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Yan W, He Q, Long P, Chen T, Zhang L, Wang H. Effect of molecular hydrogen, a novelly-established antioxidant, on the retinal degeneration of hereditary retinitis pigmentosa: an in-vivo study. Front Pharmacol 2024; 14:1294315. [PMID: 38638334 PMCID: PMC11025393 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1294315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective Our research was performed in order to explore the effects of molecular hydrogen (H2), a novelly-established antioxidant, on the retinal degeneration in rd1 mice, an animal model of inherited retinitis pigmentosa (RP). Methods The rd1 mice were divided randomly into control and H2 intervention groups. Mice from other groups received H2 intervention in three modes, two modes of the hydrogen gas (HG) and one model of hydrogen-rich saline (HRS). At 14 days post born (P14) and P21, various indicators were detected in all mice, including eletroretinogram (ERG), fundus phography, optical coherence tomography (OCT), and retinal immunotaining of microglia cells' marker, Iba1. Results The ERG amplitude in mice from the control and H2 intervention groups showed no statistical differences (p > 0.05). At P14 and P21, no significant difference in the distance from the retinal pigment epithelium to the outer plexiform layer on OCT from mice of the above two groups was found (p > 0.05). The thickness of the outer nuclear layer (ONL) in mice at P14 and P21 showed no statistical differences between the control group and the H2 intervention group (p > 0.05). In the aspect of the number of Iba1-positive cells, we did not found any significant differences between the two groups (p > 0.05). Conclusion Different forms of H2 intervention (hydrogen-rich saline and hydrogen gas) had no obvious effects on the course of retinal degeneration in rd1 mice. The specific mechanism of photoreceptor degeneration in the hereditary RP mouse model may be different, requiring different medical interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiming Yan
- The Shaanxi Eye Hospital, Xi’an People’s Hospital, Xi’an Fourth Hospital, Xi’an, China
- The Third Hospital of Zhangzhou, Zhangzhou, China
- Fuzong Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Dongfang Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qiurui He
- The Third Hospital of Zhangzhou, Zhangzhou, China
| | - Pan Long
- The General Hospital of Western Theatre Command, PLA, Chengdu, China
| | - Tao Chen
- Center of Clinical Aerospace Medicine, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- The Shaanxi Eye Hospital, Xi’an People’s Hospital, Xi’an Fourth Hospital, Xi’an, China
| | - Haiyan Wang
- The Shaanxi Eye Hospital, Xi’an People’s Hospital, Xi’an Fourth Hospital, Xi’an, China
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Li SY, Xue RY, Wu H, Pu N, Wei D, Zhao N, Song ZM, Tao Y. Novel Role of Molecular Hydrogen: The End of Ophthalmic Diseases? Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1567. [PMID: 38004433 PMCID: PMC10674431 DOI: 10.3390/ph16111567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular hydrogen (H2) is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas which displays non-toxic features at high concentrations. H2 can alleviate oxidative damage, reduce inflammatory reactions and inhibit apoptosis cascades, thereby inducing protective and repairing effects on cells. H2 can be transported into the body in the form of H2 gas, hydrogen-rich water (HRW), hydrogen-rich saline (HRS) or H2 produced by intestinal bacteria. Accumulating evidence suggest that H2 is protective against multiple ophthalmic diseases, including cataracts, dry eye disease, diabetic retinopathy (DR) and other fields. In particular, H2 has been tested in the treatment of dry eye disease and corneal endothelial injury in clinical practice. This medical gas has brought hope to patients suffering from blindness. Although H2 has demonstrated promising therapeutic potentials and broad application prospects, further large-scale studies involving more patients are still needed to determine its optimal application mode and dosage. In this paper, we have reviewed the basic characteristics of H2, and its therapeutic effects in ophthalmic diseases. We also focus on the latest progress in the administration approaches and mechanisms underlying these benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Zong-Ming Song
- Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital, People’s Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou 450003, China
| | - Ye Tao
- Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital, People’s Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou 450003, China
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Chen X, Chen Y, Lin X, Ye Q, Zhang S, Wang Y, Chen M, Yan W. The clinical research on the effect of hydrogen-rich water on primary retinitis pigmentosa. Heliyon 2023; 9:e20671. [PMID: 37860576 PMCID: PMC10582286 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate the feasibility and effectiveness of hydrogen in the treatment of retinitis pigmentosa (RP) patients through the drinking of hydrogen-rich water (HRW). Methods RP patients clinically diagnosed in our hospital were selected and given HRW for drinking at 400-500 ml twice a day for four consecutive weeks. Changes in best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), intraocular pressure, the retinal thickness, and choroidal thickness, as well as the amplitude and peak time of visual electrophysiological examinations before and after HRW drinking were observed. Data were statistically analyzed. Results In total, 24 eyes of 13 patients with RP (3 males and 10 females aged-27-65 years old, were enrolled in the study. The BCVA after HRW drinking was 0.34 ± 0.25, which was statistically improved compared with that before (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in intraocular pressure, retinal lhickness, or choroidal thickness before and after HRW drinking (all P > 0.05). The amplitudes of the b-wave in Dark-adaptation 0.01 response, a and b waves in Dark-adaptation 3.0 response, the