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Zhou Z, Luo D, Li M, Lao G, Zhou Z, Dinnyés A, Xu W, Sun Q. A Novel Multicellular Placental Barrier Model to Investigate the Effect of Maternal Aflatoxin B 1 Exposure on Fetal-Side Neural Stem Cells. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:toxins15050312. [PMID: 37235346 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15050312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Ingestion of food toxins such as aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) during pregnancy may impair fetal neurodevelopment. However, animal model results may not be accurate due to the species' differences, and testing on humans is ethically impermissible. Here, we developed an in vitro human maternal-fetal multicellular model composed of a human hepatic compartment, a bilayer placental barrier, and a human fetal central nervous system compartment using neural stem cells (NSCs) to investigate the effect of AFB1 on fetal-side NSCs. AFB1 passed through the HepG2 hepatocellular carcinoma cells to mimic the maternal metabolic effects. Importantly, even at the limited concentration (0.0641 ± 0.0046 μM) of AFB1, close to the national safety level standard of China (GB-2761-2011), the mixture of AFB1 crossing the placental barrier induced NSC apoptosis. The level of reactive oxygen species in NSCs was significantly elevated and the cell membrane was damaged, causing the release of intracellular lactate dehydrogenase (p < 0.05). The comet experiment and γ-H2AX immunofluorescence assay showed that AFB1 caused significant DNA damage to NSCs (p < 0.05). This study provided a new model for the toxicological evaluation of the effect of food mycotoxin exposure during pregnancy on fetal neurodevelopment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment Ministry of the Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Dongmei Luo
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment Ministry of the Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Mengxue Li
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment Ministry of the Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Guangjie Lao
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment Ministry of the Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhou
- Department of Food Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - András Dinnyés
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment Ministry of the Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
- BioTalentum Ltd., Aulich Lajos Str. 26, 2100 Godollo, Hungary
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Wenming Xu
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
- Reproductive Endocrinology and Regulation Laboratory West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Qun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment Ministry of the Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
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2
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Scalabrino G. Newly Identified Deficiencies in the Multiple Sclerosis Central Nervous System and Their Impact on the Remyelination Failure. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10040815. [PMID: 35453565 PMCID: PMC9026986 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10040815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS) remains enigmatic and controversial. Myelin sheaths in the central nervous system (CNS) insulate axons and allow saltatory nerve conduction. MS brings about the destruction of myelin sheaths and the myelin-producing oligodendrocytes (ODCs). The conundrum of remyelination failure is, therefore, crucial in MS. In this review, the roles of epidermal growth factor (EGF), normal prions, and cobalamin in CNS myelinogenesis are briefly summarized. Thereafter, some findings of other authors and ourselves on MS and MS-like models are recapitulated, because they have shown that: (a) EGF is significantly decreased in the CNS of living or deceased MS patients; (b) its repeated administration to mice in various MS-models prevents demyelination and inflammatory reaction; (c) as was the case for EGF, normal prion levels are decreased in the MS CNS, with a strong correspondence between liquid and tissue levels; and (d) MS cobalamin levels are increased in the cerebrospinal fluid, but decreased in the spinal cord. In fact, no remyelination can occur in MS if these molecules (essential for any form of CNS myelination) are lacking. Lastly, other non-immunological MS abnormalities are reviewed. Together, these results have led to a critical reassessment of MS pathogenesis, partly because EGF has little or no role in immunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Scalabrino
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
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3
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Chronic IL-10 overproduction disrupts microglia-neuron dialogue similar to aging, resulting in impaired hippocampal neurogenesis and spatial memory. Brain Behav Immun 2022; 101:231-245. [PMID: 34990747 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus is an adult neurogenic niche where new neurons are continuously generated. A dramatic hippocampal neurogenesis decline occurs with increasing age, contributing to cognitive deficits. The process of neurogenesis is intimately regulated by the microenvironment, with inflammation being considered a strong negative factor for this process. Thus, we hypothesize that the reduction of new neurons in the aged brain could be attributed to the age-related microenvironmental changes towards a pro-inflammatory status. In this work, we evaluated whether an anti-inflammatory microenvironment could counteract the negative effect of age on promoting new hippocampal neurons. Surprisingly, our results show that transgenic animals chronically overexpressing IL-10 by astrocytes present a decreased hippocampal neurogenesis in adulthood. This results from an impairment in the survival of neural newborn cells without differences in cell proliferation. In parallel, hippocampal-dependent spatial learning and memory processes were affected by IL-10 overproduction as assessed by the Morris water maze test. Microglial cells, which are key players in the neurogenesis process, presented a different phenotype in transgenic animals characterized by high activation together with alterations in receptors involved in neuronal communication, such as CD200R and CX3CR1. Interestingly, the changes described in adult transgenic animals were similar to those observed by the effect of normal aging. Thus, our data suggest that chronic IL-10 overproduction mimics the physiological age-related disruption of the microglia-neuron dialogue, resulting in hippocampal neurogenesis decrease and spatial memory impairment.
