. Hypothermia causes platelet activation in the human spleen. Thromb Res 2021; 205:47-55. [PMID: 34247097 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2021.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accidental hypothermia results in various dysfunctions in the human body. Additionally, coagulation disorder can lead to a life-threatening condition. We previously demonstrated that platelets stored in the spleen were activated and thus triggered coagulation disorder in a mouse model of hypothermia. In the present study, we wanted to investigate if this phenomenon in mice also occurs in humans as a reaction to hypothermia. METHODS We analyzed splenic tissue collected from 22 deceased subjects who have died from hypothermia. These samples were compared with 22 control cases not exposed to cold environment. We performed immunohistochemical staining for CD61 (a marker of all platelets) and CD62P (a marker of activated platelets). We also evaluated the morphology of platelets in the spleen with scanning electron microscopy. RESULTS Immunohistochemical analysis revealed no significant changes in the amounts of CD61-positive platelets between the hypothermia and control cases. However, the hypothermia cases contained abundant CD62P-positive platelets compared with those of the control cases. Immunohistochemical analysis also revealed that the activated platelets formed aggregates and adhered to splenic sinusoidal endothelial cells in the hypothermia cases. However, we observed no significant fibrin formation around the activated platelets. CONCLUSIONS Hypothermia resulted in splenic platelet activation, which may be used as a postmortem marker of hypothermia. The release of activated platelets from the spleen into to circulation upon rewarming may promote coagulation disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kie Horioka
- Department of Legal Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare, Japan; Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden.
| | - Hiroki Tanaka
- Division of Tumor Pathology, Department of Pathology, Asahikawa Medical University, Japan
| | - Keisuke Okaba
- Department of Legal Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare, Japan
| | - Shinnosuke Yamada
- Department of Anatomy, International University of Health and Welfare, Japan
| | - Namiko Ishii
- Department of Legal Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare, Japan
| | - Ayumi Motomura
- Department of Legal Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Inoue
- Department of Legal Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare, Japan
| | - Kanar Alkass
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
| | - Henrik Druid
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
| | - Daisuke Yajima
- Department of Legal Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare, Japan
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The Effects of Targeted Temperature Management on Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation/Reperfusion-Induced Injury and DAMP Release in Murine Primary Cardiomyocytes. Mediators Inflamm 2020. [DOI: 10.1155/2020/1234840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Ischemia/Reperfusion (I/R) is a primary cause of myocardial injury after acute myocardial infarction resulting in the release of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), which can induce a sterile inflammatory response in the myocardial penumbra. Targeted temperature management (TTM) after I/R has been established for neuroprotection, but the cardioprotective effect remains to be elucidated. Therefore, we investigated the effect of TTM on cell viability, immune response, and DAMP release during oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R) in murine primary cardiomyocytes. Methods. Primary cardiomyocytes from P1-3 mice were exposed to 2, 4, or 6 hours OGD (0.2% oxygen in medium without glucose and serum) followed by 6, 12, or 24 hours simulated reperfusion (21% oxygen in complete medium). TTM at 33.5°C was initiated intra-OGD, and a control group was maintained at 37°C normoxia. Necrosis was assessed by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release and apoptosis by caspase-3 activation. OGD-induced DAMP secretions were assessed by Western blotting. Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cytokines, and antiapoptotic RBM3 and CIRBP gene expressions were measured by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Results. Increasing duration of OGD resulted in a transition from apoptotic programmed cell death to necrosis, as observed by decreasing caspase-3 cleavage and increasing LDH release. DAMP release and iNOS expression correlated with increasing necrosis and were effectively attenuated by TTM initiated during OGD. Moreover, TTM induced expression of antiapoptotic RBM3 and CIRBP. Conclusion. TTM protects the myocardium by attenuating cardiomyocyte necrosis induced by OGD and caspase-3 activation, possibly via induction of antiapoptotic RBM3 and CIRBP expressions, during reperfusion. OGD induces increased Hsp70 and CIRBP releases, but HMGB-1 is the dominant mediator of inflammation secreted by cardiomyocytes after prolonged exposure. TTM has the potential to attenuate DAMP release.