Dark-adaptation Ops total wave, a and b waves in Light-adaptation 3.0 response, and the Light-adaptation Flicker response of electroretinogram (ERG) were significantly higher than those before HRW drinking (all P < 0.05). The corresponding peak times iwere mproved to some extent compared to those before HRW consumption (all P < 0.05). Six patients with RP (11 eyes) had a BCVAm ore than 20/200. The amplitude and peak time of the P100 -ave from the 1°p attern visual evoked potentials (PVEP) were not significantly different from those before HRW drinking (P > 0.05), while the data from the 15' PVEP were statistically different (P < 0.05). Seven patients with RP (13 eyes) had a BCVA less than. 20/200 No significant differences were found in the amplitude and peak time of the P2 wave from the 1.0 Hz flash visual evoked potentials (FVEP) and the amplitude from the 12 Hz FVEP compared with those before HRW drinking (all P > 0.05). Conclusion Short-term HRW drinking slightly improved visual function in patients with primary RP, whereas no significant improvement was found in the thickness of the retina and choroid.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Qian Ye
- Department of Ophthalmology, Fuzong Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University (900th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of PLA, Dongfang Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University), 350025, Fuzhou, China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Fuzong Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University (900th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of PLA, Dongfang Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University), 350025, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yunpeng Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Fuzong Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University (900th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of PLA, Dongfang Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University), 350025, Fuzhou, China
| | - Meizhu Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Fuzong Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University (900th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of PLA, Dongfang Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University), 350025, Fuzhou, China
| | - Weiming Yan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Fuzong Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University (900th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of PLA, Dongfang Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University), 350025, Fuzhou, China
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Abstract
Molecular hydrogen exerts biological effects on nearly all organs. It has anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-aging effects and contributes to the regulation of autophagy and cell death. As the primary organ for gas exchange, the lungs are constantly exposed to various harmful environmental irritants. Short- or long-term exposure to these harmful substances often results in lung injury, causing respiratory and lung diseases. Acute and chronic respiratory diseases have high rates of morbidity and mortality and have become a major public health concern worldwide. For example, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has become a global pandemic. An increasing number of studies have revealed that hydrogen may protect the lungs from diverse diseases, including acute lung injury, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, lung cancer, pulmonary arterial hypertension, and pulmonary fibrosis. In this review, we highlight the multiple functions of hydrogen and the mechanisms underlying its protective effects in various lung diseases, with a focus on its roles in disease pathogenesis and clinical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiling Fu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China.
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Takahashi H. Application of Hydrogen in Ophthalmology. Curr Pharm Des 2021; 27:592-594. [PMID: 33076799 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666201019103446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This report reviews studies on the use of H2 in the ophthalmological field. In retinal diseases, particularly in a retinal ischemia-reperfusion injury, effects of H2 are remarkable in reducing retinal tissue damage. H2 treatment of corneal damage caused by alkali or UVB suppressed scar formation. The most unique application of H2 in the ophthalmological field appears to be its use in phacoemulsification cataract surgery. Ultrasound oscillation produces ·OH through the cavitation phenomenon in the anterior chamber of the eye, which induces oxidative insults in the corneal endothelium. Phacoemulsification using H2 dissolved in the irrigation solution significantly suppressed the corneal endothelial damage. The effect of H2 was direct and clear, as H2 instantly scavenges ·OH produced by ultrasound oscillation in the anterior chamber, thereby suppressing oxidative insults during the phacoemulsification procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Takahashi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo113-8602, Japan
