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Hadj Mohamed A, Pinon A, Lagarde N, Ricco C, Goya-Jorge E, Mouhsine H, Msaddek M, Liagre B, Veitía MSI. Colorectal anticancer activity of a novel class of triazolic triarylmethane derivatives. RSC Med Chem 2024; 15:660-676. [PMID: 38389891 PMCID: PMC10880923 DOI: 10.1039/d3md00467h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Triarylmethanes and triazoles constitute privileged structures extensively used in drug discovery programs. In this work, 12 novel triarylmethanes linked to a triazole ring were designed, synthesized, and chemically characterized aiming to target colorectal cancer. The synthetic strategy for triarylmethanes mono- and bi-substituted by a functionalized triazole ring involved a 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition. A preliminary screening in human colorectal cancer cells (HT-29 and HCT116) and murine primary fibroblasts (L929) allowed the selection of the best candidate 9b based on its high inhibition of cancer cell proliferation with an IC50 of 11 μM on HT-29 and 14 μM on HCT116 and its non-cytotoxic effects on murine fibroblasts (<100 μM). A deep mechanistic study on various pathways showed that compound 9b induces caspase-3 cleavage, and its inhibitory effect on PARP activity is correlated with the increase of DNA fragmentation in cancer cells. Moreover, 9b induced apoptosis promoted by the inhibition of anti-apoptotic cell survival signaling pathways demonstrated via the downregulation of phosphorylated Akt and ERK proteins. Finally, the predicted binding modes of compounds 8c and 9b to five potential biological targets (i.e., AKT, ERK-1 and ERK-2, PARP and caspase-3) was evaluated using molecular modeling, and the predictions of the SuperPred webserver identified ERK2 as the most remarkable target. Also predicted in silico, 9b displayed appropriate drug-likeness and good absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameni Hadj Mohamed
- Laboratoire Génomique, Bioinformatique et Chimie Moléculaire (GBCM, EA 7528), Conservatoire national des arts et métiers, HESAM Université 2 rue Conté 75003 Paris France
- Laboratoire de Chimie Hétérocyclique, Produits Naturels et Réactivité (LR11ES39) Université de Monastir Avenue de l'environnement 5019 Monastir Tunisie
| | - Aline Pinon
- Université de Limoges, LABCiS, UR 22722, Faculté de Pharmacie F-87000 Limoges France
| | - Nathalie Lagarde
- Laboratoire Génomique, Bioinformatique et Chimie Moléculaire (GBCM, EA 7528), Conservatoire national des arts et métiers, HESAM Université 2 rue Conté 75003 Paris France
| | - Christophe Ricco
- Laboratoire Génomique, Bioinformatique et Chimie Moléculaire (GBCM, EA 7528), Conservatoire national des arts et métiers, HESAM Université 2 rue Conté 75003 Paris France
| | - Elizabeth Goya-Jorge
- Laboratory of Immunology-Vaccinology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine - FARAH, University of Liège Av. Cureghem 10 4000 Liège Belgium
| | - Hadley Mouhsine
- Peptinov, Pépinière Paris Santé Cochin, Hôpital Cochin 29 rue du Faubourg Saint Jacques Paris 75014 France
| | - Moncef Msaddek
- Laboratoire de Chimie Hétérocyclique, Produits Naturels et Réactivité (LR11ES39) Université de Monastir Avenue de l'environnement 5019 Monastir Tunisie
| | - Bertrand Liagre
- Université de Limoges, LABCiS, UR 22722, Faculté de Pharmacie F-87000 Limoges France
| | - Maité Sylla-Iyarreta Veitía
- Laboratoire Génomique, Bioinformatique et Chimie Moléculaire (GBCM, EA 7528), Conservatoire national des arts et métiers, HESAM Université 2 rue Conté 75003 Paris France
