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Dawood HM, Kroeger A, Chavda V, Chapple ILC, Kebschull M. Under pressure-mechanisms and risk factors for orthodontically induced inflammatory root resorption: a systematic review. Eur J Orthod 2023; 45:612-626. [PMID: 37366151 PMCID: PMC10505745 DOI: 10.1093/ejo/cjad011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The application of orthodontic forces causes root resorption of variable severity with potentially severe clinical ramifications. OBJECTIVE To systematically review reports on the pathophysiological mechanisms of orthodontically induced inflammatory root resorption (OIIRR) and the associated risk factors based on in vitro, experimental, and in vivo studies. SEARCH METHODS We undertook an electronic search of four databases and a separate hand-search. SELECTION CRITERIA Studies reporting on the effect of orthodontic forces with/without the addition of potential risk factors on OIIRR, including (1) gene expression in in-vitro studies, the incidence root resorption in (2) animal studies, and (3) human studies. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Potential hits underwent a two-step selection, data extraction, quality assessment, and systematic appraisal performed by duplicate examiners. RESULTS One hundred and eighteen articles met the eligibility criteria. Studies varied considerably in methodology, reporting of results, and variable risk of bias judgements.In summary, the variable evidence identified supports the notion that the application of orthodontic forces leads to (1) characteristic alterations of molecular expression profiles in vitro, (2) an increased rate of OIIRR in animal models, as well as (3) in human studies. Importantly, the additional presence of risk factors such as malocclusion, previous trauma, and medications like corticosteroids increased the severity of OIIRR, whilst other factors decreased its severity, including oral contraceptives, baicalin, and high caffeine. CONCLUSIONS Based on the systematically reviewed evidence, OIIRR seems to be an inevitable consequence of the application of orthodontic forces-with different risk factors modifying its severity. Our review has identified several molecular mechanisms that can help explain this link between orthodontic forces and OIIRR. Nevertheless, it must be noted that the available eligible literature was in part significantly confounded by bias and was characterized by substantial methodological heterogeneity, suggesting that the results of this systematic review should be interpreted with caution. REGISTRATION PROSPERO (CRD42021243431).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan M Dawood
- Periodontal Research Group, School of Dentistry, Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical & Dental Sciences, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Annika Kroeger
- Department of Oral Surgery, School of Dentistry, Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical & Dental Sciences, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Birmingham Community Healthcare NHS Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Vinay Chavda
- Birmingham Community Healthcare NHS Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Iain L C Chapple
- Periodontal Research Group, School of Dentistry, Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical & Dental Sciences, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Birmingham Community Healthcare NHS Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Moritz Kebschull
- Periodontal Research Group, School of Dentistry, Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical & Dental Sciences, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Birmingham Community Healthcare NHS Trust, Birmingham, UK
- Division of Periodontics, Section of Oral, Diagnostic and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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2
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Makrygiannakis MA, Kaklamanos EG, Athanasiou AE. Effects of systemic medication on root resorption associated with orthodontic tooth movement: a systematic review of animal studies. Eur J Orthod 2020; 41:346-359. [PMID: 29992228 DOI: 10.1093/ejo/cjy048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Theoretically, root resorption could be modulated by any medication taken that exhibits possible effects on the implicated molecular pathways. OBJECTIVES To systematically investigate and appraise the quality of the available evidence from animal studies, regarding the effect of commonly prescribed systemic medication on root resorption associated with orthodontic tooth movement. SEARCH METHODS Search without restrictions in eight databases (PubMed, Central, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, SCOPUS, Web of Science, Arab World Research Source, ClinicalTrials.gov, ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global) and hand searching until April 2018 took place. One author developed detailed search strategies for each database that were based on the PubMed strategy and adapted accordingly. SELECTION CRITERIA Controlled studies investigating the effect of systemic medications on root resorption associated with orthodontic tooth movement. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Following study retrieval and selection, relevant data were extracted and the risk of bias was assessed using the SYRCLE's Risk of Bias Tool. RESULTS Twenty-one studies were finally identified, most of which at unclear risk of bias. Root resorption was shown to increase in Vitamin C treated animals in comparison with the control group, whereas a comparative decrease was noted after the administration of the alendronate, ibuprofen, growth hormone, low doses of meloxicam, simvastatin, lithium chloride and strontium ranelate. No difference was noted for acetaminophen, aspirin, fluoxetine, atorvastatin, misoprostol, zoledronic acid and zinc. Finally, inconsistent effects were observed after the administration of celecoxib, prednisolone and L-thyroxine. The quality of the available evidence was considered at best as low. CONCLUSIONS The pharmaceutical substances investigated were shown to exhibit variable effects on root resorption. Although the overall quality of evidence provides the clinician with a cautious perspective on the strength of the relevant recommendations, good practice would suggest that it is important to identify patients consuming medications and consider the possible implications. REGISTRATION PROSPERO (CRD42017078208).
