1
|
Performance of Zika Assays in the Context of Toxoplasma gondii, Parvovirus B19, Rubella Virus, and Cytomegalovirus (TORCH) Diagnostic Assays. Clin Microbiol Rev 2019; 33:33/1/e00130-18. [PMID: 31826871 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00130-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections during pregnancy that may cause congenital abnormalities have been recognized for decades, but their diagnosis is challenging. This was again illustrated with the emergence of Zika virus (ZIKV), highlighting the inherent difficulties in estimating the extent of pre- and postnatal ZIKV complications because of the difficulties in establishing definitive diagnoses. We reviewed the epidemiology, infection kinetics, and diagnostic methods used for Toxoplasma gondii, parvovirus B19, rubella virus, and cytomegalovirus (TORCH) infections and compared the results with current knowledge of ZIKV diagnostic assays to provide a basis for the inclusion of ZIKV in the TORCH complex evaluations. Similarities between TORCH pathogens and ZIKV support inclusion of ZIKV as an emerging TORCH infection. Our review evaluates the diagnostic performance of various TORCH diagnostic assays for maternal screening, fetal screening, and neonatal screening. We show that the sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive value of TORCH complex pathogens are widely variable, stressing the importance of confirmatory testing and the need for novel techniques for earlier and accurate diagnosis of maternal and congenital infections. In this context it is also important to acknowledge different needs and access to care for different geographic and resource settings.
Collapse
|
2
|
Guerra AB, Siravenha LQ, Laurentino RV, Feitosa RNM, Azevedo VN, Vallinoto ACR, Ishak R, Machado LFA. Seroprevalence of HIV, HTLV, CMV, HBV and rubella virus infections in pregnant adolescents who received care in the city of Belém, Pará, Northern Brazil. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2018; 18:169. [PMID: 29769062 PMCID: PMC5956583 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-018-1753-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Prenatal tests are important for prevention of vertical transmission of various infectious agents. The objective of this study was to describe the prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), rubella virus and vaccination coverage against HBV in pregnant adolescents who received care in the city of Belém, Pará, Brazil. Methods A cross-sectional study was performed with 324 pregnant adolescents from 2009 to 2010. After the interview and blood collection, the patients were screened for antibodies and/or antigens against HIV-1/2, HTLV-1/2, CMV, rubella virus and HBV. The epidemiological variables were demonstrated using descriptive statistics with the G, χ2 and Fisher exact tests. Results The mean age of the participants was 15.8 years, and the majority (65.4%) had less than 6 years of education. The mean age at first intercourse was 14.4 years, and 60.8% reported having a partner aged between 12 and 14 years. The prevalence of HIV infection was 0.3%, and of HTLV infection was 0.6%. Regarding HBV, 0.6% of the participants had acute infection, 9.9% had a previous infection, 16.7% had vaccine immunity and 72.8% were susceptible to infection. The presence of anti-HBs was greater in adolescent between 12 and 14 years old (28.8%) while the anti-HBc was greater in adolescent between 15 and 18 years old (10.3%). Most of the adolescents presented the IgG antibody to CMV (96.3%) and rubella (92.3%). None of the participants had acute rubella infection, and 2.2% had anti-CMV IgM. Conclusions This study is the first report of the seroepidemiology of infectious agents in a population of pregnant adolescents in the Northern region of Brazil. Most of the adolescents had low levels of education, were susceptible to HBV infection and had IgG antibodies to CMV and rubella virus. The prevalence of HBV, HIV and HTLV was similar to that reported in other regions of Brazil. However, the presence of these agents in this younger population reinforces the need for good prenatal follow-up and more comprehensive vaccination campaigns against HBV due to the large number of women susceptible to the virus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aubaneide Batista Guerra
- Reference Unit Specialized in Maternal-Child and Adolescent Care, Belém, Pará, Brazil.,Virology Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Augusto Correa 1, Guamá, 66, Belém, Pará, 075-110, Brazil.,Biology of Infectious and Parasitic Agents Graduate Program, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Quintão Siravenha
- Virology Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Augusto Correa 1, Guamá, 66, Belém, Pará, 075-110, Brazil.,Biology of Infectious and Parasitic Agents Graduate Program, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Rogério Valois Laurentino
- Virology Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Augusto Correa 1, Guamá, 66, Belém, Pará, 075-110, Brazil.,Biology of Infectious and Parasitic Agents Graduate Program, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Rosimar Neris Martins Feitosa
- Virology Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Augusto Correa 1, Guamá, 66, Belém, Pará, 075-110, Brazil
| | - Vânia Nakauth Azevedo
- Virology Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Augusto Correa 1, Guamá, 66, Belém, Pará, 075-110, Brazil
| | - Antonio Carlos Rosário Vallinoto
- Virology Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Augusto Correa 1, Guamá, 66, Belém, Pará, 075-110, Brazil.,Biology of Infectious and Parasitic Agents Graduate Program, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Ishak
- Virology Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Augusto Correa 1, Guamá, 66, Belém, Pará, 075-110, Brazil.,Biology of Infectious and Parasitic Agents Graduate Program, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Luiz Fernando Almeida Machado
- Virology Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Augusto Correa 1, Guamá, 66, Belém, Pará, 075-110, Brazil. .,Biology of Infectious and Parasitic Agents Graduate Program, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|