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Tirgar F, Azizi Z, Hadjighassem M. A Novel Approach for Mucosal and Bulbar Olfactory Ensheathing Cells Isolation Based on the Non-adherent Subculture Technique. Basic Clin Neurosci 2024; 15:211-220. [PMID: 39228451 PMCID: PMC11367208 DOI: 10.32598/bcn.2022.3579.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 09/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) are widely used in transplantation studies. The high purification of this unique cell type is valuable for medical applications. Although recent improvements in OECs isolation procedures opened a new era in this field, the high purification efficacy and viability rate are still of concern. The most widely used OECs isolation techniques can be broadly classified based on adherence properties, particularly in olfactory bulb-derived OEC isolation. Considering the invasive nature of harvesting OECs from human olfactory bulbs, a highly efficient purification of these cells from olfactory mucosa can benefit clinical trials. In this study, we isolated OECs from rats' olfactory bulbs and mucosa due to their differential adherence properties and compared them. Methods Cell preparations were characterized by NGFR p75 and S100β antibodies, the specific markers for OECs, using immunocytochemistry and western blot analysis, respectively. OECs morphology and viability were monitored over time by microscopy and MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay. Results We found that OECs could be purified from the olfactory mucosa using our suggested method as efficiently as the olfactory bulb. Both derived OECs showed high levels of NGFR p75 and S100β expression, although the S100β expression was higher in olfactory mucosa-derived OECs preparations (P<0.05). Moreover, there was no significant difference between the two sources in cell viability in our suggested protocol. Conclusion Due to the non-invasive harvesting method, olfactory mucosa-derived OECs are preferred from a clinical point of view in transplantation studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Tirgar
- Department of Neuroscience and Addiction Studies, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Azizi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmoudreza Hadjighassem
- Department of Neuroscience and Addiction Studies, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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2
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Huang HY, Xiong MJ, Pu FQ, Liao JX, Zhu FQ, Zhang WJ. Application and challenges of olfactory ensheathing cells in clinical trials of spinal cord injury. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 963:176238. [PMID: 38072039 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.176238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) can lead to severe motor, sensory and autonomic nervous dysfunction, cause serious psychosomatic injury to patients. There is no effective treatment for SCI at present. In recent years, exciting evidence has been obtained in the application of cell-based therapy in basic research. These studies have revealed the fact that cells transplanted into the host can exert the pharmacological properties of treating and repairing SCI. Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) are a kind of special glial cells. The application value of OECs in the study of SCI lies in their unique biological characteristics, that is, they can survive and renew for life, give full play to neuroprotection, immune regulation, promoting axonal regeneration and myelination formation. The function of producing secretory group and improving microenvironment. This provides an irreplaceable treatment strategy for the repair of SCI. At present, some researchers have explored the possibility of treatment of OECs in clinical trials of SCI. Although OECs transplantation shows excellent safety and effectiveness in animal models, there is still lack of sufficient evidence to prove the effectiveness of their clinical application in clinical trials. There has been an obvious stagnation in the transformation of OECs transplantation into routine clinical practice, and clinical trials of cell therapy in this field are still facing major challenges and many problems that need to be solved. Therefore, this paper summarized and analyzed the clinical trials of OECs transplantation in the treatment of SCI, and discussed the problems and challenges of OECs transplantation in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Yu Huang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang City, Jiangxi province, 343000, China
| | - Mei-Juan Xiong
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang City, Jiangxi province, 343000, China
| | - Fan-Qing Pu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang City, Jiangxi province, 343000, China
| | - Jun-Xiang Liao
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang City, Jiangxi province, 343000, China
| | - Fu-Qi Zhu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang City, Jiangxi province, 343000, China
| | - Wen-Jun Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang City, Jiangxi province, 343000, China.