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Affiliation(s)
- Miltiadis A Makrygiannakis
- Hamdan Bin Mohammed College of Dental Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Eleftherios G Kaklamanos
- Hamdan Bin Mohammed College of Dental Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Athanasios E Athanasiou
- Hamdan Bin Mohammed College of Dental Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
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3
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Ahmad Akhoundi MS, Shaygan-Mehr M, Keshvad MA, Etemad Moghaddam S, Alaeddini M, Dehpour A, Mirhashemi AH. Effect of amitriptyline on orthodontic tooth movement in rats: an experimental study. J Dent Res Dent Clin Dent Prospects 2020; 14:147-152. [PMID: 33408818 PMCID: PMC7770401 DOI: 10.34172/joddd.2020.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) occurs in the alveolar bone; therefore, any condition affecting bone quality can alter OTM. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of amitriptyline on OTM in rats. Methods. Forty-five male Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups: (I) no injection, (II) injection with saline solution, and (III) injection of amitriptyline. Next, a 60-gr force was applied to the maxillary left first molar tooth of all the rats, using a nickel‒titanium closed-coil spring ligated between the maxillary incisors and the left first molar tooth. The rats were sacrificed after 21 days to measure OTM and perform histological analysis to determine the number, width, and depth of resorptive lacunae, osteoclast counts, and periodontal ligament (PDL) width. Results. The highest and the lowest OTM rates were found in the control and amitriptyline groups, respectively; however, there was no significant difference between the study groups in this regard. Histological analysis showed a significantly lower number of resorption lacunae in the amitriptyline group than the saline group. Conclusion. Although no significant difference was noted in OTM after amitriptyline administration, a reduction in the number of resorptive lacunae in rats injected with amitriptyline suggests that amitriptyline affects the bone tissue at the cellular level.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mohammad Ali Keshvad
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahroo Etemad Moghaddam
- Dental Research Center, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mojgan Alaeddini
- Dental Research Center, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmadreza Dehpour
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Hossein Mirhashemi
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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4
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Liu XC, Wang XX, Zhang LN, Yang F, Nie FJ, Zhang J. Inhibitory effects of resveratrol on orthodontic tooth movement and associated root resorption in rats. Arch Oral Biol 2019; 111:104642. [PMID: 31887570 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2019.104642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of resveratrol (RSV) on orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) and orthodontic induced root resorption (OIRR) in rats. METHODS Thirty-six male Wistar rats used in this study were randomly divided into three groups of 12 animals each. All test subjects underwent a 50 g orthodontic force each, generated from a nickel-titanium closed-coil spring. The control group were fed carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) while rats in other two groups were fed 5 mg/kg/d RSV or 10 mg/kg/d RSV (dissolved in CMC). After 14 days of OTM, all rats were sacrificed, after which each group was randomly divided into two subgroups (6 test subjects in each subgroup). One subgroup was used to measure the amount of OTM and assessed by hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining, and immunohistochemistry staining of Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor-κ B Ligand (RANKL), Osteoprotegerin (OPG), Runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2), as well as Osteocalcin (OCN). The second subgroup was used to analyze OIRR via scanning electron microscopy. RESULTS Compared with the control group, the RSV groups showed a significant decrease in the distance of OTM and the OIRR ratio (p<0.05). The number of TRAP positive osteoclasts and the expression of RANKL in periodontal tissue of the RSV groups were significantly inhibited (p<0.01) while the expression of OPG, RUNX2, and OCN were remarkably promoted (p<0.05). The effect of 10 mg/kg/d RSV group was more obvious than that of 5 mg/kg/d RSV group (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS RSV could reduce the extent of OTM and root resorption areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Can Liu
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Shandong University & Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan, China
| | - Xu-Xia Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Shandong University & Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan, China
| | - Li-Na Zhang
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Stomatology, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Shandong University & Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan, China
| | - Fu-Jiao Nie
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Shandong University & Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Shandong University & Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan, China.