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4
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Nuninga JO, Mandl RCW, Siero J, Nieuwdorp W, Heringa SM, Boks MP, Somers M, Sommer IEC. Shape and volume changes of the superior lateral ventricle after electroconvulsive therapy measured with ultra-high field MRI. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2021; 317:111384. [PMID: 34537602 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2021.111384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The subventricular zone (SVZ) of the lateral ventricles harbors neuronal stem cells in adult mammals. Rodent studies report neurogenic effects in the SVZ of electroconvulsive stimulation. We hypothesize that if this finding translates to depressed patients undergoing electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), this would be reflected in shape changes at the SVZ. Using T1-weighted MR images acquired at ultra-high field strength (7T), the shape and volume of the ventricles were compared from pre to post ECT after 10 ECT sessions (in patients twice weekly) or 5 weeks apart (controls) using linear mixed models with age and gender as covariates. Ventricle shape significantly changed and volume significantly decreased over time in patients for the left ventricle, but not in controls. The decrease in volume of the ventricles was associated to a decrease in depression scores, and an increase in the left dentate gyrus, However, the shape changes of the ventricles were not restricted to the neurogenic niche in the lateral walls of the ventricles, providing no clear evidence for neurogenesis as sole explanation of volume changes in the ventricles after ECT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasper O Nuninga
- University Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - René C W Mandl
- Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Siero
- Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Spinoza Centre for Neuroimaging, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Wendy Nieuwdorp
- Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Sophie M Heringa
- Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Marco P Boks
- Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Metten Somers
- Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Iris E C Sommer
- University Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, Groningen, the Netherlands
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5
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Diversity of Adult Neural Stem and Progenitor Cells in Physiology and Disease. Cells 2021; 10:cells10082045. [PMID: 34440814 PMCID: PMC8392301 DOI: 10.3390/cells10082045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult neural stem and progenitor cells (NSPCs) contribute to learning, memory, maintenance of homeostasis, energy metabolism and many other essential processes. They are highly heterogeneous populations that require input from a regionally distinct microenvironment including a mix of neurons, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, ependymal cells, NG2+ glia, vasculature, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and others. The diversity of NSPCs is present in all three major parts of the CNS, i.e., the brain, spinal cord, and retina. Intrinsic and extrinsic signals, e.g., neurotrophic and growth factors, master transcription factors, and mechanical properties of the extracellular matrix (ECM), collectively regulate activities and characteristics of NSPCs: quiescence/survival, proliferation, migration, differentiation, and integration. This review discusses the heterogeneous NSPC populations in the normal physiology and highlights their potentials and roles in injured/diseased states for regenerative medicine.
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6
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Reiche L, Göttle P, Lane L, Duek P, Park M, Azim K, Schütte J, Manousi A, Schira-Heinen J, Küry P. C21orf91 Regulates Oligodendroglial Precursor Cell Fate-A Switch in the Glial Lineage? Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:653075. [PMID: 33796011 PMCID: PMC8008080 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.653075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropathological diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) are frequently associated with impaired differentiation of the oligodendroglial cell lineage and subsequent alterations in white matter structure and dynamics. Down syndrome (DS), or trisomy 21, is the most common genetic cause for cognitive impairments and intellectual disability (ID) and is associated with a reduction in the number of neurons and oligodendrocytes, as well as with hypomyelination and astrogliosis. Recent studies mainly focused on neuronal development in DS and underestimated the role of glial cells as pathogenic players. This also relates to C21ORF91, a protein considered a key modulator of aberrant CNS development in DS. We investigated the role of C21orf91 ortholog in terms of oligodendrogenesis and myelination using database information as well as through cultured primary oligodendroglial precursor cells (OPCs). Upon modulation of C21orf91 gene expression, we found this factor to be important for accurate oligodendroglial differentiation, influencing their capacity to mature and to myelinate axons. Interestingly, C21orf91 overexpression initiates a cell population coexpressing astroglial- and oligodendroglial markers indicating that elevated C21orf91 expression levels induce a gliogenic shift towards the astrocytic lineage reflecting non-equilibrated glial cell populations in DS brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Reiche
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Peter Göttle
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Lydie Lane
- CALIPHO Group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Paula Duek
- CALIPHO Group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Mina Park
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Kasum Azim
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jana Schütte
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Anastasia Manousi
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jessica Schira-Heinen
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Patrick Küry
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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7
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DCX + neuronal progenitors contribute to new oligodendrocytes during remyelination in the hippocampus. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20095. [PMID: 33208869 PMCID: PMC7674453 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77115-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A pool of different types of neural progenitor cells resides in the adult hippocampus. Apart from doublecortin-expressing (DCX+) neuronal progenitor cells (NPCs), the hippocampal parenchyma also contains oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs), which can differentiate into myelinating oligodendrocytes. It is not clear yet to what extent the functions of these different progenitor cell types overlap and how plastic these cells are in response to pathological processes. The aim of this study was to investigate whether hippocampal DCX+ NPCs can generate new oligodendrocytes under conditions in which myelin repair is required. For this, the cell fate of DCX-expressing NPCs was analyzed during cuprizone-induced demyelination and subsequent remyelination in two regions of the hippocampal dentate gyrus of DCX-CreERT2/Flox-EGFP transgenic mice. In this DCX reporter model, the number of GFP+ NPCs co-expressing Olig2 and CC1, a combination of markers typically found in mature oligodendrocytes, was significantly increased in the hippocampal DG during remyelination. In contrast, the numbers of GFP+PDGFRα+ cells, as well as their proliferation, were unaffected by de- or remyelination. During remyelination, a higher portion of newly generated BrdU-labeled cells were GFP+ NPCs and there was an increase in new oligodendrocytes derived from these proliferating cells (GFP+Olig2+BrdU+). These results suggest that DCX-expressing NPCs were able to contribute to the generation of mature oligodendrocytes during remyelination in the adult hippocampus.