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3
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Jiang C, Chen Z, Wang X, Zhang Y, Guo X, Fan H, Huang D, He Y, Tang X, Ai Y, Liu Y, Yang H, Hao D. Curcumin-activated Olfactory Ensheathing Cells Improve Functional Recovery After Spinal Cord Injury by Modulating Microglia Polarization Through APOE/TREM2/NF-κB Signaling Pathway. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2023; 18:476-494. [PMID: 37658943 PMCID: PMC10577109 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-023-10081-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Transplantation of curcumin-activated olfactory ensheathing cells (aOECs) improved functional recovery in spinal cord injury (SCI) rats. Nevertheless, little is known considering the underlying mechanisms. At the present study, we investigated the promotion of regeneration and functional recovery after transplantation of aOECs into rats with SCI and the possible underlying molecular mechanisms. Primary OECs were prepared from the olfactory bulb of rats, followed by treatment with 1µM CCM at 7-10 days of culture, resulting in cell activation. Concomitantly, rat SCI model was developed to evaluate the effects of transplantation of aOECs in vivo. Subsequently, microglia were isolated, stimulated with 100 ng/mL lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for 24 h to polarize to M1 phenotype and treated by aOECs conditional medium (aOECs-CM) and OECs conditional medium (OECs-CM), respectively. Changes in the expression of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory phenotypic markers expression were detected using western blotting and immunofluorescence staining, respectively. Finally, a series of molecular biological experiments including knock-down of triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) and analysis of the level of apolipoprotein E (APOE) expression were performed to investigate the underlying mechanism of involvement of CCM-activated OECs in modulating microglia polarization, leading to neural regeneration and function recovery. CCM-activated OECs effectively attenuated deleterious inflammation by regulating microglia polarization from the pro-inflammatory (M1) to anti-inflammatory (M2) phenotype in SCI rats and facilitated functional recovery after SCI. In addition, microglial polarization to M2 elicited by aOECs-CM in LPS-induced microglia was effectively reversed when TREM2 expression was downregulated. More importantly, the in vitro findings indicated that aOECs-CM potentiating LPS-induced microglial polarization to M2 was partially mediated by the TREM2/nuclear factor kappa beta (NF-κB) signaling pathway. Besides, the expression of APOE significantly increased in CCM-treated OECs. CCM-activated OECs could alleviate inflammation after SCI by switching microglial polarization from M1 to M2, which was likely mediated by the APOE/TREM2/NF-κB pathway, and thus ameliorated neurological function. Therefore, the present finding is of paramount significance to enrich the understanding of underlying molecular mechanism of aOECs-based therapy and provide a novel therapeutic approach for treatment of SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Jiang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710054 China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Spine Bionic Treatment, Xi’an, 710054 China
| | - Zhe Chen
- Department of Spine Surgery, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710054 China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Spine Bionic Treatment, Xi’an, 710054 China
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710054 China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Spine Bionic Treatment, Xi’an, 710054 China
| | - Yongyuan Zhang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710054 China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Spine Bionic Treatment, Xi’an, 710054 China
| | - Xinyu Guo
- Department of Spine Surgery, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710054 China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Spine Bionic Treatment, Xi’an, 710054 China
- Translational Medicine Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710054 China
| | - Hong Fan
- Translational Medicine Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710054 China
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710004 China
| | - Dageng Huang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710054 China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Spine Bionic Treatment, Xi’an, 710054 China
| | - Yuqing He
- Translational Medicine Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710054 China
| | - Xiangwen Tang
- Translational Medicine Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710054 China
- Basic Medical School Academy, Shaanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046 China
| | - Yixiang Ai
- Department of Spine Surgery, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710054 China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Spine Bionic Treatment, Xi’an, 710054 China
| | - Youjun Liu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710054 China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Spine Bionic Treatment, Xi’an, 710054 China
| | - Hao Yang
- Translational Medicine Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710054 China
| | - Dingjun Hao
- Department of Spine Surgery, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710054 China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Spine Bionic Treatment, Xi’an, 710054 China