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Long P, Yan W, He M, Zhang Q, Wang Z, Li M, Xue J, Chen T, An J, Zhang Z. Protective effects of hydrogen gas in a rat model of branch retinal vein occlusion via decreasing VEGF-α expression. BMC Ophthalmol 2019; 19:112. [PMID: 31096936 PMCID: PMC6524281 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-019-1105-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Oxidative stress (OS) is an essential factor in the pathogenesis of branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO). Studies have demonstrated the role of hydrogen gas in the regulation of OS. This study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of hydrogen gas on the BRVO rat model. Methods Twenty-four BRVO rats were randomly divided into two groups: the hydrogen gas (H) group (42% H2, 21% O2, 37% N2) and the model (M) group (21% O2, 79% N2). Rats in the H group inhaled hydrogen gas for 8 h every day up to 30 d post-occlusion. Twelve age-matched healthy rats served as the control (C) group. Retinal function and morphology were detected at 1, 7, 14 and 30 d post-occlusion. Furthermore, the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF-α) was detected by immunofluorescent staining. Results Full-field electroretinography (ffERG) revealed that the amplitude of the b-wave (dark-adaptation 3.0 response), the amplitude of the OPs2 wave and the light-adapted flicker response in the H group were all higher than those in the M group at 7 d post-occlusion (all p < 0.05). The reopen time of occlusive retinal vessels in the H group was 2.235 ± 1.128 d, which was shorter than that in the M group (4.234 ± 2.236 d, p < 0.05). The rats in the H group had a thinner IPL + GCL + NFL and an increased total retina compared with those in the M group at 3 d post-occlusion (p < 0.05), while the rats in the H group had a thicker INL, IPL + GCL + NFL and total retina compared with those at 7, 14 and 30 d post-occlusion (p < 0.05). Moreover, the flow velocity of ear vein blood was increased in the H group compared with that in the M group (p < 0.05). The expression of VEGF-α in the H group was dramatically decreased compared with that in the M group at 1, 7 and 14 d post-occlusion (p < 0.05), while the expression kept in similar level at 30 d post-occlusion (p > 0.05). Conclusions Our findings demonstrate that inhalation of hydrogen gas could alleviate retinal oedema, shorten reopen time and improve retinal function, and the potential mechanism might be related to a decrease in VEGF-α expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Long
- Center of Clinical Aerospace Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, No.169 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Weiming Yan
- Department of Ophthalmology, The 900th Hospital of the Joint Logistics Team of Chinese PLA, Fuzhou, 350025, Fujian, China
| | - Mengshan He
- Department of Chinese Material Medical and Natural Medicines, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qianli Zhang
- Company 11 Brigade 4, College of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Company 11 Brigade 4, College of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Manhong Li
- Department of Ophthalmology of Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Junhui Xue
- Center of Clinical Aerospace Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, No.169 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tao Chen
- Center of Clinical Aerospace Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, No.169 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Jing An
- Institute of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No.76 Yanta Weast Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Zuoming Zhang
- Center of Clinical Aerospace Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, No.169 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China.
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Qiu P, Liu Y, Zhang J. Recent Advances in Studies of Molecular Hydrogen against Sepsis. Int J Biol Sci 2019; 15:1261-1275. [PMID: 31223285 PMCID: PMC6567800 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.30741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a syndrome comprised of a series of life-threatening organ dysfunctions caused by a maladjusted body response to infection with no effective treatment. Molecular hydrogen is a new type of antioxidant with strong free radical scavenging ability, which has been demonstrated to be effective for treating various diseases, such as infection, trauma, poisoning, organ ischemia-reperfusion, metabolic diseases, and tumors. Molecular hydrogen exerts multiple biological effects involving anti-inflammation, anti-oxidation, anti-apoptosis, anti-shock, and autophagy regulation, which may attenuate the organ and barrier damage caused by sepsis. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain elusive, but are likely related to the signaling pathways involved. This review focuses on the research progress and potential mechanisms of molecular hydrogen against sepsis to provide a theoretical basis for clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Qiu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Yan W, Chen T, Long P, Zhang Z, Liu Q, Wang X, An J, Zhang Z. Effects of Post-Treatment Hydrogen Gas Inhalation on Uveitis Induced by Endotoxin in Rats. Med Sci Monit 2018; 24:3840-3847. [PMID: 29875353 PMCID: PMC6020745 DOI: 10.12659/msm.907269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Molecular hydrogen (H2) has been widely reported to have benefiicial effects in diverse animal models and human disease through reduction of oxidative stress and inflammation. The aim of this study was to investigate whether hydrogen gas could ameliorate endotoxin-induced uveitis (EIU) in rats. Material/Methods Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into a normal group, a model group, a nitrogen-oxygen (N-O) group, and a hydrogen-oxygen (H-O) group. EIU was induced in rats of the latter 3 groups by injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). After that, rats in the N-O group inhaled a gas mixture of 67% N2 and 33% O2, while those in the H-O group inhaled a gas mixture of 67% H2 and 33% O2. All rats were graded according to the signs of uveitis after electroretinography (ERG) examination. Protein concentration in the aqueous humor (AqH) was measured. Furthermore, hematoxylin-eosin staining and immunostaining of anti-ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba1) in the iris and ciliary body (ICB) were carried out. Results No statistically significant differences existed in the graded score of uveitis and the b-wave peak time in the Dark-adapted 3.0 ERG among the model, N-O, and H-O groups (P>0.05), while rats of the H-O group showed a lower concentration of AqH protein than that of the model or N-O group (P<0.05). The number of the infiltrating cells in the ICB of rats from the H-O group was not significantly different from that of the model or N-O group (P>0.05), while the activation of microglia cells in the H-O group was somewhat reduced (P<0.05). Conclusions Post-treatment hydrogen gas inhalation did not ameliorate the clinical signs, or reduce the infiltrating cells of EIU. However, it inhibited the elevation of protein in the AqH and reduced the microglia activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiming Yan