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8
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Rommer PS, Ellenberger D, Hellwig K, Haas J, Pöhlau D, Stahmann A, Zettl UK. Relapsing and progressive MS: the sex-specific perspective. Ther Adv Neurol Disord 2020; 13:1756286420956495. [PMID: 33029201 PMCID: PMC7521047 DOI: 10.1177/1756286420956495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory and neurodegenerative
disease whose aetiology is not fully understood. The female sex
is clearly predominant, with a sex ratio between 2 and 3. In
primary progressive MS the sex ratio almost balances out. Since
the age at onset is higher for patients with progressive onset
(POMS) than for relapsing onset (ROMS), it can be hypothesized
that the age at onset is a decisive factor for the sex
ratio. Methods: To address this aspect, we compare clinical and demographic data
between females and males for the different disease courses
within the population of the German MS Register by the German MS
Society. Only patients with complete details in mandatory data
items and a follow-up visit since 01. Jan 2018 were
included. Results: A total of 18,728 patients were included in our analyses, revealing
a female-to-male ratio of 2.6 (2.7 for patients with ROMS and
1.3 for POMS). The age at diagnosis is higher in patients with
POMS (43.3 and 42.3 years for females and males
versus 32.1 and 33.2 years,
respectively). Females irrespective of disease course are
statistically significantly more often affected by cognitive
impairment (POMS: p = 0.013, ROMS:
p = 0.001) and depression (POMS:
p = 0.002, ROMS: 0.001) and suffer more
often from pain (POMS and ROMS: p < 0.001).
Fatigue is significantly more often seen in females with ROMS
(p < 0.001) but not in POMS. Females
with ROMS retire significantly (p < 0.001)
earlier (42.8 versus 44.2 years) and to a
greater extent than males (28 versus 24%).
Disease progression was similar for women and men. Conclusion: Our analysis shows that clinical and demographic data differ more
between disease courses than between men and women. For pain,
depression and cognitive impairment the female sex is the
decisive factor. Whether these factors are responsible for the
earlier retirement of females with ROMS is not clear.
Appropriate measures for optimization of symptomatic treatment
as well as to promote employment should be taken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulus Stefan Rommer
- Department of Neurology, Neuroimmunological Section, University of Rostock, Gehlsheimer Straße 20, Rostock, 18147, Germany
| | - David Ellenberger
- German MS-Register by the German MS Society, MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH, Hannover, Germany
| | - Kerstin Hellwig
- Department of Neurology, Katholisches Klinikum Bochum, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Judith Haas
- Centre for Multiple Sclerosis, Jewish Hospital Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dieter Pöhlau
- Department of Neurology, German Red Cross-Kamillus-Clinic, Asbach, Germany
| | - Alexander Stahmann
- German MS-Register by the German MS Society, MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH, Hannover, Germany
| | - Uwe Klaus Zettl
- Department of Neurology, Neuroimmunological Section, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
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Vancamp P, Butruille L, Demeneix BA, Remaud S. Thyroid Hormone and Neural Stem Cells: Repair Potential Following Brain and Spinal Cord Injury. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:875. [PMID: 32982671 PMCID: PMC7479247 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by chronic neuronal and/or glial cell loss, while traumatic injury is often accompanied by the acute loss of both. Multipotent neural stem cells (NSCs) in the adult mammalian brain spontaneously proliferate, forming neuronal and glial progenitors that migrate toward lesion sites upon injury. However, they fail to replace neurons and glial cells due to molecular inhibition and the lack of pro-regenerative cues. A major challenge in regenerative biology therefore is to unveil signaling pathways that could override molecular brakes and boost endogenous repair. In physiological conditions, thyroid hormone (TH) acts on NSC commitment in the subventricular zone, and the subgranular zone, the two largest NSC niches in mammals, including humans. Here, we discuss whether TH could have beneficial actions in various pathological contexts too, by evaluating recent data obtained in mammalian models of multiple sclerosis (MS; loss of oligodendroglial cells), Alzheimer’s disease (loss of neuronal cells), stroke and spinal cord injury (neuroglial cell loss). So far, TH has shown promising effects as a stimulator of remyelination in MS models, while its role in NSC-mediated repair in other diseases remains elusive. Disentangling the spatiotemporal aspects of the injury-driven repair response as well as the molecular and cellular mechanisms by which TH acts, could unveil new ways to further exploit its pro-regenerative potential, while TH (ant)agonists with cell type-specific action could provide safer and more target-directed approaches that translate easier to clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter Vancamp