- Department of spine Surgery, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Spine Bionic Treatment, Xi’an, 710054 China
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Stepanova OV, Fursa GA, Andretsova SS, Shishkina VS, Voronova AD, Chadin AV, Karsuntseva EK, Reshetov IV, Chekhonin VP. Prospects for the use of olfactory mucosa cells in bioprinting for the treatment of spinal cord injuries. World J Clin Cases 2023; 11:322-331. [PMID: 36686356 PMCID: PMC9850961 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v11.i2.322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The review focuses on the most important areas of cell therapy for spinal cord injuries. Olfactory mucosa cells are promising for transplantation. Obtaining these cells is safe for patients. The use of olfactory mucosa cells is effective in restoring motor function due to the remyelination and regeneration of axons after spinal cord injuries. These cells express neurotrophic factors that play an important role in the functional recovery of nerve tissue after spinal cord injuries. In addition, it is possible to increase the content of neurotrophic factors, at the site of injury, exogenously by the direct injection of neurotrophic factors or their delivery using gene therapy. The advantages of olfactory mucosa cells, in combination with neurotrophic factors, open up wide possibilities for their application in three-dimensional and four-dimensional bioprinting technology treating spinal cord injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Vladislavovna Stepanova
- Department of Basic and Applied Neurobiology, V.P. Serbsky National Medical Research Center for Psychiatry and Narcology, Moscow 119034, Russia
- Department of Neurohumoral and Immunological Research, National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, Moscow 121552, Russia
| | - Grigorii Andreevich Fursa
- Department of Basic and Applied Neurobiology, V.P. Serbsky National Medical Research Center for Psychiatry and Narcology, Moscow 119034, Russia
| | - Svetlana Sergeevna Andretsova
- Department of Basic and Applied Neurobiology, V.P. Serbsky National Medical Research Center for Psychiatry and Narcology, Moscow 119034, Russia
- Department of Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Valentina Sergeevna Shishkina
- Department of Basic and Applied Neurobiology, V.P. Serbsky National Medical Research Center for Psychiatry and Narcology, Moscow 119034, Russia
| | - Anastasia Denisovna Voronova
- Department of Basic and Applied Neurobiology, V.P. Serbsky National Medical Research Center for Psychiatry and Narcology, Moscow 119034, Russia
| | - Andrey Viktorovich Chadin
- Department of Basic and Applied Neurobiology, V.P. Serbsky National Medical Research Center for Psychiatry and Narcology, Moscow 119034, Russia
| | | | | | - Vladimir Pavlovich Chekhonin
- Department of Basic and Applied Neurobiology, V.P. Serbsky National Medical Research Center for Psychiatry and Narcology, Moscow 119034, Russia
- Department of Medical Nanobiotechnologу, N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow 117997, Russia
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5
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Reshamwala R, Shah M. Regenerative Approaches in the Nervous System. Regen Med 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-19-6008-6_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
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6
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Reshamwala R, Oieni F, Shah M. Non-stem Cell Mediated Tissue Regeneration and Repair. Regen Med 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-19-6008-6_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
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7
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Designing a Clinical Trial with Olfactory Ensheathing Cell Transplantation-Based Therapy for Spinal Cord Injury: A Position Paper. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10123153. [PMID: 36551909 PMCID: PMC9776288 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10123153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) represents an urgent unmet need for clinical reparative therapy due to its largely irreversible and devastating effects on patients, and the tremendous socioeconomic burden to the community. While different approaches are being explored, therapy to restore the lost function remains unavailable. Olfactory ensheathing cell (OEC) transplantation is a promising approach in terms of feasibility, safety, and limited efficacy; however, high variability in reported clinical outcomes prevent its translation despite several clinical trials. The aims of this position paper are to present an in-depth analysis of previous OEC transplantation-based clinical trials, identify existing challenges and gaps, and finally propose strategies to improve standardization of OEC therapies. We have reviewed the study design and protocols of clinical trials using OEC transplantation for SCI repair to investigate how and why the outcomes show variability. With this knowledge and our experience as a team of biologists and clinicians with active experience in the field of OEC research, we provide recommendations regarding cell source, cell purity and characterisation, transplantation dosage and format, and rehabilitation. Ultimately, this position paper is intended to serve as a roadmap to design an effective clinical trial with OEC transplantation-based therapy for SCI repair.
