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Ghasemi M, Talebi A, Ghanbari A, Hayat P, Yousefi B, Mohammadi M, Abedinzade M, Ahmadirad N, Zarbakhsh S. Bone marrow stromal cell-conditioned medium regenerates injured sciatic nerve by increasing expression of MPZ and NGF and decreasing apoptosis. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2024; 27:596-602. [PMID: 38629102 PMCID: PMC11017845 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2024.74267.16133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Objectives Despite the many benefits of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) transplantation for tissue regeneration, there are some limitations to using them, including the high costs, applying invasive procedures, the possibility of transplant rejection, and cell malignancy. This study aimed to investigate the effect of secretions of bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) with the cell-free strategy on damaged sciatic nerve with an emphasis on the role of apoptosis and the expression of myelin protein zero (MPZ) and nerve growth factor (NGF) proteins. Materials and Methods BMSCs were cultured and a 25-fold concentrated conditioned medium (CM) from the cells was provided. After creating a crush injury in the left sciatic nerve of male rats, BMSCs or CM were injected into the injured site of the nerve. Four weeks later, the expression of MPZ, NGF, Bax, and Bcl-2 proteins in the sciatic nerve and histological parameters of the sciatic nerve and gastrocnemius muscle were assessed. Results The results demonstrated that injection of CM decreased apoptosis and increased expression of MPZ and NGF proteins, improving remyelination and regeneration of the sciatic nerve almost as much as the transplantation of the BMSCs themselves compared to the control group. Conclusion The results suggest that BMSC secretions may improve remyelination and regeneration of damaged sciatic nerve by increasing the expression of MPZ and NGF and decreasing apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitra Ghasemi
- Nervous System Stem Cells Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Athar Talebi
- Nervous System Stem Cells Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Ali Ghanbari
- Laboratory of Learning and Memory, Research Center of Physiology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Parisa Hayat
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behpour Yousefi
- Nervous System Stem Cells Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Moslem Mohammadi
- Department of Physiology, Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Mahmood Abedinzade
- Medical Biotechnology Research Center, Department of Physiology, School of Paramedicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Nooshin Ahmadirad
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sam Zarbakhsh
- Nervous System Stem Cells Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
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Zhang F, Gao H, Jiang X, Yang F, Zhang J, Song S, Shen J. Biomedical Application of Decellularized Scaffolds. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2023; 6:5145-5168. [PMID: 38032114 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c00778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Tissue loss and end-stage organ failure are serious health problems across the world. Natural and synthetic polymer scaffold material based artificial organs play an important role in the field of tissue engineering and organ regeneration, but they are not from the body and may cause side effects such as rejection. In recent years, the biomimetic decellularized scaffold based materials have drawn great attention in the tissue engineering field for their good biocompatibility, easy modification, and excellent organism adaptability. Therefore, in this review, we comprehensively summarize the application of decellularized scaffolds in tissue engineering and biomedicine in recent years. The preparation methods, modification strategies, construction of artificial tissues, and application in biomedical applications are discussed. We hope that this review will provide a useful reference for research on decellularized scaffolds and promote their application tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Zhang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Huimin Gao
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xuefeng Jiang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Fang Yang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Saijie Song
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jian Shen
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center of Interfacial Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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Peng S, He T, Liu Y, Zheng L, Zhong Y, Niu Z, Zhang M, Yang S. Lnc-PPP2R1B Mediates the Alternative Splicing of PPP2R1B by Interacting and Stabilizing HNRNPLL and Promotes Osteogenesis of MSCs. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2023; 19:1981-1993. [PMID: 37243830 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-023-10559-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Osteogeinc differentiation from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) into osteoblasts is a key step for bone tissue engineering in regenerative medicine. The insight into regulatory mechanism of osteogenesis of MSCs facilitates achieving better recovery effect. Long non-coding RNAs are regarded as a family of important moderators in osteogenesis. In this study, we found a novel lncRNA, lnc-PPP2R1B was up-regulated during osteogenesis of MSCs by Illumina HiSeq transcritome sequencing. We demonstrated lnc-PPP2R1B overexpression promoted osteogenesis and knockdown of lnc-PPP2R1B inhibited osteogenesis of MSCs. Mechanically, it physically interacted with and up-regulated heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein L Like (HNRNPLL), which is a master regulator of activation-induced