- Laboratory Molecular Physiology and Adaptation, CNRS UMR 7221, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Department Adaptations of Life, Paris, France
| | - Lucile Butruille
- Laboratory Molecular Physiology and Adaptation, CNRS UMR 7221, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Department Adaptations of Life, Paris, France
| | - Barbara A Demeneix
- Laboratory Molecular Physiology and Adaptation, CNRS UMR 7221, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Department Adaptations of Life, Paris, France
| | - Sylvie Remaud
- Laboratory Molecular Physiology and Adaptation, CNRS UMR 7221, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Department Adaptations of Life, Paris, France
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10
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Mecha M, Yanguas-Casás N, Feliú A, Mestre L, Carrillo-Salinas FJ, Riecken K, Gomez-Nicola D, Guaza C. Involvement of Wnt7a in the role of M2c microglia in neural stem cell oligodendrogenesis. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:88. [PMID: 32192522 PMCID: PMC7081569 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01734-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The participation of microglia in CNS development and homeostasis indicate that these cells are pivotal for the regeneration that occurs after demyelination. The clearance of myelin debris and the inflammatory-dependent activation of local oligodendrocyte progenitor cells in a demyelinated lesion is dependent on the activation of M2c microglia, which display both phagocytic and healing functions. Emerging interest has been raised about the role of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in oligodendrogenesis and myelination. Besides, cytokines and growth factors released by microglia can control the survival, proliferation, migration, and differentiation of neural stem cells (NSCs), contributing to remyelination through the oligodendrocyte specification of this adult neurogenic niche. Methods TMEV-IDD model was used to study the contribution of dorsal SVZ stem cells to newly born oligodendrocytes in the corpus callosum following demyelination by (i) en-face dorsal SVZ preparations; (ii) immunohistochemistry; and (iii) cellular tracking. By RT-PCR, we analyzed the expression of Wnt proteins in demyelinated and remyelinating corpus callosum. Using in vitro approaches with microglia cultures and embryonic NSCs, we studied the role of purified myelin, Wnt proteins, and polarized microglia-conditioned medium to NSC proliferation and differentiation. One-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni’s post-hoc test, or a Student’s t test were used to establish statistical significance. Results The demyelination caused by TMEV infection is paralleled by an increase in B1 cells and pinwheels in the dorsal SVZ, resulting in the mobilization of SVZ proliferative progenitors and their differentiation into mature oligodendrocytes. Demyelination decreased the gene expression of Wnt5a and Wnt7a, which was restored during remyelination. In vitro approaches show that Wnt3a enhances NSC proliferation, while Wnt7a and myelin debris promotes oligodendrogenesis from NSCs. As phagocytic M2c microglia secrete Wnt 7a, their conditioned media was found to induce Wnt/β-Catenin signaling in NSCs promoting an oligodendroglial fate. Conclusions We define here the contribution of microglia to Wnt production depending on their activation state, with M1 microglia secreting the Wnt5a protein and M2c microglia secreting Wnt7a. Collectively, our data reveal the role of reparative microglia in NSC oligodendrogenesis with the involvement of Wnt7a.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Mecha
- Departamento de Neurobiología Funcional y de Sistemas, Grupo de Neuroinmunología, Instituto Cajal, CSIC, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Natalia Yanguas-Casás
- Departamento de Neurobiología Funcional y de Sistemas, Grupo de Neuroinmunología, Instituto Cajal, CSIC, Madrid, Spain.,Present address: Grupo de Investigación en Linfomas, Instituto Investigación Sanitaria Puerta de Hierro-Segovia de Arana (IDIPHISA), Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Feliú
- Departamento de Neurobiología Funcional y de Sistemas, Grupo de Neuroinmunología, Instituto Cajal, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Leyre Mestre
- Departamento de Neurobiología Funcional y de Sistemas, Grupo de Neuroinmunología, Instituto Cajal, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Kristoffer Riecken
- Research Department Cell and Gene Therapy, Clinic for Stem Cell Transplantation, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Diego Gomez-Nicola
- Centre for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Carmen Guaza
- Departamento de Neurobiología Funcional y de Sistemas, Grupo de Neuroinmunología, Instituto Cajal, CSIC, Madrid, Spain.