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8
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Tirgar F, Azizi Z, Hosseindoost S, Hadjighassem M. Preclinical gene therapy in glioblastoma multiforme: Using olfactory ensheathing cells containing a suicide gene. Life Sci 2022; 311:121132. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.121132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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9
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Chen Z, Fan H, Chen ZY, Jiang C, Feng MZ, Guo XY, Yang H, Hao DJ. OECs Prevented Neuronal Cells from Apoptosis Partially Through Exosome-derived BDNF. J Mol Neurosci 2022; 72:2497-2506. [PMID: 36527597 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-022-02097-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
It is known that neurotrophic factors are a major source of the neuroprotective effects of olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs). However, the form of neurotrophic factors that originate from OECs is not fully understood. Our previous study demonstrated that OECs could secrete exosome (OECs-Exo), which provided neuroprotection by switching the phenotype of macrophages/microglia. Considering that exosomes could also be taken up by neurons, we explored the direct effect of OECs-Exo on neuronal survival and the underlying mechanism. Electron microscopy, nano-traffic analysis, and Western blotting were applied to identify the OECs-Exo. The effect of OECs-Exo on neuronal survival was tested by flow cytometry and TUNEL staining. Western blotting and ELISA were used to detect neurotrophic factors in purified OECs-Exo. We first isolated OECs-Exo and found that OECs-Exo exerted protective effects on neuronal survival in response to TNF-α challenge. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) was then identified in OECs-Exo, and its receptor TrkB in neurons was activated by OECs-Exo treatment. Furthermore, we demonstrated that OECs prevented TNF-α-induced apoptosis in neurons partially through exosome-derived BDNF. Our data showed that OECs attenuated TNF-α-induced apoptosis in neurons partially through OEC-Exo-derived BDNF, which might provide a novel strategy for the neuroprotective effect of OEC-Exo-based treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China.,Shaanxi Spine Medicine Research Center, Department of Spine Surgery, Translational Medicine Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710054, China
| | - Hong Fan
- Shaanxi Spine Medicine Research Center, Department of Spine Surgery, Translational Medicine Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710054, China.,Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710004, China
| | - Zi-Yi Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Chao Jiang
- Shaanxi Spine Medicine Research Center, Department of Spine Surgery, Translational Medicine Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710054, China
| | - Ming-Zhe Feng
- Shaanxi Spine Medicine Research Center, Department of Spine Surgery, Translational Medicine Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710054, China
| | - Xin-Yu Guo
- Shaanxi Spine Medicine Research Center, Department of Spine Surgery, Translational Medicine Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710054, China
| | - Hao Yang
- Shaanxi Spine Medicine Research Center, Department of Spine Surgery, Translational Medicine Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710054, China.
| | - Ding-Jun Hao
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China. .,Shaanxi Spine Medicine Research Center, Department of Spine Surgery, Translational Medicine Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710054, China.