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Ali A, Wani AB, Malla BA, Poyya J, Dar NJ, Ali F, Ahmad SB, Rehman MU, Nadeem A. Network Pharmacology Integrated Molecular Docking and Dynamics to Elucidate Saffron Compounds Targeting Human COX-2 Protein. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2023; 59:2058. [PMID: 38138161 PMCID: PMC10744988 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59122058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is mostly linked to inflammation and has been validated as a molecular target for treating inflammatory diseases. The present study aimed to identify novel compounds that could inhibit COX-2, which is associated with various diseases including inflammation, and in such a scenario, plant-derived biomolecules have been considered as attractive candidates. Materials and Methods: In the present study, physiochemical properties and toxicity of natural compounds/drugs were determined by SWISSADME and ProTox-II. In the present study, the molecular docking binding features of saffron derivatives (crocetin, picrocrocin, quercetin, safranal, crocin, rutin, and dimethylcrocetin) against human COX-2 protein were assessed. Moreover, protein-protein interactions, topographic properties, gene enrichment analysis and molecular dynamics simulation were also determined. Results: The present study revealed that picrocrocin showed the highest binding affinity of -8.1 kcal/mol when docked against the COX-2 protein. PROCHECK analysis revealed that 90.3% of the protein residues were found in the most favored region. Compartmentalized Protein-Protein Interaction identified 90 interactions with an average interaction score of 0.62, and the highest localization score of 0.99 found in secretory pathways. The Computed Atlas of Surface Topography of Proteins was used to identify binding pockets and important residues that could serve as drug targets. Use of WEBnmα revealed protein dynamics by using normal mode analysis. Ligand and Receptor Dynamics used the Molecular Generalized Born Surface Area approach to determine the binding free energy of the protein. Gene enrichment analysis revealed that ovarian steroidogenesis, was the most significant enrichment pathway. Molecular dynamic simulations were executed for the best docked (COX-2-picrocrocin) complex, and the results displayed conformational alterations with more pronounced surface residue fluctuations in COX-2 with loss of the intra-protein hydrogen bonding network. The direct interaction of picrocrocin with various crucial amino-acid residues like GLN203, TYR385, HIS386 and 388, ASN382, and TRP387 causes modifications in these residues, which ultimately attenuates the activity of COX-2 protein. Conclusions: The present study revealed that picrocrocin was the most effective biomolecule and could be repurposed via computational approaches. However, various in vivo and in vitro observations are still needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarif Ali
- Division of Veterinary Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences & Animal Husbandry, SKUAST-K, Shuhama, Alusteng, Srinagar 190006, India
| | - Amir Bashir Wani
- Genome Engineering and Societal Biotechnology Lab., Division of Plant Biotechnology, SKUAST-K, Shalimar, Srinagar 190006, India;
| | - Bashir Ahmad Malla
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar 190006, India;
| | - Jagadeesha Poyya
- SDM Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Dharwad 580009, India
| | - Nawab John Dar
- SALK Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92037, USA;
| | - Fasil Ali
- Department of Studies and Research in Biochemistry, Mangalore University, Mangalore 571232, India
| | - Sheikh Bilal Ahmad
- Division of Veterinary Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences & Animal Husbandry, SKUAST-K, Shuhama, Alusteng, Srinagar 190006, India
| | - Muneeb U. Rehman
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Ahmed Nadeem