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11
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Gender-specific effects of transthyretin on neural stem cell fate in the subventricular zone of the adult mouse. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19689. [PMID: 31873158 PMCID: PMC6927974 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56156-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Choroid plexus epithelial cells produce and secrete transthyretin (TTR). TTR binds and distributes thyroid hormone (TH) to brain cells via the cerebrospinal fluid. The adult murine subventricular zone (SVZ) is in close proximity to the choroid plexus. In the SVZ, TH determines neural stem cell (NSC) fate towards a neuronal or a glial cell. We investigated whether the loss of TTR also disrupted NSC fate choice. Our results show a decreased neurogenic versus oligodendrogenic balance in the lateroventral SVZ of Ttr knockout mice. This balance was also decreased in the dorsal SVZ, but only in Ttr knockout male mice, concomitant with an increased oligodendrocyte precursor density in the corpus callosum. Quantitative RTqPCR analysis following FACS-dissected SVZs, or marked-coupled microbeads sorting of in vitro neurospheres, showed elevated Ttr mRNA levels in neuronal cells, as compared to uncommitted precursor and glial cells. However, TTR protein was undetectable in vivo using immunostaining, and this despite the presence of Ttr mRNA-expressing SVZ cells. Altogether, our data demonstrate that TTR is an important factor in SVZ neuro- and oligodendrogenesis. They also reveal important gender-specific differences and spatial heterogeneity, providing new avenues for stimulating endogenous repair in neurodegenerative diseases.
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12
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Wang X, Wang Y, Wang L, Shi S, Yang C, Jiang W, Luan Z, Liu L, Yao R. Oligogenesis in the "oligovascular unit" involves PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling in hypoxic-ischemic neonatal mice. Brain Res Bull 2019; 155:81-91. [PMID: 31785301 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2019.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The "oligovascular unit" is a dynamic structural complex composed of endothelial cells (ECs) and oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs)/oligodendrocytes. By improving the microenvironment of OPCs in the "oligovascular unit" and promoting the proliferation and differentiation of OPCs, both myelination and white matter injury can be repaired. However, it is unclear what characteristic changes occur in the microenvironment of the "oligovascular unit" after preterm white matter injury (PWMI). Here, we demonstrate the changes in the "oligovascular unit" induced by hypoxia-ischemia (HI) and its underlying mechanism in PWMI mice. White matter injury and inhibited production of myelin from OPCs were observed by histopathological staining in HI neonatal mice. We further observed that the proliferation of OPCs and angiogenesis were increased after HI, which is considered the response of the body and cells to HI. HI-induced oligogenesis occurs around the vessels, indicating that "oligovascular units" exist and promote the proliferation and differentiation of OPCs after HI in the short term. We also determined that angiogenesis and oligogenesis induced by HI in the white matter are related to the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. Furthermore, the myelin sheaths were shown to be disordered on the side of the surgery, and the myelin-dense layer was poorly developed at P14 and P28. Different degrees of damage to the vascular ECs and basement membrane on the surgical side were detected beginning at P4, indicating that EC injury is an early phenomenon that subsequently affects oligogenesis. Taken together, our findings indicate that the proliferation of OPCs and angiogenesis in white matter are increased in the early stage of HI involving PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway activation. Promoting vascular endothelial function and angiogenesis may increase the proliferation and survival of OPCs via the "oligovascular unit," which suggests a potential method to repair injured white matter in the early stage of PWMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhou Wang
- The Center of Functional Experiment, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221009, PR China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221009, PR China; Department of Neurology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Pukou Hospital, Nanjing 210000, PR China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221009, PR China
| | - Senjun Shi
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221009, PR China
| | - Cheng Yang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221009, PR China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Pediatrics, The Sixth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100048, PR China
| | - Zuo Luan
- Pediatrics, The Sixth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100048, PR China
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Physiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221009, PR China.
| | - Ruiqin Yao
- Department of Neurobiology, Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221009, PR China.
