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Chen R, Xu X, Yu Y, Chen Y, Lin C, Liu R. High-voltage pulsed radiofrequency improves ultrastructure of DRG and enhances spinal microglial autophagy to ameliorate neuropathic pain induced by SNI. Sci Rep 2024; 14:4497. [PMID: 38402335 PMCID: PMC10894304 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-55095-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Neuropathic pain (NeP) is intractable for which many therapies are ineffective. High-voltage pulsed radiofrequency (HVPRF) on dorsal root ganglion (DRG) is considered an effective treatment for NeP. The aim of this study is to explore the therapeutic voltage for the optimal efficacy of PRF and the underlying mechanisms. The radiofrequency electrode was placed close to the L5 DRG of rats with spared nerve injury (SNI) and emitted current by the corresponding voltage in different groups. Four different voltages (45 V, 65 V, 85 V, and 100 V) of PRF on DRG significantly alleviated the SNI-induced NeP, reduced the levels of activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) in DRG, improved the ultrastructure of DRG, and promoted autophagy in spinal microglia to varying degrees and partially reversed the increased expression of TNF-α and the reduced expression of IL-10 in spinal cord dorsal horn (SCDH). The beneficial effect of 85V-PRF was superior to those of other three PRF treatments. The underlying mechanisms may be related to repairing the DRG damage and improving the DRG ultrastructure while regulating spinal microglial autophagy and thereby alleviating neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ri Chen
- Department of Pain Management, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Xueru Xu
- Department of Pain Management, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Youfen Yu
- Department of Pain Management, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Yanqin Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Women's and Children's Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Chun Lin
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institute of Pain Research, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Rongguo Liu
- Department of Pain Management, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.
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Saunders MN, Griffin KV, Kalashnikova I, Kolpek D, Smith DR, Saito E, Cummings BJ, Anderson AJ, Shea LD, Park J. Biodegradable nanoparticles targeting circulating immune cells reduce central and peripheral sensitization to alleviate neuropathic pain following spinal cord injury. Pain 2024; 165:92-101. [PMID: 37463227 PMCID: PMC10787809 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Neuropathic pain is a critical source of comorbidity following spinal cord injury (SCI) that can be exacerbated by immune-mediated pathologies in the central and peripheral nervous systems. In this article, we investigate whether drug-free, biodegradable, poly(lactide- co -glycolide) (PLG) nanoparticle treatment mitigates the development of post-SCI neuropathic pain in female mice. Our results show that acute treatment with PLG nanoparticles following thoracic SCI significantly reduces tactile and cold hypersensitivity scores in a durable fashion. Nanoparticles primarily reduce peripheral immune-mediated mechanisms of neuropathic pain, including neuropathic pain-associated gene transcript frequency, transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 nociceptor expression, and MCP-1 (CCL2) chemokine production in the subacute period after injury. Altered central neuropathic pain mechanisms during this period are limited to reduced innate immune cell cytokine expression. However, in the chronic phase of SCI, nanoparticle treatment induces changes in both central and peripheral neuropathic pain signaling, driving reductions in cytokine production and other immune-relevant markers. This research suggests that drug-free PLG nanoparticles reprogram peripheral proalgesic pathways subacutely after SCI to reduce neuropathic pain outcomes and improve chronic central pain signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael N Saunders
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Kate V Griffin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Irina Kalashnikova
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY USA
| | - Daniel Kolpek
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY USA
| | - Dominique R Smith
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Eiji Saito
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Brian J Cummings
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, CA USA
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of California, Irvine, CA USA
| | - Aileen J Anderson
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, CA USA
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of California, Irvine, CA USA
| | - Lonnie D Shea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Jonghyuck Park
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY USA
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY USA
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3
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Liu R, He M, Sun M, Wang L, Cao J, Yu Q, Wang F, Li T. Application of fMRI techniques in the study of acupuncture for gynecological diseases: A review. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e33268. [PMID: 36897670 PMCID: PMC9997817 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000033268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Acupuncture therapy, as a characteristic of Chinese medical therapy, has a long history and remarkable effect in the treatment of gynecological diseases, and so far, it has formed a complete treatment system, but its efficacy and mechanism of action remain unclear. Functional magnetic resonance imaging, a visual technique, provides an objective basis for the study of acupuncture in the treatment of gynecological diseases. This paper summarizes the current status of acupuncture in the treatment of gynecological diseases and summarizes the progress of functional magnetic resonance imaging research related to acupuncture in the treatment of gynecological diseases in the past 10 years, mainly including the common types of gynecological diseases in acupuncture clinics, and the commonly used acupuncture points. This study is expected to provide literature support for subsequent research on the central mechanisms of acupuncture in the treatment of gynecological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renming Liu