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10
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The Anti-inflammation Property of Olfactory Ensheathing Cells in Neural Regeneration After Spinal Cord Injury. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:6447-6459. [PMID: 35962300 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02983-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Neural regeneration has troubled investigators worldwide in the past decades. Currently, cell transplantation emerged as a breakthrough targeted therapy for spinal cord injury (SCI) in the neurotrauma field, which provides a promising strategy in neural regeneration. Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs), a specialized type of glial cells, is considered as the excellent candidate due to its unique variable and intrinsic regeneration-supportive properties. In fact, OECs could support olfactory receptor neuron turnover and axonal extension, which is essential to maintain the function of olfactory nervous system. Hitherto, an increasing number of literatures demonstrate that transplantation of OECs exerts vital roles in neural regeneration and functional recovery after neural injury, including central and peripheral nervous system. It is common knowledge that the deteriorating microenvironment (ischemia, hypoxia, scar, acute and chronic inflammation, etc.) resulting from injured nervous system is adverse for neural regeneration. Interestingly, recent studies indicated that OECs could promote neural repair through improvement of the disastrous microenvironments, especially to the overwhelmed inflammatory responses. Although OECs possess unusual advantages over other cells for neural repair, particularly in SCI, the mechanisms of OEC-mediated neural repair are still controversial with regard to anti-inflammation. Therefore, it is significant to summarize the anti-inflammation property of OECs, which is helpful to understand the biological characteristics of OECs and drive future studies. Here, we mainly focus on the anti-inflammatory role of OECs to make systematic review and discuss OEC-based therapy for CNS injury.
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Jiang Y, Guo J, Tang X, Wang X, Hao D, Yang H. The Immunological Roles of Olfactory Ensheathing Cells in the Treatment of Spinal Cord Injury. Front Immunol 2022; 13:881162. [PMID: 35669779 PMCID: PMC9163387 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.881162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating type of neurological disorder of the central nervous system (CNS) with high mortality and disability. The pathological processes of SCI can usually be described as two stages, namely, primary and acute secondary injuries. Secondary injury produces more significant exacerbations of the initial injury. Among all the mechanisms of secondary damage, infection and inflammatory responses, as the principle culprits in initiating the second phase of SCI, can greatly contribute to the severity of SCI and numerous sequelae after SCI. Therefore, effectively antagonizing pro-inflammatory responses may be a promising treatment strategy to facilitate functional recovery after SCI. Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs), a unique type of glial cells, have increasingly become potential candidates for cell-based therapy in the injured CNS. Strikingly, there is growing evidence that the mechanisms underlying the anti-inflammatory role of OECs are associated with the immune properties and secretory functions of these cells responsible for anti-neuroinflammation and immunoregulatory effects, leading to maintenance of the internal microenvironment. Accordingly, a more profound understanding of the mechanism of OEC immunological functions in the treatment of SCI would be beneficial to improve the therapeutic clinical applications of OECs for SCI. In this review, we mainly summarize recent research on the cellular and molecular immune attributes of OECs. The unique biological functions of these cells in promoting neural regeneration are discussed in relation of the development of novel therapies for CNS injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhen Jiang
- Translational Medicine Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Jianbin Guo
- Department of Joint Surgery, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xiangwen Tang
- Translational Medicine Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- Basic Medical School Academy, Shaanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Dingjun Hao
- Department of Spine Surgery, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Hao Yang
- Translational Medicine Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- *Correspondence: Hao Yang,
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12
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Yu Y, Li L, Lin S, Hu J. Update of application of olfactory ensheathing cells and stem cells/exosomes in the treatment of retinal disorders. Stem Cell Res Ther 2022; 13:11. [PMID: 35012635 PMCID: PMC8751324 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-021-02685-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, retinitis pigmentosa and other retinal disorders are the main causes of visual impairment worldwide. In the past, these retinal diseases, especially dry age-related macular degeneration, proliferative diabetic retinopathy and retinitis pigmentosa, were treated with traditional surgery and drugs. However, the effect was moderate. In recent years, researchers have used embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells, olfactory ensheathing cells and other stem cells to conduct experiments and found that stem cells can inhibit inflammation, regulate immune response, secrete neurotrophic factors, and differentiate into retinal cells to replace and promote restoration of the damaged parts. These stem cells have the potential to treat retinal diseases. Whether it is in animal experiments or clinical trials, the increase in the number of retinal cells, maintenance of function and improvement of visual function all reflect the advanced of stem cells to treat retinal diseases, but its risk preserves the donor's hidden pathogenic genes, immune rejection and tumorigenicity. With the development of exosomes study, researchers have discovered that exosomes come from a wide range of sources and can be secreted by almost all types of cells. Using exosomes with stem cell to treat retinal diseases is more effective than using stem cells alone. This review article summarizes the recent advances in the application of olfactory ensheathing cells and stem cells/exosomes in the treatment of retinal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Engineering Research Center of Assistive Technology for Visual Impairment, Fujian Province University, Quanzhou, 362000, Fujian Province, China
| | - Licheng Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Engineering Research Center of Assistive Technology for Visual Impairment, Fujian Province University, Quanzhou, 362000, Fujian Province, China
| | - Shu Lin
- Centre of Neurological and Metabolic Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, 362000, Fujian Province, China. .,Diabetes and Metabolism Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia.