alternative splicing in T cells. We found lnc-PPP2R1B knockdown or HNRNPLL knockdown decreased transcript-201 of Protein Phosphatase 2A, Regulatory Subunit A, Beta Isoform (PPP2R1B) while increased transcript-203 of PPP2R1B, and did not affect transcript-202/204/206. PPP2R1B is a constant regulatory subunit of protein phosphatase 2 (PP2A), which activates Wnt/β-catenin pathway by removing phosphorylation and stabilization of β-catenin and translocation into nucleus. The transcript-201 retained exon 2 and 3, compared to transcript-203. And it was reported the exon 2 and 3 of PPP2R1B were one part of B subunit binding domain on A subunit in PP2A trimer, and therefore retaining exon 2 and 3 promised formation and enzyme function of PP2A. Finally, lnc-PPP2R1B promoted ectopic osteogenesis in vivo. Conclusively, lnc-PPP2R1B mediated alternative splicing of PPP2R1B through retaining exon 2 and 3 by interacting with HNRNPLL and then promoted osteogenesis, which may facilitate an in-depth understanding of function and mechanism of lncRNAs in osteogenesis. Lnc-PPP2R1B interacted with HNRNPLL, and regulated alternative splicing of PPP2R1B through retaining exon 2 and 3, which preserved enzyme function of PP2A and enhanced dephosphorylation and nuclear translocation of β-catenin, thereby promoting Runx2 and OSX expression and then osteogenesis. And it provided experimental data and potential target for promoting bone formation and bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuping Peng
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Non Resolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
| | - Tiantian He
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Non Resolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ying Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Non Resolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Leliang Zheng
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Non Resolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yancheng Zhong
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Non Resolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhiyuan Niu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Non Resolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Mojian Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Non Resolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Sheng Yang
- The Reproduction Medical Center, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.
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Ozel C, Apaydin E, Sariboyaci AE, Tamayol A, Avci H. A multifunctional sateen woven dressings for treatment of skin injuries. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2023; 224:113197. [PMID: 36822118 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2023.113197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Cutaneous wounds with impaired healing such as diabetic ulcers and burns constitute major and rapidly growing threat to healthcare systems worldwide. Accelerating wound healing requires the delivery of biological factors that induce angiogenesis, support cellular proliferation, and modulate inflammation while minimizing infection. In this study, we engineered a dressing made by weaving of composite fibers (CFs) carrying mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and a model antibiotic using a scalable sateen textile technique. In this regard, two different sets of CFs carrying MSCs or an antimicrobial agent were used to generate a multifunctional dressing. According to cell viability and metabolic activity as CCK-8 and live/dead with qRT-PCR results, more than %90 the encapsulated MSCs remain viable for 28 days and their expression levels of the wound repair factors including ECM remodeling, angiogenesis and immunomodulatory maintained in MSCs post dressing manufacturing for 14 days. Post 10 days culture of the dressing, MSCs within CFs had 10-fold higher collagen synthesis (p < 0.0001) determined by hydroxyproline assay which indicates the enhanced healing properties. According to in vitro antimicrobial activity results determined by disk diffusion and broth microdilution tests, the first day and the total amount of release gentamicin loaded dressing samples during the 28 days were higher than determined minimal inhibition concentration (MIC) values for S. aureus and K. pneumonia without negatively impacting the viability and functionality of encapsulated MSCs within the dressing. The dressing is also flexible and can conform to skin curvatures making the dressing suitable for the treatment of different skin injuries such as burns and diabetic ulcers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ceren Ozel
- Department of Stem Cell, Institute of Health Sciences, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir 26040, Turkey; Cellular Therapy and Stem Cell Production Application and Research Center (ESTEM), Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir 26040, Turkey
| | - Elif Apaydin
- Cellular Therapy and Stem Cell Production Application and Research Center (ESTEM), Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir 26040, Turkey; Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Health Sciences, Anadolu University, Eskişehir 26470, Turkey
| | - Ayla Eker Sariboyaci
- Department of Stem Cell, Institute of Health Sciences, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir 26040, Turkey; Cellular Therapy and Stem Cell Production Application and Research Center (ESTEM), Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir 26040, Turkey
| | - Ali Tamayol
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06269, USA.
| | - Huseyin Avci
- Cellular Therapy and Stem Cell Production Application and Research Center (ESTEM), Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir 26040, Turkey; Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Eskişehir 26040, Turkey; Translational Medicine Research and Clinical Center (TATUM), Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Eskişehir 26040, Turkey.