- Acupuncture and Moxibustion Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Min He
- Northeast Asian Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Mengmeng Sun
- Northeast Asian Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Acupuncture and Moxibustion Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Jiazhen Cao
- Acupuncture and Moxibustion Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Qianhui Yu
- Acupuncture and Moxibustion Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Fuchun Wang
- Acupuncture and Moxibustion Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Tie Li
- Acupuncture and Moxibustion Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
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Dang SJ, Wei WB, Li RL, Song CX, Xu J. Z-Guggulsterone Relieves Neuropathic Pain by Inhibiting the Expression of Astrocytes and Proinflammatory Cytokines in the Spinal Dorsal Horn. J Pain Res 2022; 15:1315-1324. [PMID: 35546904 PMCID: PMC9084390 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s360126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The study objective was to investigate whether Z-guggulsterone can relieve neuropathic pain in sciatic nerve chronic constriction injury (CCI) mice by inhibiting the expression of astrocytes and proinflammatory cytokines in the spinal dorsal horn. Methods Neuropathic pain was induced and assessed in CCI mice. Z-guggulsterone was administered multiple times via intraperitoneal injection. Pain behaviour assessments were made by conducting paw withdrawal mechanical threshold (PWMT) and thermal withdrawal latency (TWL) tests. The expression level of the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in the spinal dorsal horn was observed by immunofluorescence. The levels of the proinflammatory cytokines, IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α in the spinal cord were measured by ELISA. Data were analysed using one-way ANOVA or two-way ANOVA. Results The PWMT and TWL were higher on the 5th, 7th, 10th and 14th days after CCI, the expression level of GFAP in the spinal dorsal horn was lower, and the levels of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α in the spinal cord were lower in the CCI+Z-GS-L, CCI+Z-GS-M and CCI+Z-GS-H groups than in the CCI+Veh group in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0.05). Conclusion Z-guggulsterone can relieve neurological pain in CCI mice, which may be related to the inhibition of astrocytes and proinflammatory cytokines in the spinal dorsal horn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha-Jie Dang
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Health and Rehabilitation Science, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710049, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shaanxi Provincial Cancer Hospital, Xi’an, 710061, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wen-Bo Wei
- Department of Orthopedics, Shaanxi Provincial People’s Hospital, Xi’an, 710068, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rui-Li Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, 710032, People’s Republic of China
| | - Can-Xu Song
- Department of Ultrasound, Shaanxi Provincial Cancer Hospital, Xi’an, 710061, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jin Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Health and Rehabilitation Science, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710049, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Jin Xu, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Health and Rehabilitation Science, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710049, People’s Republic of China, Email
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Chen JN, Zhang YN, Tian LG, Zhang Y, Li XY, Ning B. Down-regulating Circular RNA Prkcsh suppresses the inflammatory response after spinal cord injury. Neural Regen Res 2022; 17:144-151. [PMID: 34100450 PMCID: PMC8451560 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.314114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a class of conserved, endogenous non-coding RNAs that are involved in transcriptional and post-transcriptional gene regulation and are highly enriched in the nervous system. They participate in the survival and differentiation of multiple nerve cells, and may even promote the recovery of neurological function after stroke. However, their role in the inflammatory response after spinal cord injury remains unclear. In the present study, we established a mouse model of T9 spinal cord injury using the modified Allen’s impact method, and identified 16,013 circRNAs and 960 miRNAs that were differentially expressed after spinal cord injury. Of these, the expression levels of circPrkcsh were significantly different between injured and sham-treated mice. We then treated astrocytes with tumor necrosis factor-α in vitro to simulate the inflammatory response after spinal cord injury. Our results revealed an elevated expression of circPrkcsh with a concurrent decrease in miR-488 expression in injured cells. We also found that circPrkcsh regulated the expression of the inflammation-related gene Ccl2. Furthermore, in tumor necrosis factor-α-treated astrocytes, circPrkcsh knockdown decreased the expression of Ccl2 by upregulating miR-488 expression, and reduced the secretion of inflammatory cytokines in vitro. These findings suggest that differentially expressed circRNAs participate in the inflammatory response after spinal cord injury and act as the regulators of certain microRNAs. Furthermore, circPrkcsh may be used as an miR-488 sponge to regulate Ccl2 expression, which might provide a new potential therapy for SCI. The study was approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of Shandong University of China (approval No. KYLL-20170303) on March 3, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Nan Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Jinan Central Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yi-Ning Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Li-Ge Tian
