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Xu CR, Li JR, Jiang SW, Wan L, Zhang X, Xia L, Hua XM, Li ST, Chen HJ, Fu XJ, Jing CH. CD47 Blockade Accelerates Blood Clearance and Alleviates Early Brain Injury After Experimental Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. Front Immunol 2022; 13:823999. [PMID: 35281006 PMCID: PMC8915201 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.823999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a devastating stroke subtype. Following SAH, erythrocyte lysis contributes to cell death and brain injuries. Blockage of the anti-phagocytic receptor Cluster of Differentiation 47 (CD47) enhances phagocyte clearance of erythrocytes, though it has not been well-studied post-SAH. The current study aims to determine whether anti-CD47 treatment can enhance blood clearance after experimental SAH. Methods The prechiasmatic blood injection model of SAH was used in mice. Mice were either treated with the CD47-blocking antibody or IgG as control. The effect of the anti-CD47 antibody on blood clearance and neurological function following SAH was determined. Neuroinflammation and neuronal injury were compared between the treatment and control samples on day 1 and day 7 after SAH using flow cytometry, immunofluorescence, Fluoro-Jade C, and Nissl staining, RT-PCR, and Western blot analysis. Results CD47-blocking antibody sped-up blood clearance after SAH, and resulted in less neuronal injury and neurological deficits than control samples. Microglia played a role in the anti-CD47 blockade. Following SAH Following SAH, CD47 antibody-treated mice had less neuroinflammation and lower levels of apoptosis compared to controls and both one and 7 days. Conclusions CD47 antibody treatment has a neuroprotective effect following SAH, by increasing blood clearance rate and reducing brain injury. These findings suggest CD47 antibody treatment may improve SAH patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-ran Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian-ru Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shao-wei Jiang
- Department of Emergency, XinHua Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Liang Wan
- Department of Neurosurgery, XinHua Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, XinHua Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Xia
- Department of Neurosurgery, XinHua Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xu-ming Hua
- Department of Neurosurgery, XinHua Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shi-ting Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, XinHua Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Huai-jun Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiong-jie Fu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chao-hui Jing
- Department of Neurosurgery, XinHua Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Chao-hui Jing,
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Liu L, Zhang P, Zhang Z, Liang Y, Chen H, He Z, Sun X, Guo Z, Deng Y. 5-Lipoxygenase inhibition reduces inflammation and neuronal apoptosis via AKT signaling after subarachnoid hemorrhage in rats. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:11752-11761. [PMID: 33878031 PMCID: PMC8109136 DOI: 10.18632/aging.202869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Early brain injury (EBI) is a major contributor to the high mortality and morbidity after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Inflammatory responses and neuronal apoptosis are important causes of EBI. Because 5- lipoxygenase (5-LOX) is known to be involved various central nervous system diseases, we investigated the effects of 5-LOX inhibition during EBI after SAH. Zileuton and LY294002 were used to inhibit expression of 5-LOX and Akt, respectively. We found that 5-LOX expression was significantly increased in the cytoplasm of cortical neurons after SAH and was accompanied by upregulated expression of the inflammatory factors LTB4, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6; upregulation of the pro-apoptotic factor Bax; downregulation of the anti-apoptotic factor Bcl-2; and an increased apoptosis rate. Gastric Zileuton administration significantly suppressed all of those effects and improved neurological function. Zileuton also upregulated activated (phosphorylated) AKT levels, and these beneficial effects of Zileuton were abolished by intracerebroventricular infusion of the PI3K inhibitor LY294002. Taken together, these findings indicate that 5-LOX mediates pro-inflammatory and pro-apoptotic effects that contribute to EBI after SAH and that those effects are suppressed by activation of PI3K/Akt signaling. This suggests targeting 5-LOX may be an effective approach to treating EBI after SAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chongqing Emergency Center, Chongqing University Center Hospital, School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhaosi Zhang
- Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou, China
| | - Yidan Liang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chongqing Emergency Center, Chongqing University Center Hospital, School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhaohui He
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaochuan Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zongduo Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yongbing Deng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chongqing Emergency Center, Chongqing University Center Hospital, School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
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Okada T, Enkhjargal B, Travis ZD, Ocak U, Tang J, Suzuki H, Zhang JH. FGF-2 Attenuates Neuronal Apoptosis via FGFR3/PI3k/Akt Signaling Pathway After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:8203-8219. [PMID: 31203572 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-01668-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal apoptosis is a common and critical pathology following subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). We investigated the anti-apoptotic property of fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-2 after SAH in rats. A total of 289 rats underwent endovascular perforation to induce SAH or sham operation. Three dosages (3, 9, or 27 μg) of recombinant FGF-2 (rFGF-2) or vehicle was administered intranasally to rats 30 min after SAH induction. The pan-FGF receptor (FGFR) inhibitor PD173074 or vehicle was administered intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) 1 h before modeling, in addition to rFGF-2 treatment. Small interfering ribonucleic acid (siRNA) for FGFR1 and FGFR3 or scrambled siRNA was administered i.c.v. 48 h before SAH induction in addition to rFGF-2 treatment. Anti-FGF-2 neutralizing antibody or normal mouse immunoglobulin G (IgG) was administered i.c.v. 1 h before SAH model. Neurobehavioral tests, SAH severity, brain water content, immunofluorescence, Fluoro-Jade C, TUNEL staining, and western blot were evaluated. The expression of FGF-2, FGFR1, and FGFR3 increased after SAH. FGFR1 and FGFR3 were expressed in the neurons. Nine micrograms of FGF-2 alleviated neurological impairments, brain edema, and neuronal apoptosis following SAH. A rFGF-2 treatment improved motor skill learning and spatial memory and increased the number of surviving neurons postinjury to 28 days after SAH. PD173074 abolished the anti-apoptotic effects of rFGF-2 via suppression of the expression of PI3k, phosphorylated Akt (p-Akt), and Bcl-2 leading to enhancement of the expression of Bax. FGFR3 siRNA worsened neurobehavioral function and suppressed the expression of PI3k, p-Akt, and Bcl-2 rather than FGFR1 siRNA in SAH rats treated with rFGF-2. Anti-FGF-2 neutralizing antibody suppressed the expression of PI3k and p-Akt after SAH. FGF-2 may be a promising therapy to reduce post-SAH neuronal apoptosis via activation of the FGFR3/PI3k/Akt signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Okada
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Risley Hall, Room 219, 11041 Campus St, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu, Mie, 514-8507, Japan
| | - Budbazar Enkhjargal
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Risley Hall, Room 219, 11041 Campus St, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
| | - Zachary D Travis
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Risley Hall, Room 219, 11041 Campus St, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
| | - Umut Ocak
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Risley Hall, Room 219, 11041 Campus St, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
| | - Jiping Tang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Risley Hall, Room 219, 11041 Campus St, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
| | - Hidenori Suzuki
- Department of Neurosurgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu, Mie, 514-8507, Japan
| | - John H Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Risley Hall, Room 219, 11041 Campus St, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA.
- Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University, Risley Hall, Room 219, 11041 Campus St, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA.