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Abstract
Peripheral serotonin continuously reveals its unexpected involvements in many organ functions. In bone tissue, there is an increasing evidence for a local serotonergic system affecting the cellular and molecular actors involved in bone turnover. During orthodontic treatment, tooth movement relies on bone remodeling, itself a result of the inflammatory process triggered by application of orthodontic forces to the teeth. Nowadays, many adults proceed to an orthodontic treatment, it therefore seems important to consider physiological growth-related factors and external factors as medications that may influence adverse effects and efficacy of orthodontic treatment techniques. In this review, we focus on peripheral serotonin mechanism of regulation of bone remodeling during orthodontic movement. We discuss the differential effect of serotonin on alveolar bone inflammation that may open new strategies in orthodontics.
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Abstract
As any pharmaceutical substance may influence the events associated with orthodontic tooth movement, it is of importance for the clinician to be able to recognize any prospective patient's history and patterns of medicinal consumption. This review presents the effects of various commonly prescribed medications on the rate of orthodontic tooth movement. The article concludes that it remains, to a degree, unclear which types of medication may have a clinically significant effect in everyday clinical scenarios. However, since both prescription and over-the-counter medication use have recently increased significantly among all age groups, good practice suggests that it is important to identify patients consuming medications and consider the possible implications in orthodontic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eleftherios G Kaklamanos
- 2 Hamdan Bin Mohammed College of Dental Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
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7
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Makrygiannakis MA, Kaklamanos EG, Athanasiou AE. Does common prescription medication affect the rate of orthodontic tooth movement? A systematic review. Eur J Orthod 2019. [PMID: 29522172 DOI: 10.1093/ejo/cjy001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background As the taking of any medication may theoretically affect the complex pathways responsible for periodontal tissue homeostasis and the events leading to orthodontic tooth movement, it is considered important for the orthodontist to be able to identify prospective patients' history and patterns of pharmaceutical consumption. Objective To systematically investigate and appraise the quality of the available evidence regarding the effect of commonly prescribed medications on the rate of orthodontic tooth movement. Search methods Search without restrictions in eight databases and hand searching until June 2017. Selection criteria Controlled studies investigating the effect of commonly prescribed medications with emphasis on the rate of orthodontic tooth movement. Data collection and analysis Following study retrieval and selection, relevant data was extracted and the risk of bias was assessed using the SYRCLE's Risk of Bias Tool. Results Twenty-seven animal studies, involving various pharmacologic and orthodontic interventions, were finally identified. Most studies were assessed to be at unclear or high risk of bias. The rate of orthodontic tooth movement was shown to increase after the administration of diazepam, Vitamin C and pantoprazole, while simvastatin, atorvastatin, calcium compounds, strontium ranelate, propranolol, losartan, famotidine, cetirizine, and metformin decreased the rate of orthodontic tooth movement. No interference with the rate of orthodontic tooth movement was reported for phenytoin, phenobarbital and zinc compounds, whereas, inconsistent or conflicting effects were noted after the administration of L-thyroxine, lithium compounds, fluoxetine and insulin. The quality of the available evidence was considered at best as low. Conclusions Commonly prescribed medications may exhibit variable effects on the rate of orthodontic tooth movement. Although the quality of evidence was considered at best as low, raising reservations about the strength of the relevant recommendations, the clinician should be capable of identifying patients taking medications and should take into consideration the possible implications related to the proposed treatment. Registration PROSPERO (CRD42015029130).