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Sharma A, Brenner M, Wang P. Potential Role of Extracellular CIRP in Alcohol-Induced Alzheimer's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:5000-5010. [PMID: 32827106 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02075-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the sixth leading cause of death in the USA and the most common form of neurodegenerative dementia. In AD, microtubule-associated protein tau becomes pathologically phosphorylated and aggregated, leading to neurodegeneration and the cognitive deficits that characterize the disease. Prospective studies have shown that frequent and heavy alcohol drinking is linked to early onset and increased severity of AD. The precise mechanisms of how alcohol leads to AD, however, remain poorly understood. We have shown that extracellular cold-inducible RNA-binding protein (eCIRP) is a critical mediator of memory impairment induced by exposure to binge-drinking levels of alcohol, leading us to reason that eCIRP may be a key player in the relationship between alcohol and AD. In this review, we first discuss the mechanisms by which alcohol promotes AD. We then review eCIRP's role as a critical mediator of acute alcohol intoxication-induced neuroinflammation and cognitive impairment. Next, we explore the potential contribution of eCIRP to the development of alcohol-induced AD by targeting tau phosphorylation. We also consider the effects of eCIRP on neuronal death and neurogenesis linking alcohol with AD. Finally, we highlight the importance of further studying eCIRP as a critical molecular mechanism connecting acute alcohol intoxication, neuroinflammation, and tau phosphorylation in AD along with the potential of therapeutically targeting eCIRP as a new strategy to attenuate alcohol-induced AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archna Sharma
- Center for Immunology and Inflammation, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, 350 Community Dr, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Max Brenner
- Center for Immunology and Inflammation, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, 350 Community Dr, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Ping Wang
- Center for Immunology and Inflammation, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, 350 Community Dr, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA. .,Department of Molecular Medicine, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA. .,Department of Surgery, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA.
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Chen M, Fu H, Zhang J, Huang H, Zhong P. CIRP downregulation renders cardiac cells prone to apoptosis in heart failure. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 517:545-550. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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12
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Roilo M, Kullmann MK, Hengst L. Cold-inducible RNA-binding protein (CIRP) induces translation of the cell-cycle inhibitor p27Kip1. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 46:3198-3210. [PMID: 29361038 PMCID: PMC5888589 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkx1317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The CDK inhibitor p27Kip1 plays a central role in controlling cell proliferation and cell-cycle exit. p27Kip1 protein levels oscillate during cell-cycle progression and are regulated by mitogen or anti-proliferative signaling. The abundance of the protein is frequently determined by post-transcriptional mechanisms including ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis and translational control. Here, we report that the cold-inducible RNA-binding protein (CIRP) selectively binds to the 5′ untranslated region of the p27Kip1 mRNA. CIRP is induced, modified and relocalized in response to various stress stimuli and can regulate cell survival and cell proliferation particularly during stress. Binding of CIRP to the 5′UTR of the p27Kip1 mRNA significantly enhanced reporter translation. In cells exposed to mild hypothermia, the induction of CIRP correlated with increased translation of a p27Kip1 5′UTR reporter and with the accumulation of p27Kip1 protein. shRNA-mediated CIRP knockdown could prevent the induction of translation. We found that p27Kip1 is central for the decreased proliferation at lower temperature, since p27Kip1 KO mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) hardly increased their doubling time in hypothermic conditions, whereas wild-type MEFs significantly delayed proliferation in response to cold stress. This suggests that the CIRP-dependent p27Kip1 upregulation during mild hypothermia contributes to the cold shock-induced inhibition of cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Roilo
- Division of Medical Biochemistry, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Michael K Kullmann
- Division of Medical Biochemistry, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Ludger Hengst
- Division of Medical Biochemistry, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
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Cold-inducible RNA-binding protein as a novel target to alleviate blood–brain barrier damage induced by cardiopulmonary bypass. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2019; 157:986-996.e5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2018.08.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Jackson TC, Kochanek PM. A New Vision for Therapeutic Hypothermia in the Era of Targeted Temperature Management: A Speculative Synthesis. Ther Hypothermia Temp Manag 2019; 9:13-47. [PMID: 30802174 PMCID: PMC6434603 DOI: 10.1089/ther.2019.0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Three decades of animal studies have reproducibly shown that hypothermia is profoundly cerebroprotective during or after a central nervous system (CNS) insult. The success of hypothermia in preclinical acute brain injury has not only fostered continued interest in research on the classic secondary injury mechanisms that are prevented or blunted by hypothermia but has also sparked a surge of new interest in elucidating beneficial signaling molecules that are increased by cooling. Ironically, while research into cold-induced neuroprotection is enjoying newfound interest in chronic neurodegenerative disease, conversely, the scope of the utility of therapeutic hypothermia (TH) across the field of acute brain injury is somewhat controversial and remains to be fully defined. This has led to the era of Targeted Temperature Management, which emphasizes a wider range of temperatures (33–36°C) showing benefit in acute brain injury. In this comprehensive review, we focus on our current understandings of the novel neuroprotective mechanisms activated by TH, and discuss the critical importance of developmental age germane to its clinical efficacy. We review emerging data on four cold stress hormones and three cold shock proteins that have generated new interest in hypothermia in the field of CNS injury, to create a framework for new frontiers in TH research. We make the case that further elucidation of novel cold responsive pathways might lead to major breakthroughs in the treatment of acute brain injury, chronic neurological diseases, and have broad potential implications for medicines of the distant future, including scenarios such as the prevention of adverse effects of long-duration spaceflight, among others. Finally, we introduce several new phrases that readily summarize the essence of the major concepts outlined by this review—namely, Ultramild Hypothermia, the “Responsivity of Cold Stress Pathways,” and “Hypothermia in a Syringe.”