| | - Jianmin Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Engineering Research Center of Assistive Technology for Visual Impairment, Fujian Province University, Quanzhou, 362000, Fujian Province, China. .,The School of Medical Technology and Engineering, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350004, Fujian Province, China.
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13
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Flack JA, Sharma KD, Xie JY. Delving into the recent advancements of spinal cord injury treatment: a review of recent progress. Neural Regen Res 2022; 17:283-291. [PMID: 34269189 PMCID: PMC8463999 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.317961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) research is a very complex field lending to why reviews of SCI literatures can be beneficial to current and future researchers. This review focuses on recent articles regarding potential modalities for the treatment and management of SCI. The modalities were broken down into four categories: neuroprotection-pharmacologic, neuroprotection-non-pharmacologic, neuroregeneration-pharmacologic, neuroregeneration-non-pharmacologic. Peer-reviewed articles were found using PubMed with search terms: "spinal cord injury", "spinal cord injury neuroregeneration", "olfactory ensheathing cells spinal cord injury", "rho-rock inhibitors spinal cord injury", "neural stem cell", "scaffold", "neural stem cell transplantation", "exosomes and SCI", "epidural stimulation SCI", "brain-computer interfaces and SCI". Most recent articles spanning two years were chosen for their relevance to the categories of SCI management and treatment. There has been a plethora of pre-clinical studies completed with their results being difficult to replicate in clinical studies. Therefore, scientists should focus on understanding and applying the results of previous research to develop more efficacious preclinical studies and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Flack
- Department of Basic Sciences, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine at Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, AR, USA
| | - Krishna Deo Sharma
- Department of Biological Sciences and Arkansas Biosciences Institute, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, AR, USA
| | - Jennifer Yanhua Xie
- Department of Basic Sciences, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine at Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, AR, USA
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14
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Fan H, Chen Z, Tang H, Shan L, Chen Z, Wang X, Huang D, Liu S, Chen X, Yang H, Hao D. Exosomes derived from olfactory ensheathing cells provided neuroprotection for spinal cord injury by switching the phenotype of macrophages/microglia. Bioeng Transl Med 2021; 7:e10287. [PMID: 35600663 PMCID: PMC9115713 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Transplantation of olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) has been demonstrated to be beneficial for spinal cord injury (SCI) by modulating neuroinflammation, supporting neuronal survival and promoting angiogenesis. Besides OECs, the conditioned medium (CM) from OECs has also been proved to have therapeutic effects for SCI, indicating that the bioactive substances secreted by OECs are essential for its protective effects. Nevertheless, there is still little information regarding the underlying mechanisms. Considering that exosomes are crucial for intercellular communication and could be secreted by different types of cells, we speculated that the therapeutic potential of OECs for SCI might be partially based on their exosomes. To examine whether OECs could secret exosomes, we isolated exosomes by polyethylene glycol‐based method, and identified them by electron microscopy study, nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) and western blotting. In view of phagocytic ability of microglia and its distinct roles in microenvironment regulation after SCI, we then focused the effects of OECs‐derived exosomes (OECs‐Exo) on microglial phenotypic regulation. We found that the extracted OECs‐Exo could be engulfed by microglia and partially reverse the LPS‐induced pro‐inflammatory polarization through inhibiting NF‐κB and c‐Jun signaling pathways in vitro. Furthermore, OECs‐Exo were found to inhibit the polarization of pro‐inflammatory macrophages/microglia while increased the numbers of anti‐inflammatory cells after SCI. Considering that the neuronal injury is closely related to the activation state of macrophages/microglia, co‐culture of microglia and neurons were performed. Neuronal death induced by LPS‐treated microglia could be significantly alleviated when microglia treated by LPS plus OECs‐Exo in vitro. After SCI, NeuN‐immunostaining and axonal tract‐tracing were performed to assess neuronal survival and axon preservation. Our data showed that the OECs‐Exo promoted the neuronal survival and axon preservation, and facilitated functional recovery after SCI. Our findings provide a promising therapeutic strategy for SCI based on exosome‐immunomodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Fan