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Affiliation(s)
- Miltiadis A Makrygiannakis
- Hamdan Bin Mohammed College of Dental Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Eleftherios G Kaklamanos
- Hamdan Bin Mohammed College of Dental Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Athanasios E Athanasiou
- Hamdan Bin Mohammed College of Dental Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
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Koura SM, Salama M, El-Hussiny M, Khalil MESA, Lotfy A, Hassan SA, Gad Elhak SA, Sobh MA. Fluoxetine induces direct inhibitory effects on mesenchymal stem cell‑derived osteoprogenitor cells independent of serotonin concentration. Mol Med Rep 2019; 19:2611-2619. [PMID: 30720108 PMCID: PMC6423613 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.9924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are the most commonly prescribed antidepressants worldwide, which have been reported to exert potential detrimental effects on bone mineral density and increase the risk of developing fractures. The present study aimed to investigate the pathways underlying the negative effects of fluoxetine on bone using mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) derived from rat adipose tissue as a source of osteoprogenitor cells. MSCs were harvested from adipose tissue using a collagenase enzyme digestion method and were allowed to differentiate into osteoprogenitor cells. Various concentrations of fluoxetine were added to the cells, which were harvested and analyzed by flow cytometry to detect apoptotic markers Annexin V and caspase-3, in order to assess the levels of apoptosis. The levels of endogenous serotonin released in the extracellular matrix were measured using a serotonin ELISA kit. The underlying molecular pathways associated with the effects of fluoxetine on bone were investigated with reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The results of the present study revealed a significant dose-dependent increase in apoptosis in response to increasing doses of fluoxetine, which was independent of serotonin levels in the culture supernatant. These findings indicated that fluoxetine exerted a direct inhibitory effect on bone cells via an apoptosis-dependent pathway. Furthermore, the expression levels of serotonergic genes, including serotonin 1B receptor, serotonin 2A receptor (HTR2A), serotonin 2B receptor and serotonin transporter, were down regulated; of these genes, HTR2A exhibited the highest expression levels. Further in vitro and in vivo studies are required to verify this association and to determine the molecular pathways involved in fluoxetine-induced bone loss. Fluoxetine-induced apoptosis of osteoprogenitor cells may be the mechanism underlying the increased incidence of bone loss observed in patients treated with fluoxetine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samar M Koura
- Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Salama
- Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud El-Hussiny
- Medical Experimental Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud El-Sayed Awad Khalil
- Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Lotfy
- Biotechnology and Life Sciences Department, Faculty of Postgraduate Studies for Advanced Sciences, Beni Suef University, Beni Suef 62511, Egypt
| | - Samia Ahmed Hassan
- Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Seham Aly Gad Elhak
- Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Sobh
- Urology and Nephrology Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
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The effect of biologic factors and adjunctive therapies on orthodontically induced inflammatory root resorption: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Orthod 2018; 40:326-336. [DOI: 10.1093/ejo/cjy003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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10
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Guan L, Lin S, Yan W, Chen L, Wang X. Effects of calcitonin on orthodontic tooth movement and associated root resorption in rats. Acta Odontol Scand 2017; 75:595-602. [PMID: 28814141 DOI: 10.1080/00016357.2017.1365375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Our main aim was to evaluate the effects of calcitonin (CT) on orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) and orthodontic root resorption in a rat model. MATERIAL AND METHODS Eighty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups. Rats in the negative control group were not given any appliances or injections. All the remaining rats were used to establish a model of OTM. The positive control group were then injected with normal saline, while rats in the three experimental groups were injected with 0.2 IU, 1 IU or 5 