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Early elevated levels of soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 in subarachnoid hemorrhage patients. Neurol Sci 2017; 38:873-877. [DOI: 10.1007/s10072-017-2853-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Wang J, Wang JF, Hu XM. Caspase-3 in serum predicts outcome after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Clin Chim Acta 2016; 460:196-202. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Zhong YW, Wu J, Hu HL, Li WX, Zhong Y. Protective effect 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethanol in subarachnoid hemorrhage provoked oxidative neuropathy. Exp Ther Med 2016; 12:1908-1914. [PMID: 27588109 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2016.3526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical studies have indicated that early brain injury (EBI) following subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is associated with fatal outcomes. Oxidative stress and brain edema are the characteristic pathological events in occurrence EBI following SAH. The present study aimed to examine the effect of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethanol (DOPET) against SAH-induced EBI, and to demonstrate whether the effect is associated with its potent free radical scavenging property. SAH was induced in rats using an endovascular perforation technique, and 24 h later the rats displayed diminished neurological scores and brain edema. Furthermore, elevated malondialdehyde (an index of lipid peroxidation) and depleted levels of antioxidants were observed in the rat cerebral cortex tissue. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis indicated the upregulated mRNA expression of the apoptotic markers caspase-3 and -9 in the cerebral cortex. Furthermore, the protein expression levels of the proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6 were significantly upregulated in SAH-induced rats. By constrast, treatment with DOPET significantly attenuated EBI by reducing brain edema, elevation of antioxidant status, inhibition of apoptosis and inflammation. In this context, DOPET may be a potent agent in the treatment of EBI following SAH, as a result of its free radical scavenging capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Wen Zhong
- Department of Neurology, Tongcheng People's Hospital, Xianning, Hubei 437400, P.R. China
| | - Juan Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongcheng People's Hospital, Xianning, Hubei 437400, P.R. China
| | - Hua-Long Hu
- Department of Neurology, Tongcheng People's Hospital, Xianning, Hubei 437400, P.R. China
| | - Wei-Xin Li
- Department of Neurology, Tongcheng People's Hospital, Xianning, Hubei 437400, P.R. China
| | - Yong Zhong
- Department of Neurology, Tongcheng People's Hospital, Xianning, Hubei 437400, P.R. China
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Yolas C, Ozdemir NG, Kanat A, Aydin MD, Keles P, Kepoglu U, Aydin N, Gundogdu C. Uncovering a New Cause of Obstructive Hydrocephalus Following Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: Choroidal Artery Vasospasm–Related Ependymal Cell Degeneration and Aqueductal Stenosis—First Experimental Study. World Neurosurg 2016; 90:484-491. [DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2016.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Decreased progranulin levels in patients and rats with subarachnoid hemorrhage: a potential role in inhibiting inflammation by suppressing neutrophil recruitment. J Neuroinflammation 2015; 12:200. [PMID: 26527034 PMCID: PMC4630923 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-015-0415-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a devastating neurological injury with high morbidity and mortality that is mainly caused by early brain injury (EBI). Progranulin (PGRN) is known to be involved in various biological functions, such as anti-inflammation and tissue repair. This study aimed to investigate the change of PGRN in the brain after SAH and its role on EBI. Methods The levels of PGRN, myeloperoxidase (MPO), interleukin1β (IL-1β), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were detected in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from SAH patients by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In addition, PGRN levels were also detected in the cerebral cortex after experimental SAH in rats by western blotting and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Recombinant human PGRN (r-PGRN) or an equal volume of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) was administrated at 30 min after SAH. All rats were subsequently sacrificed at 24 h after SAH. Neurological score and brain water content were assessed. For mechanistic studies, the changes of MPO, matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), zonula occludens 1 (ZO-1), Bcl-2, and cleaved caspase-3 were examined by western blotting and the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and TNF-α) were determined by ELISA. In addition, neuronal apoptosis and blood brain barrier (BBB) permeability were examined. Results The levels of PGRN significantly decreased, and the levels of MPO, IL-1β, and TNF-α were markedly elevated in the CSF from SAH patients. In rats, PGRN levels in the brain also decreased after SAH. Administration of r-PGRN decreased brain water content and improved neurological scores at 24 h after SAH. These changes were associated with marked reductions in MPO, MMP-9, and proinflammation cytokine levels, as well as increased levels of Bcl-2 and ZO-1. In addition, neuronal apoptosis and BBB permeability were alleviated by r-PGRN. Conclusions These results indicate that the levels of PGRN decreased after SAH and that r-PGRN alleviates EBI after SAH possibly via inhibition of neutrophil recruitment, providing a new target for the treatment of SAH.