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Wong J, Murphy M, Wu YF, Murphy R, Frueh FS, Farnebo S. Basic science approaches to common hand surgery problems. J Hand Surg Eur Vol 2022; 47:117-126. [PMID: 34472390 DOI: 10.1177/17531934211042697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The field of hand surgery is constantly evolving to meet challenges of populations with increasing age and higher demands for active living. While our surgical care has improved over the last decades, it seems that future major improvement in outcomes of clinical treatment will come through advances in biologics and the translation of major discoveries in basic science. This article aims to provide an update on where basic science solutions may answer some of the most critical issues in hand surgery, with a focus on augmentation of tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Wong
- Blond McIndoe Laboratories, Manchester, UK.,Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Manchester and Manchester University Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Matthew Murphy
- Blond McIndoe Laboratories, Manchester, UK.,Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Manchester and Manchester University Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Ya Fang Wu
- Department of Hand Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ralph Murphy
- Blond McIndoe Laboratories, Manchester, UK.,Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Manchester and Manchester University Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Florian S Frueh
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Simon Farnebo
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.,Department of Plastic Surgery, Hand Surgery, and Burns, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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Sun JH, Huang M, Fang Z, Li TX, Wu TT, Chen Y, Quan DP, Xu YY, Wang YM, Yang Y, Zou JL. Nerve bundle formation during the promotion of peripheral nerve regeneration: collagen VI-neural cell adhesion molecule 1 interaction. Neural Regen Res 2021; 17:1023-1033. [PMID: 34558529 PMCID: PMC8552870 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.324861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of nerve bundles, which is partially regulated by neural cell adhesion molecule 1 (NCAM1), is important for neural network organization during peripheral nerve regeneration. However, little is known about how the extracellular matrix (ECM) microenvironment affects this process. Here, we seeded dorsal root ganglion tissue blocks on different ECM substrates of peripheral nerve ECM-derived matrix-gel, Matrigel, laminin 521, collagen I, and collagen IV, and observed well-aligned axon bundles growing in the peripheral nerve ECM-derived environment. We confirmed that NCAM1 is necessary but not sufficient to trigger this phenomenon. A protein interaction assay identified collagen VI as an extracellular partner of NCAM1 in the regulation of axonal fasciculation. Collagen VI interacted with NCAM1 by directly binding to the FNIII domain, thereby increasing the stability of NCAM1 at the axolemma. Our in vivo experiments on a rat sciatic nerve defect model also demonstrated orderly nerve bundle regeneration with improved projection accuracy and functional recovery after treatment with 10 mg/mL Matrigel and 20 μg/mL collagen VI. These findings suggest that the collagen VI-NCAM1 pathway plays a regulatory role in nerve bundle formation. This study was approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of Guangzhou Medical University (approval No. GY2019048) on April 30, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Hui Sun
- Institute of Neuroscience and the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China; Key Laboratory of Neurological Function and Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ming Huang
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yatsen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zhou Fang
- Key Laboratory of Neurological Function and Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Tian-Xiao Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ting-Ting Wu
- Key Laboratory of Neurological Function and Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yi Chen
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yatsen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Da-Ping Quan
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ying-Ying Xu
- Key Laboratory of Neurological Function and Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yu-Ming Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience and the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China; Key Laboratory of Neurological Function and Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Orthopedic Trauma and Microsurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jian-Long Zou
- Institute of Neuroscience and the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China; Key Laboratory of Neurological Function and Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
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Dzobo K. Recent Trends in Multipotent Human Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells: Learning from History and Advancing Clinical Applications. OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2021; 25:342-357. [PMID: 34115524 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2021.0049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Early cell biology reports demonstrated the presence of cells with stem-like properties in bone marrow, with both hematopoietic and mesenchymal lineages. Over the years, various investigations have purified and characterized mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) from different human tissues as cells with multilineage differentiation potential under the appropriate conditions. Due to their appealing characteristics and versatile potentials, MSCs are leveraged in many applications in medicine such as oncology, bioprinting, and as recent as therapeutics discovery and innovation for COVID-19. To date, studies indicate that MSCs have varied differentiation capabilities into different cell types, and demonstrate immunomodulating and anti-inflammatory properties. Different microenvironments or niche for MSCs and their resulting heterogeneity may influence attendant cellular behavior and differentiation capacity. The potential clinical applications of MSCs and exosomes derived from these cells have led to an avalanche of research reports on their properties and hundreds of clinical trials being undertaken. There is ample reason to think, as discussed in this expert review that the future looks bright and promising for MSC research, with many clinical trials under way to ascertain their clinical utility. This review provides a synthesis of the latest advances and trends in MSC research to allow for broad and critically informed use of MSCs. Early observations of the presence of these cells in the bone marrow and their remarkable differentiation capabilities and immunomodulation are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Dzobo
- International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town Component, Cape Town, South Africa.,Division of Medical Biochemistry and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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