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Aerospace Medicine, The Fourth
Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, P.R. China (mainland)
| | - Tao Chen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Aerospace Medicine, The Fourth
Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, P.R. China (mainland)
| | - Pan Long
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Aerospace Medicine, The Fourth
Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, P.R. China (mainland)
| | - Zhe Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for
Digestive Diseases and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, The Fourth Military
Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, P.R. China (mainland)
| | - Qian Liu
- The Commission of Health and Family Planning of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang,
Hebei, P.R. China (mainland)
| | - Xiaocheng Wang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Aerospace Medicine, The Fourth
Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, P.R. China (mainland)
| | - Jing An
- Institute of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong
University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, P.R. China (mainland)
| | - Zuoming Zhang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Aerospace Medicine, The Fourth
Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, P.R. China (mainland)
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Yan WM, Chen T, Wang XC, Qi LS, Zhao GH, Yang GQ, Ma YF, Tao Y, Zhang L, Zhang ZM. The reason for the amelioration of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea-induced retinitis pigmentosa in rats by hydrogen-rich saline. Int J Ophthalmol 2017; 10:1495-1503. [PMID: 29062766 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2017.10.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the effects of hydrogen-rich saline (HRS) on microglia activation and Sirtuin type 1 (Sirt1) in rats with N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU)-induced retinitis pigmentosa (RP). METHODS Rats were divided into norm (N) group, model (M) group and HRS (H) group. Rats in M and H groups were given saline and HRS respectively prior to and after administration of MNU. At one day (d1) and d3 afterwards, electroretinogram and histological examination were performed to confirm the effects of HRS on retinal function and structure of MNU-induced RP. Immunofluorescence staining of anti-ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba1), a maker of microglia cells, was performed, with quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) for its mRNA quantification. Moreover, Sirt1 mRNA and protein expression in the retinas were detected by Western blot and qRT-PCR. RESULTS HRS preserved the retinal function and mitigated the reduction of photoreceptor degeneration in MNU-treated retinas. The presence of microglia cells was somewhat more obvious in H group than that in M group at d1. HRS suppressed the further activation of microglia cells, with the number of microglia cells less than that of M group at d3. Results of qRT-PCR of Iba1 were consistent with those of immunofluorescence staining, with the mRNA expression of Iba1 in H group more intensive than that of M group at d1 (P<0.05), while less than that of M group at d3 (P<0.05). Furthermore, the Sirt1 mRNA and protein expression decreased after MNU administration, while HRS mitigated the MNU-induced downregulation of Sirt1. CONCLUSION HRS can effectively keep microglia activation induced by MNU to an appropriate extent, while upregulate Sirt1 in MNU-induced RP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Ming Yan
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Aerospace Medicine, Key Laboratory of Aerospace Medicine of the National Education Ministry, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Tao Chen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Aerospace Medicine, Key Laboratory of Aerospace Medicine of the National Education Ministry, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi Province, China.,Department of Health Service, Faculty of Aerospace, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Xiao-Cheng Wang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Aerospace Medicine, Key Laboratory of Aerospace Medicine of the National Education Ministry, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Lin-Song Qi
- Department of Aviation Physical Examination and Ophthalmology, Air Force General Hospital, Beijing 10010, China
| | - Guan-Hua Zhao
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Aerospace Medicine, Key Laboratory of Aerospace Medicine of the National Education Ministry, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Guo-Qing Yang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Aerospace Medicine, Key Laboratory of Aerospace Medicine of the National Education Ministry, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yi-Fei Ma
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Aerospace Medicine, Key Laboratory of Aerospace Medicine of the National Education Ministry, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Ye Tao
- Department of Ophthalmology, General Hospital of Chinese PLA, Ophthalmology &Visual Science Key Lab of PLA, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Aerospace Medicine, Key Laboratory of Aerospace Medicine of the National Education Ministry, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Zuo-Ming Zhang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Aerospace Medicine, Key Laboratory of Aerospace Medicine of the National Education Ministry, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi Province, China
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