3
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Aitken KJ, Yadav P, Sidler M, Thanabalasingam T, Ahmed T, Aggarwal P, Yip ST, Jeffrey N, Jiang JX, Siebenaller A, Sotiropoulos C, Huang R, Le DMQ, Delgado-Olguin P, Bagli D. Spontaneous urinary bladder regeneration after subtotal cystectomy increases YAP/WWTR1 signaling and downstream BDNF expression: Implications for smooth muscle injury responses. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0287205. [PMID: 37494380 PMCID: PMC10370683 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Rodents have the capacity for spontaneous bladder regeneration and bladder smooth muscle cell (BSMC) migration following a subtotal cystectomy (STC). YAP/WWTR1 and BDNF (Brain-derived neurotrophic factor) play crucial roles in development and regeneration. During partial bladder outlet obstruction (PBO), excessive YAP/WWTR1 signaling and BDNF expression increases BSMC hypertrophy and dysfunction. YAP/WWTR1 and expression of BDNF and CYR61 were examined in models of regeneration and wound repair. Live cell microscopy was utilized in an ex vivo model of STC to visualize cell movement and division. In Sprague-Dawley female rats, STC was performed by resection of the bladder dome sparing the trigone, followed by closure of the bladder. Smooth muscle migration and downstream effects on signaling and expression were also examined after scratch wound of BSMC with inhibitors of YAP and BDNF signaling. Sham, PBO and incision (cystotomy) were comparators for the STC model. Scratch wound in vitro increased SMC migration and expression of BDNF, CTGF and CYR61 in a YAP/WWTR1-dependent manner. Inhibition of YAP/WWTR1 and BDNF signaling reduced scratch-induced migration. BDNF and CYR61 expression was elevated during STC and PBO. STC induces discrete genes associated with endogenous de novo cell regeneration downstream of YAP/WWTR1 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen J Aitken
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Priyank Yadav
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Urology and Renal Transplantation, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Urology Division, Department of Surgery, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Martin Sidler
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Urology Division, Department of Surgery, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division Chief, Paediatric and Neonatal Surgeon, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - Thenuka Thanabalasingam
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Human Biology Programme, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tabina Ahmed
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Human Biology Programme, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Prateek Aggarwal
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Human Biology Programme, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shing Tai Yip
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nefateri Jeffrey
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jia-Xin Jiang
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Aliza Siebenaller
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chris Sotiropoulos
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Human Biology Programme, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ryan Huang
- Human Biology Programme, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David Minh Quynh Le
- Human Biology Programme, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul Delgado-Olguin
- Translational Medicine Program, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Darius Bagli
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Urology Division, Department of Surgery, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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4
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Walker S, Santos-Ferreira T, Echeverri K. A Reproducible Spinal Cord Crush Injury in the Regeneration-Permissive Axolotl. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2636:237-246. [PMID: 36881304 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3012-9_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
Following injury, axolotls are able to functionally regenerate their spinal cord, regaining both motor and sensory control. In contrast, humans respond to severe spinal cord injury by forming a glial scar, which prevents further damage but also inhibits any regenerative growth, resulting in loss of function caudal to the injury site. The axolotl has become a popular system to elucidate the underlying cellular and molecular events that contribute to successful CNS regeneration. However, the experimental injuries (tail amputation and transection) that are utilized in axolotls do not mimic the blunt trauma that is often sustained in humans. Here, we report a more clinically relevant model for spinal cord injuries in the axolotl using a weight-drop technique. This reproducible model allows precise control over the severity of the injury by regulating the drop height, weight, compression, and position of the injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Walker
- Eugene Bell Center for Regenerative Biology and Tissue Engineering, Marine Biological Laboratory, University of Chicago, Woods Hole, MA, USA
| | - Tiago Santos-Ferreira
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | - Karen Echeverri
- Eugene Bell Center for Regenerative Biology and Tissue Engineering, Marine Biological Laboratory, University of Chicago, Woods Hole, MA, USA.