IU/kg/day CT. Nickel-titanium closed-coil springs were used to deliver an initial 50 g mesial force to the left maxillary first molar for 14 days in rats in the positive control group and the experimental groups. Each group was randomly subdivided into two groups, one for analysis of tooth movement, tissue changes and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive cells in alveolar bone, the other to examine root resorption by scanning electron microscopy. RESULTS The OTM distance, the number of force-induced osteoclasts and root resorption areas were significantly decreased in CT-injected rats in a dose-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS Administration of CT reduces the root resorption area and may therefore be effective as a novel adjunctive orthodontic approach to diminish undesired tooth movement via enhancing anchorage or preventing relapse after OTM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Guan
- Department of Orthodontics, First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, P.R. China
| | - Suai Lin
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital Harbin Medical University, Harbin, P.R. China
| | - Weijun Yan
- Department of Orthodontics, First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, P.R. China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Stomatology, The Fifth Hospital of Harbin, Harbin, P.R. China
| | - Xiaofeng Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital Harbin Medical University, Harbin, P.R. China
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Mirhashemi AH, Ahmad Akhoundi MS, Sheikhzadeh S, Momeni N, Dehpour A, Alaeddini M, Kheirandish Y, Farhadifard H, Ansari E. Effect of Fluoxetine Consumption on Orthodontic Tooth Movement in Rats. JOURNAL OF DENTISTRY (TEHRAN, IRAN) 2015; 12:882-9. [PMID: 27559347 PMCID: PMC4983303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Fluoxetine is a selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitor (SSRI) widely used for depression, bipolar disorder, anxiety and obsessive-compulsive disorder. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of fluoxetine on orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty-five male Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups namely the control group (no medication), saline and fluoxetine dissolved in saline. In all groups, nickel titanium closed-coil spring was used between the left maxillary central incisor and first molar to exert 60g force at 2mm activation. Radiographs were taken at one and 21 days. After 21 days, the rats were sacrificed. The distance between the first and second molar teeth, optical density of bone, periodontal ligament (PDL) width, lacuna length and depth and number of osteoclasts were measured and compared among the groups. RESULTS Tooth movement significantly increased in the fluoxetine group (P=0.005). No significant differences were found in osteoclast count (P=0.069). The PDL width in the mesioapical region of root was significantly different among the groups (P=0.015). Statistical analysis did not show significant differences in depth or length of lacunae in any examined part of the root (P>0.05). Bone densitometry results showed that in fluoxetine group, density of bone in all four areas (alveolar bone, hard palate, skull and mandibular bone) significantly decreased from day one to day 21 (P< 0.05). CONCLUSION This study indicated that fluoxetine decreased bone density, which resulted in subsequently greater tooth movement in rats; however, further studies are needed on humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Hossein Mirhashemi
- Assistant Professor, Dental Research Center, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Orthodontic Department, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Sadegh Ahmad Akhoundi
- Professor, Dental Research Center, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Orthodontic Department, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sedigheh Sheikhzadeh
- Assistant Professor, Orthodontic Department, School of Dentistry, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Nafiseh Momeni
- Dentist, Dental Research Center, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmadreza Dehpour
- Professor, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mojgan Alaeddini
- Associate Professor, Dental Research Center, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yasaman Kheirandish
- Assistant Professor, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Homa Farhadifard
- Postgraduate Student, Orthodontic Department, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elahe Ansari
- Dentist, Private Practice, Tehran, Iran,Corresponding author: E. Ansari, Dentist, Private Practice, Tehran, Iran,
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