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Hadj Mohamed A, Pinon A, Lagarde N, Goya Jorge E, Mouhsine H, Msaddek M, Liagre B, Sylla-Iyarreta Veitía M. Novel Set of Diarylmethanes to Target Colorectal Cancer: Synthesis, In Vitro and In Silico Studies. Biomolecules 2022; 13:54. [PMID: 36671439 PMCID: PMC9855432 DOI: 10.3390/biom13010054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Distinctive structural, chemical, and physical properties make the diarylmethane scaffold an essential constituent of many active biomolecules nowadays used in pharmaceutical, agrochemical, and material sciences. In this work, 33 novel diarylmethane molecules aiming to target colorectal cancer were designed. Two series of functionalized olefinic and aryloxy diarylmethanes were synthesized and chemically characterized. The synthetic strategy of olefinic diarylmethanes involved a McMurry cross-coupling reaction as key step and the synthesis of aryloxy diarylmethanes included an O-arylation step. A preliminarily screening in human colorectal cancer cells (HT-29 and HCT116) and murine primary fibroblasts (L929) allowed the selection, for more detailed analyses, of the three best candidates (10a, 10b and 12a) based on their high inhibition of cancer cell proliferation and non-toxic effects on murine fibroblasts (<100 µM). The anticancer potential of these diarylmethane compounds was then assessed using apoptotic (phospho-p38) and anti-apoptotic (phospho-ERK, phospho-Akt) cell survival signaling pathways, by analyzing the DNA fragmentation capacity, and through the caspase-3 and PARP cleavage pro-apoptotic markers. Compound 12a (2-(1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl) vinyl) pyridine, Z isomer) was found to be the most active molecule. The binding mode to five biological targets (i.e., AKT, ERK-1 and ERK-2, PARP, and caspase-3) was explored using molecular modeling, and AKT was identified as the most interesting target. Finally, compounds 10a, 10b and 12a were predicted to have appropriate drug-likeness and good Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism and Excretion (ADME) profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameni Hadj Mohamed
- Laboratoire Génomique, Bioinformatique et Chimie Moléculaire (GBCM, EA 7528) Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, HESAM Université, 2 rue Conté, 75003 Paris, France
- Laboratoire de Chimie Hétérocyclique, Produits Naturels et Réactivité (LR11ES39) Université de Monastir Avenue de l’Environnement, Monastir 5019, Tunisia
| | - Aline Pinon
- Univ. Limoges, LABCiS, UR 22722, Faculté de Pharmacie, F-87000 Limoges, France
| | - Nathalie Lagarde
- Laboratoire Génomique, Bioinformatique et Chimie Moléculaire (GBCM, EA 7528) Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, HESAM Université, 2 rue Conté, 75003 Paris, France
| | - Elizabeth Goya Jorge
- Department of Food Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Av. de Cureghem 10 (B43b), 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Hadley Mouhsine
- Peptinov, Pépinière Paris Santé Cochin, Hôpital Cochin, 29 rue du Faubourg Saint Jacques, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Moncef Msaddek
- Laboratoire de Chimie Hétérocyclique, Produits Naturels et Réactivité (LR11ES39) Université de Monastir Avenue de l’Environnement, Monastir 5019, Tunisia
| | - Bertrand Liagre
- Univ. Limoges, LABCiS, UR 22722, Faculté de Pharmacie, F-87000 Limoges, France
| | - Maité Sylla-Iyarreta Veitía
- Laboratoire Génomique, Bioinformatique et Chimie Moléculaire (GBCM, EA 7528) Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, HESAM Université, 2 rue Conté, 75003 Paris, France
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Guo H, Ruan C, Zhan X, Pan H, Luo Y, Gao K. Crocetin Protected Human Hepatocyte LO2 Cell From TGF-β-Induced Oxygen Stress and Apoptosis but Promoted Proliferation and Autophagy via AMPK/m-TOR Pathway. Front Public Health 2022; 10:909125. [PMID: 35836988 PMCID: PMC9273739 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.909125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate the protective effects of crocetin against transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)—induced injury in LO2 cells. Methods Human hepatocyte LO2 cells were pre-treated with crocetin (10 μM) for 6, 12, and 24 h, and then induced by TGF-β. Proliferation, oxidative stress, apoptosis, autophagy, and