- Department of Orthopedics, Jinan Central Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Jinan Central Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xin-Yu Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Jinan Central Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Bin Ning
- Department of Orthopedics, Jinan Central Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
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Fakhri S, Abbaszadeh F, Jorjani M. On the therapeutic targets and pharmacological treatments for pain relief following spinal cord injury: A mechanistic review. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 139:111563. [PMID: 33873146 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is globally considered as one of the most debilitating disorders, which interferes with daily activities and life of the affected patients. Despite many developments in related recognizing and treating procedures, post-SCI neuropathic pain (NP) is still a clinical challenge for clinicians with no distinct treatments. Accordingly, a comprehensive search was conducted in PubMed, Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, and national database (SID and Irandoc). The relevant articles regarding signaling pathways, therapeutic targets and pharmacotherapy of post-SCI pain were also reviewed. Data were collected with no time limitation until November 2020. The present study provides the findings on molecular mechanisms and therapeutic targets, as well as developing the critical signaling pathways to introduce novel neuroprotective treatments of post-SCI pain. From the pathophysiological mechanistic point of view, post-SCI inflammation activates the innate immune system, in which the immune cells elicit secondary injuries. So, targeting the critical signaling pathways for pain management in the SCI population has significant importance in providing new treatments. Indeed, several receptors, ion channels, excitatory neurotransmitters, enzymes, and key signaling pathways could be used as therapeutic targets, with a pivotal role of n-methyl-D-aspartate, gamma-aminobutyric acid, and inflammatory mediators. The current review focuses on conventional therapies, as well as crucial signaling pathways and promising therapeutic targets for post-SCI pain to provide new insights into the clinical treatment of post-SCI pain. The need to develop innovative delivery systems to treat SCI is also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajad Fakhri
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Abbaszadeh
- Neurobiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Jorjani
- Neurobiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Zhang T, Li K, Zhang ZL, Gao K, Lv CL. LncRNA Airsci increases the inflammatory response after spinal cord injury in rats through the nuclear factor kappa B signaling pathway. Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:772-777. [PMID: 33063741 PMCID: PMC8067928 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.295335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a serious traumatic event to the central nervous system. Studies show that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play an important role in regulating the inflammatory response in the acute stage of SCI. Here, we investigated a new lncRNA related to spinal cord injury and acute inflammation. We analyzed the expression profile of lncRNAs after SCI, and explored the role of lncRNA Airsci (acute inflammatory response in SCI) on recovery following acute SCI. The rats were divided into the control group, SCI group, and SCI + lncRNA Airsci-siRNA group. The expression of inflammatory factors, including nuclear factor kappa B [NF-κB (p65)], NF-κB inhibitor IκBα and phosphorylated IκBα (p-IκBα), and the p-IκBα/IκBα ratio were examined 1-28 days after SCI in rats by western blot assay. The differential lncRNA expression profile after SCI was assessed by RNA sequencing. The differentially expressed lncRNAs were analyzed by bioinformatics technology. The differentially expressed lncRNA Airsci, which is involved in NF-κB signaling and associated with the acute inflammatory response, was verified by quantitative real-time PCR. Interleukin (IL-1β), IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) at 3 days after SCI were measured by western blot assay and quantitative real-time PCR. The histopathology of the spinal cord was evaluated by hematoxylin-eosin and Nissl staining. Motor function was assessed with the Basso, Beattie and Bresnahan Locomotor Rating Scale. Numerous differentially expressed lncRNAs were detected after SCI, including 151 that were upregulated and 186 that were downregulated in the SCI 3 d group compared with the control group. LncRNA Airsci was the most significantly expressed among the five lncRNAs involved in the NF-κB signaling pathway. LncRNA Airsci-siRNA reduced the inflammatory response by inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathway, alleviated spinal cord tissue injury, and promoted the recovery of motor function in SCI rats. These findings show that numerous lncRNAs are differentially expressed following SCI, and that inhibiting lncRNA Airsci reduces the inflammatory response through the NF-κB signaling pathway, thereby promoting functional recovery. All experimental procedures and protocols were approved by the approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of Jining Medical University (approval No. JNMC-2020-DW-RM-003) on January 18, 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Jining Medical University; Department of Orthopedics, Jining No. 1 People's Hospital, Jining, Shandong Province, China