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis C Jackson
- 1 John G. Rangos Research Center, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,2 Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Patrick M Kochanek
- 1 John G. Rangos Research Center, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,2 Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Xia Z, Wang W, Xiao Q, Ye Q, Zhang X, Wang Y. Mild Hypothermia Protects Renal Function in Ischemia-reperfusion Kidney: An Experimental Study in Mice. Transplant Proc 2018; 50:3816-3821. [PMID: 30577273 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2018.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mild hypothermia reduces the damage caused by hypoxia and oxidative stress, but how this happens is not very clear. Mice were anesthetized and their core body temperature was maintained at 38 ± 0.5°C and 32 ± 0.5°C. The renal artery and renal veins were blocked for 35 minutes and reperfusion was performed. Twenty-four hours later, serum was obtained to detect the concentrations of creatinine. The expression of CIRP, TRX, Bcl-2, and Bax were detected in tissue samples using Western blot. Apoptosis was measured using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling and the apoptosis rates were calculated. SOD and MDA were detected to determine the extent of oxidative damage in different groups. The concentration of creatinine in the NC group was 2.11 ± 0.39 mg/dL. Compared to the IR group, the concentration of creatinine decreased in MH+IR group and showed a significant statistical difference (8.74 ± 1.38 mg/dL vs 15.36 ± 2.13 mg/dL, P < .01); the apoptosis rate also decreased with statistical significance (15.02 ± 1.45% vs 37.02 ± 5.70%, P < .01). Compared to the IR group, the expression of CIRP, TRX, and the Bcl-2/Bax ratio significantly increased in the MH+IR group. The SOD activity in the MH+IR group increased (26.90 ± 4.41 U/mgprot vs 16.85 ± 2.41 U/mgprot, P < .05) and the MDA level decreased (0.76 ± 0.18 nmol/mgprot vs 1.37 ± 0.32 nmol/mgprot, P < .05) compared to those of the IR group. Mild hypothermia protects mice kidneys from ischemia-reperfusion damage by reducing oxidative stress injury and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Xia
- 3rd Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Research Center of National Health Ministry on Transplantation Medicine Engineering and Technology, Changsha, P.R. China
| | - W Wang
- Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Institute of Hepatobiliary Diseases of Wuhan University, Transplant Center of Wuhan University, Hubei Key Laboratory of Medical Technology on Transplantation, Wuhan Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Q Xiao
- 3rd Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Research Center of National Health Ministry on Transplantation Medicine Engineering and Technology, Changsha, P.R. China
| | - Q Ye
- 3rd Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Research Center of National Health Ministry on Transplantation Medicine Engineering and Technology, Changsha, P.R. China; Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Institute of Hepatobiliary Diseases of Wuhan University, Transplant Center of Wuhan University, Hubei Key Laboratory of Medical Technology on Transplantation, Wuhan Hubei, P.R. China.
| | - X Zhang
- Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Institute of Hepatobiliary Diseases of Wuhan University, Transplant Center of Wuhan University, Hubei Key Laboratory of Medical Technology on Transplantation, Wuhan Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Y Wang
- Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Institute of Hepatobiliary Diseases of Wuhan University, Transplant Center of Wuhan University, Hubei Key Laboratory of Medical Technology on Transplantation, Wuhan Hubei, P.R. China
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Zhao HL, Wu BQ, Luo Y, Zhang WY, Hao YL, Liang JJ, Fang F, Liu W, Chen XH. Exogenous hydrogen sulfide ameliorates high glucose-induced myocardial injury & inflammation via the CIRP-MAPK signaling pathway in H9c2 cardiac cells. Life Sci 2018; 208:315-324. [PMID: 29857073 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.05.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a novel signaling molecule with potent cytoprotective actions. In this study, we hypothesize that exogenous H2S may protect cardiac cells against high glucose (HG)-induced myocardial injury and inflammation with the involvement of the CIRP-MAPK signaling pathway. MAIN METHODS H9c2 cardiac cells cultured under HG conditions were transfected with siRNA and different inhibitor for detecting the effects of sodium hydrogen sulfide (NaHS) (a H2S donor) on cell biological processes. The cardiac cell viability and LDH activity were determined by CCK-8 and LDH kit. ELISA was employed to measure the levels of inflammatory factors, while 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) to evaluate reactive oxygen species (ROS). Mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) was identified by rhodamine 123 staining. TUNEL staining and Hoechst 33258 staining were employed to observe cardiac cell apoptosis. Besides, we determined the expression of CIRP-MAPK signaling pathway- and apoptosis-related factors by protein immunoblot analysis. KEY FINDINGS HG culturing induced toxicity, LDH, higher level of inflammatory factors, ROS, MMP, and apoptosis in cardiac cells, attenuated the viability of cardiac cells, and activated the CIRP-MAPK signaling pathway. Notably, CIRP silencing aggravated the above condition. H2S or blockade of the MAPK signaling pathway reversed the above conditions induced by HG. SIGNIFICANCE The present study provides evidence for the protective effect of exogenous H2S on HG-induced myocardial injury and inflammation in H9c2 cardiac cells and suggests that the activation of CIRP-MAPK signaling pathway might be one of the mechanisms underlying the protective effect of H2S.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Lei Zhao