- Department of Spine Surgery, Shaanxi Spine Medicine Research Center, Translational Medicine Center, Hong Hui Hospital Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an China
- Department of Neurology The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an China
| | - Zhe Chen
- Department of Spine Surgery, Shaanxi Spine Medicine Research Center, Translational Medicine Center, Hong Hui Hospital Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an China
| | - Hai‐Bin Tang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Xi'an Central Hospital Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an China
| | - Le‐Qun Shan
- Department of Spine Surgery, Shaanxi Spine Medicine Research Center, Translational Medicine Center, Hong Hui Hospital Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an China
| | - Zi‐Yi Chen
- Department of Endocrinology The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an China
| | - Xiao‐Hui Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Shaanxi Spine Medicine Research Center, Translational Medicine Center, Hong Hui Hospital Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an China
| | - Da‐Geng Huang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Shaanxi Spine Medicine Research Center, Translational Medicine Center, Hong Hui Hospital Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an China
| | - Shi‐Chang Liu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Shaanxi Spine Medicine Research Center, Translational Medicine Center, Hong Hui Hospital Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an China
| | - Xun Chen
- Department of Bone Microsurgery, Hong Hui Hospital Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an China
| | - Hao Yang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Shaanxi Spine Medicine Research Center, Translational Medicine Center, Hong Hui Hospital Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an China
| | - Dingjun Hao
- Department of Spine Surgery, Shaanxi Spine Medicine Research Center, Translational Medicine Center, Hong Hui Hospital Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an China
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15
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Miah M, Ferretti P, Choi D. Considering the Cellular Composition of Olfactory Ensheathing Cell Transplants for Spinal Cord Injury Repair: A Review of the Literature. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:781489. [PMID: 34867207 PMCID: PMC8635789 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.781489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) are specialized glia cells of the olfactory system that support the continual regeneration of olfactory neurons throughout adulthood. Owing to their pro-regenerative properties, OECs have been transplanted in animal models of spinal cord injuries (SCI) and trialed in clinical studies on SCI patients. Although these studies have provided convincing evidence to support the continued development of OEC transplantation as a treatment option for the repair of SCI, discrepancies in the reported outcome has shown that OEC transplantation requires further improvement. Much of the variability in the reparative potential of OEC transplants is due to the variations in the cell composition of transplants between studies. As a result, the optimal cell preparation is currently a subject of debate. Here we review, the characterization as well as the effect of the cell composition of olfactory cell transplantation on therapeutic outcome in SCI. Firstly, we summarize and review the cell composition of olfactory cell preparations across the different species studied prior to transplantation. Since the purity of cells in olfactory transplants might affect the study outcome we also examine the effect of the proportions of OECs and the different cell types identified in the transplant on neuroregeneration. Finally, we consider the effect of the yield of cells on neuroregeneration by assessing the cell dose of transplants on therapeutic outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahjabeen Miah
- Spinal Repair Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Patrizia Ferretti
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - David Choi
- Spinal Repair Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
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Manzini I, Schild D, Di Natale C. Principles of odor coding in vertebrates and artificial chemosensory systems. Physiol Rev 2021; 102:61-154. [PMID: 34254835 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00036.