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Aydin MD, Kanat A, Turkmenoglu ON, Yolas C, Gundogdu C, Aydın N. Changes in number of water-filled vesicles of choroid plexus in early and late phase of experimental rabbit subarachnoid hemorrhage model: the role of petrous ganglion of glossopharyngeal nerve. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2014; 156:1311-7. [PMID: 24752726 DOI: 10.1007/s00701-014-2088-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) secretion may be increased in the early phases of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), possibly via ischemic glossopharyngeal nerve discharges, and decreased due to glossopharyngeal nerve degeneration in the late phase of SAH; but this reflex pathway has not been definitively investigated. We studied the relationship between petrous ganglion of the glossopharyngeal nerve (GPN) and water vesicles of the choroid plexus (CP) in the early and late phases of SAH. METHODS This study was conducted on 30 rabbits, divided into four groups, with five rabbits in the control group (group I), five rabbits in the sham group (Group II), and 20 rabbits in the SAH group. In the SAH group, five of the animals were decapitated after 4 days of cisternal blood injections (Group III), and the other 15 animals were decapitated after 20 days of injections (Group IV). The Petrous Ganglia and CPs of lateral ventricles were removed and stained for stereological analysis. RESULTS The mean number of follicles per cubic millimeter was 5.3 ± 1.2 the in control group (Group I), 4.5 ± 0.9 in the sham group (Group II), 16.60 ± 3.77 the in early decapitated group (Group III), and 4.30 ± 0.84 in the late decapitated group (Group IV). The mean number of degenerated neuron density of petrous ganglions was 6 ± 2, 50 ± 6, 742 ± 96, and 2.420 ± 350 in the control (Group I), sham (Group II), early decapitated (Group III), and late decapitated group (Group IV), respectively. The mean number of water vesicles was statistically different after SAH between the early decapitated group (group III) and the late decapitated group (group IV) (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS We studied the relationship between petrous ganglion cells of the GPN and water vesicles of CP in the early and late phases of SAH, and found that CP vesicles are increased in the early phase of SAH due to irritation of GPN, and decreased in the late phase due to ischemic insult of the petrous ganglion and parasympathetic innervation of the CP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Dumlu Aydin
- Medical Faculty, Department of Neurosurgery, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
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Kooijman E, Nijboer CH, van Velthoven CTJ, Kavelaars A, Kesecioglu J, Heijnen CJ. The rodent endovascular puncture model of subarachnoid hemorrhage: mechanisms of brain damage and therapeutic strategies. J Neuroinflammation 2014; 11:2. [PMID: 24386932 PMCID: PMC3892045 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-11-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) represents a considerable health problem. To date, limited therapeutic options are available. In order to develop effective therapeutic strategies for SAH, the mechanisms involved in SAH brain damage should be fully explored. Here we review the mechanisms of SAH brain damage induced by the experimental endovascular puncture model. We have included a description of similarities and distinctions between experimental SAH in animals and human SAH pathology. Moreover, several novel treatment options to diminish SAH brain damage are discussed.SAH is accompanied by cerebral inflammation as demonstrated by an influx of inflammatory cells into the cerebral parenchyma, upregulation of inflammatory transcriptional pathways and increased expression of cytokines and chemokines. Additionally, various cell death pathways including cerebral apoptosis, necrosis, necroptosis and autophagy are involved in neuronal damage caused by SAH.Treatment strategies aiming at inhibition of inflammatory or cell death pathways demonstrate the importance of these mechanisms for survival after experimental SAH. Moreover, neuroregenerative therapies using stem cells are discussed as a possible strategy to repair the brain after SAH since this therapy may extend the window of treatment considerably. We propose the endovascular puncture model as a suitable animal model which resembles the human pathology of SAH and which could be applied to investigate novel therapeutic therapies to combat this debilitating insult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Kooijman
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology and Developmental Origins of Disease, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Cora H Nijboer
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology and Developmental Origins of Disease, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Cindy TJ van Velthoven
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology and Developmental Origins of Disease, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Annemieke Kavelaars
- Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Symptom Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jozef Kesecioglu
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Cobi J Heijnen
- Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Symptom Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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