- Department of Geriatrics and Cardiovascular Medicine, Shenzhen Sun Yat-Sen Cardiovascular Hospital, Shenzhen 518112, PR China
| | - Bao-Quan Wu
- Department of Geriatrics and Cardiovascular Medicine, Shenzhen Sun Yat-Sen Cardiovascular Hospital, Shenzhen 518112, PR China
| | - Ying Luo
- Department of Geriatrics and Cardiovascular Medicine, Shenzhen Sun Yat-Sen Cardiovascular Hospital, Shenzhen 518112, PR China
| | - Wen-Ying Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics and Cardiovascular Medicine, Shenzhen Sun Yat-Sen Cardiovascular Hospital, Shenzhen 518112, PR China
| | - Yun-Ling Hao
- Department of Geriatrics and Cardiovascular Medicine, Shenzhen Sun Yat-Sen Cardiovascular Hospital, Shenzhen 518112, PR China
| | - Jin-Jie Liang
- Department of Geriatrics and Cardiovascular Medicine, Shenzhen Sun Yat-Sen Cardiovascular Hospital, Shenzhen 518112, PR China
| | - Fang Fang
- Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Wei Liu
- Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Xie-Hui Chen
- Department of Geriatrics and Cardiovascular Medicine, Shenzhen Sun Yat-Sen Cardiovascular Hospital, Shenzhen 518112, PR China.
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Recent progress in the research of cold-inducible RNA-binding protein. Future Sci OA 2017; 3:FSO246. [PMID: 29134130 PMCID: PMC5674272 DOI: 10.4155/fsoa-2017-0077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cold-inducible RNA-binding protein (CIRP) is a cold-shock protein which can be induced after exposure to a moderate cold-shock in different species ranging from amphibians to humans. Expression of CIRP can also be regulated by hypoxia, UV radiation, glucose deprivation, heat stress and H2O2, suggesting that CIRP is a general stress-response protein. In response to stress, CIRP can migrate from the nucleus to the cytoplasm and regulate mRNA stability through its binding site on the 3'-UTR of its targeted mRNAs. Through the regulation of its targets, CIRP has been implicated in multiple cellular process such as cell proliferation, cell survival, circadian modulation, telomere maintenance and tumor formation and progression. In addition, CIRP can also exert its functions by directly interacting with intracellular signaling proteins. Moreover, CIRP can be secreted out of cells. Extracellular CIRP functions as a damage-associated molecular pattern to promote inflammatory responses and plays an important role in both acute and chronic inflammatory diseases. Here, we summarize novel findings of CIRP investigation and hope to provide insights into the role of CIRP in cell biology and diseases.
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Establishment of an ideal time window model in hypothermic-targeted temperature management after traumatic brain injury in rats. Brain Res 2017. [PMID: 28629741 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2017.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Although hypothermic-targeted temperature management (HTTM) holds great potential for the treatment of traumatic brain injury (TBI), translation of the efficacy of hypothermia from animal models to TBI patientshas no entire consistency. This study aimed to find an ideal time window model in experimental rats which was more in accordance with clinical practice through the delayed HTTM intervention. Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to unilateral cortical contusion injury and received therapeutic hypothermia at 15mins, 2 h, 4 h respectively after TBI. The neurological function was evaluated with the modified neurological severity score and Morris water maze test. The brain edema and morphological changes were measured with the water content and H&E staining. Brain sections were immunostained with antibodies against DCX (a neuroblast marker) and GFAP (an astrocyte marker). The apoptosis levels in the ipsilateral hippocampi and cortex were examined with antibodies against the apoptotic proteins Bcl-2, Bax, and cleaved caspase-3 by the immunofluorescence and western blotting. The results indicated that each hypothermia therapy group could improve neurobehavioral and cognitive function, alleviate brain edema and reduce inflammation. Furthermore, we observed that therapeutic hypothermia increased DCX expression, decreased GFAP expression, upregulated Bcl-2 expression and downregulated Bax and cleaved Caspase-3 expression. The above results suggested that HTTM at 2h or even at 4h post-injury revealed beneficial brain protection similarly, despite the best effect at 15min post-injury. These findings may provide relatively ideal time window models, further making the following experimental results more credible and persuasive.
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