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13
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Beyer F, Jadasz J, Samper Agrelo I, Schira-Heinen J, Groh J, Manousi A, Bütermann C, Estrada V, Reiche L, Cantone M, Vera J, Viganò F, Dimou L, Müller HW, Hartung HP, Küry P. Heterogeneous fate choice of genetically modulated adult neural stem cells in gray and white matter of the central nervous system. Glia 2019; 68:393-406. [PMID: 31633850 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Apart from dedicated oligodendroglial progenitor cells, adult neural stem cells (aNSCs) can also give rise to new oligodendrocytes in the adult central nervous system (CNS). This process mainly confers myelinating glial cell replacement in pathological situations and can hence contribute to glial heterogeneity. Our previous studies demonstrated that the p57kip2 gene encodes an intrinsic regulator of glial fate acquisition and we here investigated to what degree its modulation can affect stem cell-dependent oligodendrogenesis in different CNS environments. We therefore transplanted p57kip2 knockdown aNSCs into white and gray matter (WM and GM) regions of the mouse brain, into uninjured spinal cords as well as in the vicinity of spinal cord injuries and evaluated integration and differentiation in vivo. Our experiments revealed that under healthy conditions intrinsic suppression of p57kip2 as well as WM localization promote differentiation toward myelinating oligodendrocytes at the expense of astrocyte generation. Moreover, p57kip2 knockdown conferred a strong benefit on cell survival augmenting net oligodendrocyte generation. In the vicinity of hemisectioned spinal cords, the gene knockdown led to a similar induction of oligodendroglial features; however, newly generated oligodendrocytes appeared to suffer more from the hostile environment. This study contributes to our understanding of mechanisms of adult oligodendrogenesis and glial heterogeneity and further reveals critical factors when considering aNSC mediated cell replacement in injury and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Beyer
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Janusz Jadasz
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Iria Samper Agrelo
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jessica Schira-Heinen
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Janos Groh
- Department of Neurology, Developmental Neurobiology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Anastasia Manousi
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christine Bütermann
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Veronica Estrada
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Laura Reiche
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Martina Cantone
- Laboratory of Systems Tumor Immunology, Department of Dermatology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Julio Vera
- Laboratory of Systems Tumor Immunology, Department of Dermatology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Francesca Viganò
- Physiological Genomics, Institute of Physiology, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Leda Dimou
- Physiological Genomics, Institute of Physiology, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Hans Werner Müller
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Hartung
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Patrick Küry
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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14
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Gruchot J, Weyers V, Göttle P, Förster M, Hartung HP, Küry P, Kremer D. The Molecular Basis for Remyelination Failure in Multiple Sclerosis. Cells 2019; 8:cells8080825. [PMID: 31382620 PMCID: PMC6721708 DOI: 10.3390/cells8080825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Myelin sheaths in the central nervous system (CNS) insulate axons and thereby allow saltatory nerve conduction, which is a prerequisite for complex brain function. Multiple sclerosis (MS), the most common inflammatory autoimmune disease of the CNS, leads to the destruction of myelin sheaths and the myelin-producing oligodendrocytes, thus leaving behind demyelinated axons prone to injury and degeneration. Clinically, this process manifests itself in significant neurological symptoms and disability. Resident oligodendroglial precursor cells (OPCs) and neural stem cells (NSCs) are present in the adult brain, and can differentiate into mature oligodendrocytes which then remyelinate the demyelinated axons. However, for multiple reasons, in MS the regenerative capacity of these cell populations diminishes significantly over time, ultimately leading to neurodegeneration, which currently remains untreatable. In addition, microglial cells, the resident innate immune cells of the CNS, can contribute further to inflammatory and degenerative axonal damage. Here, we review the molecular factors contributing to remyelination failure in MS by inhibiting OPC and NSC differentiation or modulating microglial behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Gruchot
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Vivien Weyers
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Peter Göttle
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Moritz Förster
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Hartung
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Patrick Küry
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - David Kremer
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
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15
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Göttle P, Förster M, Weyers V, Küry P, Rejdak K, Hartung HP, Kremer D. An unmet clinical need: roads to remyelination in MS. Neurol Res Pract 2019; 1:21. [PMID: 33324887 PMCID: PMC7650135 DOI: 10.1186/s42466-019-0026-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In the central nervous system (CNS) myelin sheaths stabilize, protect, and electrically insulate axons. However, in demyelinating autoimmune CNS diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS) these sheaths are destroyed which ultimately leads to neurodegeneration. The currently available immunomodulatory drugs for MS effectively control the (auto)inflammatory facets of the disease but are unable to regenerate myelin by stimulating remyelination via oligodendroglial precursor cells (OPCs). Accordingly, there is broad consensus that the implementation of new regenerative approaches constitutes the prime goal for future MS pharmacotherapy. Main text Of note, recent years have seen several promising clinical studies investigating the potential of substances and monoclonal antibodies such as, for instance, clemastine, opicinumab, biotin, simvastatin, quetiapin and anti-GNbAC1. However, beyond these agents which have often been re-purposed from other medical indications there is a multitude of further molecules influencing OPC homeostasis. Here, we therefore discuss these possibly beneficial regulators of OPC differentiation and assess their potential as new pharmacological targets for myelin repair in MS. Conclusion Remyelination remains the most important therapeutic treatment goal in MS in order to improve clinical deficits and to avert neurodegeneration. The promising molecules presented in this review have the potential to promote remyelination and therefore warrant further translational and clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Göttle