| | - Kang Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Jining No. 1 People's Hospital, Jining, Shandong Province, China
| | - Zi-Lu Zhang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong Province, China
| | - Kai Gao
- Department of Orthopedics, Jining No. 1 People's Hospital, Jining, Shandong Province, China
| | - Chao-Liang Lv
- Department of Orthopedics, Jining No. 1 People's Hospital, Jining, Shandong Province, China
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Liang YH, Chen GW, Li XS, Jia S, Meng CY. Guanosine-5'-triphosphate cyclohydrolase 1 regulated long noncoding RNAs are potential targets for microglial activation in neuropathic pain. Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:596-600. [PMID: 32985494 PMCID: PMC7996028 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.290914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have confirmed that microglia are involved in neuropathic pain. Inhibition of guanosine-5'-triphosphate cyclohydrolase 1 (GTPCH1) can reduce the inflammation of microglia. However, the precise mechanism by which GTPCH1 regulates neuropathic pain remains unclear. In this study, BV2 microglia were transfected with adenovirus to knockdown GTPCH1 expression. High throughput sequencing analysis revealed that the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) related pathways and proteins were the most significantly down-regulated molecular function. Co-expression network analysis of Mapk14 mRNA and five long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) revealed their correlation. Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction revealed that among five lncRNAs, ENSMUST00000205634, ENSMUST00000218450 and ENSMUST00000156079 were related to the downregulation of Mapk14 mRNA expression. These provide some new potential targets for the involvement of GTPCH1 in neuropathic pain. This study is the first to note the differential expression of lncRNAs and mRNA in GTPCH1 knockdown BV2 microglia. Findings from this study reveal the mechanism by which GTPCH1 activates microglia and provide new potential targets for microglial activation in neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Hu Liang
- Department of Clinical Medical College, Jining Medical University; Neuropathic Pain Institute for Spinal Nerve of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong Province, China
| | - Guo-Wu Chen
- Neuropathic Pain Institute for Spinal Nerve of Jining Medical University; Department of Spine Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xue-Song Li
- Department of Joint Surgery, Yanzhou Campus, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong Province, China
| | - Shu Jia
- Neuropathic Pain Institute for Spinal Nerve of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong Province, China
| | - Chun-Yang Meng
- Neuropathic Pain Institute for Spinal Nerve of Jining Medical University; Department of Spine Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong Province, China
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Chen WH, Lin YX, Lin L, Zhang BQ, Xu SX, Wang W. Identification of potential candidate proteins for reprogramming spinal cord-derived astrocytes into neurons: a proteomic analysis. Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:2257-2263. [PMID: 33818510 PMCID: PMC8354129 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.310697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Our previous study has confirmed that astrocytes overexpressing neurogenic differentiation factor 1 (NEUROD1) in the spinal cord can be reprogrammed into neurons under in vivo conditions. However, whether they can also be reprogrammed into neurons under in vitro conditions remains unclear, and the mechanisms of programmed conversion from astrocytes to neurons have not yet been clarified. In the present study, we prepared reactive astrocytes from newborn rat spinal cord astrocytes using the scratch method and infected them with lentivirus carrying NEUROD1. The results showed that NEUROD1 overexpression reprogrammed the cultured reactive astrocytes into neurons in vitro with an efficiency of 13.4%. Using proteomic and bioinformatic analyses, 1952 proteins were identified, of which 92 were differentially expressed. Among these proteins, 11 were identified as candidate proteins in the process of reprogramming based on their biological functions and fold-changes in the bioinformatic analysis. Furthermore, western blot assay revealed that casein kinase II subunit alpha (CSNK2A2) and pinin (PNN) expression in NEUROD1-overexpressing reactive astrocytes was significantly increased, suggesting that NEUROD1 can directly reprogram spinal cord-derived reactive astrocytes into neurons in vitro, and that the NEUROD1-CSNK2A2-PNN pathway is involved in this process. This study was approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of Fujian Medical University, China (approval No. 2016-05) on April 18, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Hao Chen
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Yu-Xiang Lin
- Department of Breast Surgery, Affiliated Union Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Ling Lin
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences of Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bao-Quan Zhang
- Department of Neonatology, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Shu-Xia Xu
- Department of Pathology, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Anatomy and Histoembryology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
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