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6
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Yu P, Yang K, Jiang M. RXR α Blocks Nerve Regeneration after Spinal Cord Injury by Targeting p66shc. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:8253742. [PMID: 33628383 PMCID: PMC7889345 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8253742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Nerve regeneration after spinal cord injury is regulated by many factors. Studies have found that the expression of retinoid X receptor α (RXRα) does not change significantly after spinal cord injury but that the distribution of RXRα in cells changes significantly. In undamaged tissues, RXRα is distributed in motor neurons and the cytoplasm of glial cells. RXRα migrates to the nucleus of surviving neurons after injury, indicating that RXRα is involved in the regulation of gene expression after spinal cord injury. p66shc is an important protein that regulates cell senescence and oxidative stress. It can induce the apoptosis and necrosis of many cell types, promoting body aging. The absence of p66shc enhances the resistance of cells to reactive oxygen species (ROS) and thus prolongs life. It has been found that p66shc deletion can promote hippocampal neurogenesis and play a neuroprotective role in mice with multiple sclerosis. To verify the function of RXRα after spinal cord injury, we established a rat T9 spinal cord transection model. After RXRα agonist or antagonist administration, we found that RXRα agonists inhibited nerve regeneration after spinal cord injury, while RXRα antagonists promoted the regeneration of injured neurites and the recovery of motor function in rats. The results showed that RXRα played an impeding role in repair after spinal cord injury. Immunofluorescence staining showed that p66shc expression was upregulated in neurons after spinal cord injury (in vivo and in vitro) and colocalized with RXRα. RXRα overexpression in cultured neurons promoted the expression of p66shc, while RXRα interference inhibited the expression of p66shc. Using a luciferase assay, we found that RXRα could bind to the promoter region of p66shc and regulate the expression of p66shc, thereby regulating nerve regeneration after spinal cord injury. The above results showed that RXRα inhibited nerve regeneration after spinal cord injury by promoting p66shc expression, and interference with RXRα or p66shc promoted functional recovery after spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Yu
- Department of Orthopedics, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 97 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Kai Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Min Jiang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai 200025, China
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7
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You Q, Gong Q, Han YQ, Pi R, Du YJ, Dong SZ. Role of miR-124 in the regulation of retinoic acid-induced Neuro-2A cell differentiation. Neural Regen Res 2020; 15:1133-1139. [PMID: 31823894 PMCID: PMC7034285 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.270417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoic acid can cause many types of cells, including mouse neuroblastoma Neuro-2A cells, to differentiate into neurons. However, it is still unknown whether microRNAs (miRNAs) play a role in this neuronal differentiation. To address this issue, real-time polymerase chain reaction assays were used to detect the expression of several differentiation-related miRNAs during the differentiation of retinoic acid-treated Neuro-2A cells. The results revealed that miR-124 and miR-9 were upregulated, while miR-125b was downregulated in retinoic acid-treated Neuro-2A cells. To identify the miRNA that may play a key role, miR-124 expression was regulated by transfection of miRNA mimics or inhibitors. Morphological analysis results showed that inhibition of miR-124 expression reversed the effects of retinoic acid on neurite outgrowth. Moreover, miR-124 overexpression alone caused Neuro-2A cells to differentiate into neurons, and its inhibitor could block this effect. These results suggest that miR-124 plays an important role in retinoic acid-induced differentiation of Neuro-2A cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun You
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Gong
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu-Qiao Han
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rou Pi
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi-Jie Du
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital; Institutes of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Su-Zhen Dong
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
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8
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Freitas PD, Yandulskaya AS, Monaghan JR. Spinal Cord Regeneration in Amphibians: A Historical Perspective. Dev Neurobiol 2019; 79:437-452. [PMID: 30725532 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In some vertebrates, a grave injury to the central nervous system (CNS) results in functional restoration, rather than in permanent incapacitation. Understanding how these animals mount a regenerative response by activating resident CNS stem cell populations is of critical importance in regenerative biology. Amphibians are of a particular interest in the field because the regenerative ability is present throughout life in urodele species, but in anuran species it is lost during development. Studying amphibians, who transition from a regenerative to a nonregenerative state, could give insight into the loss of ability to recover from CNS damage in mammals. Here, we highlight the current knowledge of spinal cord regeneration across vertebrates and identify commonalities and differences in spinal cord regeneration between amphibians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polina D Freitas
- Department of Biology, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave., 134 Mugar Hall, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115
| | - Anastasia S Yandulskaya
- Department of Biology, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave., 134 Mugar Hall, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115
| | - James R Monaghan
- Department of Biology, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave., 134 Mugar Hall, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115
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9
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Walker SE, Spencer GE, Necakov A, Carlone RL. Identification and Characterization of microRNAs during Retinoic Acid-Induced Regeneration of a Molluscan Central Nervous System. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E2741. [PMID: 30217012 PMCID: PMC6163488 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA) is the biologically active metabolite of vitamin A and has become a well-established factor that induces neurite outgrowth and regeneration in both vertebrates and invertebrates. However, the underlying regulatory mechanisms that may mediate RA-induced neurite sprouting remain unclear. In the past decade, microRNAs have emerged as important regulators of nervous system development and regeneration, and have been shown to contribute to processes such as neurite sprouting. However, few studies have demonstrated the role of miRNAs in RA-induced neurite sprouting. By miRNA sequencing analysis, we identify 482 miRNAs in the regenerating central nervous system (CNS) of the mollusc Lymnaeastagnalis, 219 of which represent potentially novel miRNAs. Of the remaining conserved miRNAs, 38 show a statistically significant up- or downregulation in regenerating CNS as a result of RA treatment. We further characterized the expression of one neuronally-enriched miRNA upregulated by RA, miR-124. We demonstrate, for the first time, that miR-124 is expressed within the cell bodies and neurites of regenerating motorneurons. Moreover, we identify miR-124 expression within the growth cones of cultured ciliary motorneurons (pedal A), whereas expression in the growth cones of another class of respiratory motorneurons (right parietal A) was absent in vitro. These findings support our hypothesis that miRNAs are important regulators of retinoic acid-induced neuronal outgrowth and regeneration in regeneration-competent species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Walker
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada.
| | - Gaynor E Spencer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada.
| | - Aleksandar Necakov
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada.
| | - Robert L Carlone
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada.
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