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Moritz Förster
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Vivien Weyers
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Patrick Küry
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Konrad Rejdak
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Hans-Peter Hartung
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - David Kremer
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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16
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Winkler CC, Franco SJ. Loss of Shh signaling in the neocortex reveals heterogeneous cell recovery responses from distinct oligodendrocyte populations. Dev Biol 2019; 452:55-65. [PMID: 31071314 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2019.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The majority of oligodendrocytes in the neocortex originate from neural progenitors that reside in the dorsal forebrain. We recently showed that Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) signaling in these dorsal progenitors is required to produce normal numbers of neocortical oligodendrocytes during embryonic development. Conditional deletion of the Shh signaling effector, Smo, in dorsal progenitors caused a dramatic reduction in oligodendrocyte numbers in the embryonic neocortex. In the current study, we show that the depleted oligodendrocyte lineage in Smo conditional mutants is able to recover to control numbers over time. This eventual recovery is achieved in part by expansion of the ventrally-derived wild-type lineage that normally makes up a minority of the total oligodendrocyte population. However, we find that the remaining dorsally-derived mutant cells also increase in numbers over time to contribute equally to the recovery of the total population. Additionally, we found that the ways in which the dorsal and ventral sources cooperate to achieve recovery is different for distinct populations of oligodendrocyte-lineage cells. Oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) in the neocortical white matter recover completely by expansion of the remaining dorsally-derived Smo mutant cells. On the other hand, mature oligodendrocytes in the white and gray matter recover through an equal contribution from dorsal mutant and ventral wild-type lineages. Interestingly, the only population that did not make a full recovery was OPCs in the gray matter. We find that gray matter OPCs are less proliferative in Smo cKO mutants compared to controls, which may explain their inability to fully recover. Our data indicate that certain populations of the dorsal oligodendrocyte lineage are more affected by loss of Shh signaling than others. Furthermore, these studies shed new light on the complex relationship between dorsal and ventral sources of oligodendrocytes in the developing neocortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin C Winkler
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA; Cell Biology, Stem Cells and Development Graduate Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Santos J Franco
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA; Cell Biology, Stem Cells and Development Graduate Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA; Program of Pediatric Stem Cell Biology, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
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17
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Selek S, Esrefoglu M, Meral I, Bulut H, Caglar HG, Sonuc G, Yildiz C, Teloglu ES, Dogan N, Yuce B, Tiftik E, Bayindir N. Effects of Oenothera biennis L. and Hypericum perforatum L. extracts on some central nervous system myelin proteins, brain histopathology and oxidative stress in mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Biotech Histochem 2019; 94:75-83. [PMID: 30957550 DOI: 10.1080/10520295.2018.1482001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effects of Oenothera biennis L. and Hypericum perforatum L. extracts on brain tissue histopathology, myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG), myelin basic protein (MBP), total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS) and oxidative stress index (OSI) in mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Forty-seven C57BL/6J mice were divided into the following groups: multiple sclerosis (MS), control (healthy mice), MS + H. perforatum treated (MS + HP), MS + O. biennis treated (MS + OB). All groups except the control group were immunized by EAE methods. Two weeks after the immunization, the mice in the MS + HP group were fed normal food containing 18 - 21 g/kg H. perforatum extract, the mice in MS + OB group were fed normal food containing 18 - 21 g/kg O. biennis extract, and the mice in control and MS groups were fed normal food for six weeks. Brain tissue samples were collected from all mice for histopathological and biochemical analysis. Clinical signs of the disease were scored using functional systems scores (FSS) daily. The H. perforatum and O. biennis extracts ameliorated the increased brain tissue MOG and MBP values for animals with MS. H. perforatum and O. biennis extract decreased the TOS and OSI values for brain tissue and increased TAS levels in brain tissue of animals with MS. In addition, H. perforatum and O. biennis extracts decreased the clinical signs at the end of the experiment compared to the beginning of extract administration. We found that myelin was lost in MS group vs. control group. H. perforatum and O. biennis extract treatments decreased the amount of myelin loss in the MS + HP and MS + OB groups. We also observed amyloid deposition on vascular walls, in the cytoplasm of the neurons and in the intercellular space in the MS group. O. biennis and H. perforatum treated groups exhibited neither abnormal amyloid deposition nor obvious cell infiltration. The beneficial effects of O. biennis and H. perforatum for attenuating myelin loss and amyloid deposition suggest their therapeutic utility for treatment of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Selek
- a Departments of Medical Biochemistry , Bezmialem Vakif University , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - M Esrefoglu
- b Histology and Embryology , Bezmialem Vakif University , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - I Meral
- c Physiology Faculty of Medicine , Bezmialem Vakif University , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - H Bulut
- a Departments of Medical Biochemistry , Bezmialem Vakif University , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - H G Caglar
- a Departments of Medical Biochemistry , Bezmialem Vakif University , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - G Sonuc
- d School of Medicine , Bezmialem Vakif University , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - C Yildiz
- d School of Medicine , Bezmialem Vakif University , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - E S Teloglu
- d School of Medicine , Bezmialem Vakif University , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - N Dogan
- d School of Medicine , Bezmialem Vakif University , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - B Yuce
- d School of Medicine , Bezmialem Vakif University , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - E Tiftik
- d School of Medicine , Bezmialem Vakif University , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - N Bayindir
- b Histology and Embryology , Bezmialem Vakif University , Istanbul , Turkey