related proteins were assessed. Results Crocetin pre-treating promoted proliferation but suppressed apoptosis in TGF-β-induced LO2 cells. Crocetin protected LO2 cells from TGF-β-induced inflammation and oxygen stress by reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) but enhancing superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione (GSH). Autophagy was suppressed in TGF-β but crocetin promoted autophagy in LO2 cells by mediating Adenosine 5'-monophosphate—activated protein kinase (AMPK)/mammalian target of rapamycin (m-TOR) signaling pathway via upregulating p-AMPK and p-Beclin-1 but downregulating p-mTOR. Conclusions Crocetin protected LO2 cells from TGF-β-induced damage by promoting proliferation and autophagy, and suppressing apoptosis and anti-inflammation via regulation of AMPK/m-TOR signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxing Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chenyu Ruan
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiuhong Zhan
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hao Pan
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yumei Luo
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ke Gao
- Department of Pathology, Foshan Fosun Chancheng Hospital, Foshan, China
- *Correspondence: Ke Gao
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Chen Q, Xi X, Ma J, Wang X, Xia Y, Xi W, Deng Y, Li Y. The mechanism by which crocetin regulates the lncRNA NEAT1/miR-125b-5p/SOX7 molecular axis to inhibit high glucose-induced diabetic retinopathy. Exp Eye Res 2022; 222:109157. [PMID: 35718188 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2022.109157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a high-incidence microvascular complication with retinal neovascularization that generates irreversible visual impairment. However, the mechanism of DR is unclear and needs to be further explored. To explore the expression of NEAT1 and miR-125b-5p and the proliferation activity, migration ability, and angiogenesis ability of human retinal microvascular endothelial cells (hRMECs), RT-qPCR, CCK-8, Transwell, and tube formation assays were performed. Additionally, western blotting was used to detect the expression of SOX7, VEGFA and CD31. Furthermore, a dual-luciferase reporter gene was used to verify the targeting connection. The DR mouse model was constructed by STZ. The effect of crocetin on DR angiogenesis was detected by hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining, immunohistochemistry (IHC), retinal digest preparations and Western blotting. The results showed that crocetin inhibited the high-glucose (Hg)-induced upregulation of NEAT1 and SOX7 and the downregulation of miR-125b-5p. Crocetin inhibited Hg-induced proliferation, migration and angiogenesis by upregulating the targeted inhibition of SOX7 by miR-125b-5p through the inhibition of NEAT1. To summarize, our study revealed that crocetin has a protective effect against Hg-induced DR by regulating the lncRNA NEAT1/miR-125b-5p/SOX7 molecular axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianbo Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Xichang Road 295, Kunming, 650031, Yunnan, China
| | - Xiaoting Xi
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Xichang Road 295, Kunming, 650031, Yunnan, China
| | - Jia Ma
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Xichang Road 295, Kunming, 650031, Yunnan, China
| | - Xuewei Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Xichang Road 295, Kunming, 650031, Yunnan, China
| | - Yuan Xia
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Xichang Road 295, Kunming, 650031, Yunnan, China
| | - Wang Xi
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Xichang Road 295, Kunming, 650031, Yunnan, China
| | - Yachun Deng
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Xichang Road 295, Kunming, 650031, Yunnan, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Xichang Road 295, Kunming, 650031, Yunnan, China.