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The biological olfactory system is the sensory system responsible for the detection of the chemical composition of the environment. Several attempts to mimic biological olfactory systems have led to various artificial olfactory systems using different technical approaches. Here we provide a parallel description of biological olfactory systems and their technical counterparts. We start with a presentation of the input to the systems, the stimuli, and treat the interface between the external world and the environment where receptor neurons or artificial chemosensors reside. We then delineate the functions of receptor neurons and chemosensors as well as their overall I-O relationships. Up to this point, our account of the systems goes along similar lines. The next processing steps differ considerably: while in biology the processing step following the receptor neurons is the "integration" and "processing" of receptor neuron outputs in the olfactory bulb, this step has various realizations in electronic noses. For a long period of time, the signal processing stages beyond the olfactory bulb, i.e., the higher olfactory centers were little studied. Only recently there has been a marked growth of studies tackling the information processing in these centers. In electronic noses, a third stage of processing has virtually never been considered. In this review, we provide an up-to-date overview of the current knowledge of both fields and, for the first time, attempt to tie them together. We hope it will be a breeding ground for better information, communication, and data exchange between very related but so far little connected fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Manzini
- Animal Physiology and Molecular Biomedicine, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, Gießen, Germany
| | - Detlev Schild
- Institute of Neurophysiology and Cellular Biophysics, University Medical Center, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Corrado Di Natale
- Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
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17
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Wang J, Zhao J, Li S. Research progress on the therapeutic effect of olfactory ensheathing cell transplantation on ischemic stroke. JOURNAL OF NEURORESTORATOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.26599/jnr.2021.9040012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) are a special type of glial cell in the olfactory system, which exhibit neuroprotective, immunomodulatory, and angiogenic effects. Although many studies have focused on the reversal of demyelination and axonal degeneration (during spinal cord injury) by OECs, few reports have focused on the ability of OECs to repair ischemic nerve injury. This article reviews the protective effects of OEC transplantation in ischemic stroke and provides a theoretical basis and new strategy for OEC transplantation in the treatment of ischemic stroke.
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18
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Wang GY, Cheng ZJ, Yuan PW, Li HP, He XJ. Olfactory ensheathing cell transplantation alters the expression of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans and promotes axonal regeneration after spinal cord injury. Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:1638-1644. [PMID: 33433495 PMCID: PMC8323695 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.301023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell transplantation is a potential treatment for spinal cord injury. Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) play an active role in the repair of spinal cord injury as a result of the dual characteristics of astrocytes and Schwann cells. However, the specific mechanisms of repair remain poorly understood. In the present study, a rat model of spinal cord injury was established by transection of T10. OECs were injected into the site, 1 mm from the spinal cord stump. To a certain extent, OEC transplantation restored locomotor function in the hindlimbs of rats with spinal cord injury, but had no effect on the formation or volume of glial scars. In addition, OEC transplantation reduced the immunopositivity of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (neural/glial antigen 2 and neurocan) and glial fibrillary acidic protein at the injury site, and increased the immunopositivity of growth-associated protein 43 and neurofilament. These findings suggest that OEC transplantation can regulate the expression of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans in the spinal cord, inhibit scar formation caused by the excessive proliferation of glial cells, and increase the numbers of regenerated nerve fibers, thus promoting axonal regeneration after spinal cord injury. The study was approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of the Medical College of Xi’an Jiaotong University, China (approval No. 2018-2048) on September 9, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Yu Wang
- Second Department of Orthopedics, the Second Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Zhi-Jian Cheng
- Second Department of Orthopedics, the Second Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Pu-Wei Yuan
- Second Department of Orthopedics, the Second Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Hao-Peng Li
- Second Department of Orthopedics, the Second Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Xi-Jing He
- Second Department of Orthopedics, the Second Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an International Medical Center Orthopedic Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
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