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18
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Beyer F, Samper Agrelo I, Küry P. Do Neural Stem Cells Have a Choice? Heterogenic Outcome of Cell Fate Acquisition in Different Injury Models. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20020455. [PMID: 30669690 PMCID: PMC6359747 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20020455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The adult mammalian central nervous system (CNS) is generally considered as repair restricted organ with limited capacities to regenerate lost cells and to successfully integrate them into damaged nerve tracts. Despite the presence of endogenous immature cell types that can be activated upon injury or in disease cell replacement generally remains insufficient, undirected, or lost cell types are not properly generated. This limitation also accounts for the myelin repair capacity that still constitutes the default regenerative activity at least in inflammatory demyelinating conditions. Ever since the discovery of endogenous neural stem cells (NSCs) residing within specific niches of the adult brain, as well as the description of procedures to either isolate and propagate or artificially induce NSCs from various origins ex vivo, the field has been rejuvenated. Various sources of NSCs have been investigated and applied in current neuropathological paradigms aiming at the replacement of lost cells and the restoration of functionality based on successful integration. Whereas directing and supporting stem cells residing in brain niches constitutes one possible approach many investigations addressed their potential upon transplantation. Given the heterogeneity of these studies related to the nature of grafted cells, the local CNS environment, and applied implantation procedures we here set out to review and compare their applied protocols in order to evaluate rate-limiting parameters. Based on our compilation, we conclude that in healthy CNS tissue region specific cues dominate cell fate decisions. However, although increasing evidence points to the capacity of transplanted NSCs to reflect the regenerative need of an injury environment, a still heterogenic picture emerges when analyzing transplantation outcomes in injury or disease models. These are likely due to methodological differences despite preserved injury environments. Based on this meta-analysis, we suggest future NSC transplantation experiments to be conducted in a more comparable way to previous studies and that subsequent analyses must emphasize regional heterogeneity such as accounting for differences in gray versus white matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Beyer
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Iria Samper Agrelo
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Patrick Küry
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
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19
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Adams KV, Morshead CM. Neural stem cell heterogeneity in the mammalian forebrain. Prog Neurobiol 2018; 170:2-36. [PMID: 29902499 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2018.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The brain was long considered an organ that underwent very little change after development. It is now well established that the mammalian central nervous system contains neural stem cells that generate progeny that are capable of making new neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes throughout life. The field has advanced rapidly as it strives to understand the basic biology of these precursor cells, and explore their potential to promote brain repair. The purpose of this review is to present current knowledge about the diversity of neural stem cells in vitro and in vivo, and highlight distinctions between neural stem cell populations, throughout development, and within the niche. A comprehensive understanding of neural stem cell heterogeneity will provide insights into the cellular and molecular regulation of neural development and lifelong neurogenesis, and will guide the development of novel strategies to promote regeneration and neural repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey V Adams
- Institute of Medical Science, Terrence Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto ON, M5S 3E2, Canada.
| | - Cindi M Morshead
- Institute of Medical Science, Terrence Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto ON, M5S 3E2, Canada; Department of Surgery, Division of Anatomy, Canada; Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, Canada; Rehabilitation Science Institute, University of Toronto, Canada.
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20
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Ponti G, Farinetti A, Marraudino M, Panzica G, Gotti S. Sex Steroids and Adult Neurogenesis in the Ventricular-Subventricular Zone. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:156. [PMID: 29686651 PMCID: PMC5900029 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The forebrain ventricular-subventricular zone (V-SVZ) continuously generates new neurons throughout life. Neural stem cells (type B1 cells) along the lateral ventricle become activated, self-renew, and give rise to proliferating precursors which progress along the neurogenic lineage from intermediate progenitors (type C cells) to neuroblasts (type A cells). Neuroblasts proliferate and migrate into the olfactory bulb and differentiate into different interneuronal types. Multiple factors regulate each step of this process. Newly generated olfactory bulb interneurons are an important relay station in the olfactory circuits, controlling social recognition, reproductive behavior, and parental care. Those behaviors are strongly sexually dimorphic and changes throughout life from puberty through aging and in the reproductive age during estrous cycle and gestation. Despite the key role of sex hormones in regulating those behaviors, their contribution in modulating adult neurogenesis in V-SVZ is underestimated. Here, we compare the literature highlighting the sexual dimorphism and the differences across the physiological phases of the animal for the different cell types and steps through the neurogenic lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Ponti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco,Turin, Italy
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), Orbassano, Turin, Italy
- *Correspondence: Giovanna Ponti,
| | - Alice Farinetti
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), Orbassano, Turin, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience “Rita Levi-Montalcini”, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Marilena Marraudino
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), Orbassano, Turin, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience “Rita Levi-Montalcini”, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - GianCarlo Panzica
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), Orbassano, Turin, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience “Rita Levi-Montalcini”, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Stefano Gotti
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), Orbassano, Turin, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience “Rita Levi-Montalcini”, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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