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Cui Y, Fan B, Xu X, Sheng S, Xu Y, Wang X. A High-Density Genetic Map Enables Genome Synteny and QTL Mapping of Vegetative Growth and Leaf Traits in Gardenia. Front Genet 2022; 12:802738. [PMID: 35132310 PMCID: PMC8817757 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.802738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The gardenia is a traditional medicinal horticultural plant in China, but its molecular genetic research has been largely hysteretic. Here, we constructed an F1 population with 200 true hybrid individuals. Using the genotyping-by-sequencing method, a high-density sex-average genetic map was generated that contained 4,249 SNPs with a total length of 1956.28 cM and an average genetic distance of 0.46 cM. We developed 17 SNP-based Kompetitive Allele-Specific PCR markers and found that 15 SNPs were successfully genotyped, of which 13 single-nucleotide polymorphism genotypings of 96 F1 individuals showed genotypes consistent with GBS-mined genotypes. A genomic collinearity analysis between gardenia and the Rubiaceae species Coffea arabica, Coffea canephora and Ophiorrhiza pumila showed the relativity strong conservation of LG11 with NC_039,919.1, HG974438.1 and Bliw01000011.1, respectively. Lastly, a quantitative trait loci analysis at three phenotyping time points (2019, 2020, and 2021) yielded 18 QTLs for growth-related traits and 31 QTLs for leaf-related traits, of which qBSBN7-1, qCD8 and qLNP2-1 could be repeatably detected. Five QTL regions (qCD8 and qSBD8, qBSBN7 and qSI7, qCD4-1 and qLLLS4, qLNP10 and qSLWS10-2, qSBD10 and qLLLS10) with potential pleiotropic effects were also observed. This study provides novel insight into molecular genetic research and could be helpful for further gene cloning and marker-assisted selection for early growth and development traits in the gardenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Cui
- Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources and Ethnic Minority Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Baolian Fan
- Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources and Ethnic Minority Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Xu Xu
- Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources and Ethnic Minority Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Shasha Sheng
- Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources and Ethnic Minority Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Yuhui Xu
- Adsen Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Urumchi, China
| | - Xiaoyun Wang
- Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources and Ethnic Minority Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
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Scuto M, Ontario ML, Salinaro AT, Caligiuri I, Rampulla F, Zimbone V, Modafferi S, Rizzolio F, Canzonieri V, Calabrese EJ, Calabrese V. Redox modulation by plant polyphenols targeting vitagenes for chemoprevention and therapy: Relevance to novel anti-cancer interventions and mini-brain organoid technology. Free Radic Biol Med 2022; 179:59-75. [PMID: 34929315 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.12.267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The scientific community, recently, has focused notable attention on the chemopreventive and therapeutic effects of dietary polyphenols for human health. Emerging evidence demonstrates that polyphenols, flavonoids and vitamins counteract and neutralize genetic and environmental stressors, particularly oxidative stress and inflammatory process closely connected to cancer initiation, promotion and progression. Interestingly, polyphenols can exert antioxidant or pro-oxidant cytotoxic effects depending on their endogenous concentration. Notably, polyphenols at high dose act as pro-oxidants in a wide type of cancer cells by inhibiting Nrf2 pathway and the expression of antioxidant vitagenes, such as NAD(P)H-quinone oxidoreductase (NQO1), glutathione transferase (GT), GPx, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), sirtuin-1 (Sirt1) and thioredoxin (Trx) system which play an essential role in the metabolism of reactive oxygen species (ROS), detoxification of xenobiotics and inhibition of cancer progression, by inducing apoptosis and cell cycle arrest according to the hormesis approach. Importantly, mutagenesis of Nrf2 pathway can exacerbate its "dark side" role, representing a crucial event in the initiation stage of carcinogenesis. Herein, we review the hormetic effects of polyphenols and nanoincapsulated-polyphenols in chemoprevention and treatment of brain tumors via activation or inhibition of Nrf2/vitagenes to suppress carcinogenesis in the early stages, and thus inhibit its progression. Lastly, we discuss innovative preclinical approaches through mini-brain tumor organoids to study human carcinogenesis, from basic cancer research to clinical practice, as promising tools to recapitulate the arrangement of structural neuronal tissues and biological functions of the human brain, as well as test drug toxicity and drive personalized and precision medicine in brain cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Scuto
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95124, Catania, Italy; Pathology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, 33081, Aviano, Italy
| | - Maria Laura Ontario
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95124, Catania, Italy
| | - Angela Trovato Salinaro
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95124, Catania, Italy.
| | - Isabella Caligiuri
- Pathology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, 33081, Aviano, Italy
| | - Francesco Rampulla
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95124, Catania, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Zimbone
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95124, Catania, Italy
| | - Sergio Modafferi
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95124, Catania, Italy
| | - Flavio Rizzolio
- Pathology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, 33081, Aviano, Italy; Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca'Foscari University of Venice, 30123, Venezia, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Canzonieri
- Pathology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, 33081, Aviano, Italy; Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Edward J Calabrese
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Morrill I, N344, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Vittorio Calabrese
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95124, Catania, Italy.
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