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Khadka S, Pandit R, Dhital S, Baniya JB, Tiwari S, Shrestha B, Pandit S, Sato F, Fujita M, Sharma M, Tsunoda I, Mishra SK. Evaluation of Five International HBV Treatment Guidelines: Recommendation for Resource-Limited Developing Countries Based on the National Study in Nepal. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2020; 27:3-13. [PMID: 34321716 PMCID: PMC8315108 DOI: 10.3390/pathophysiology27010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infects the liver, causing cirrhosis and cancer. In developed countries, five international guidelines have been used to make a decision for the management of patients with chronic HBV infection. In this review, since the guidelines were established by clinical and epidemiological data of developed countries, we aimed to evaluate whether (1) HBV patient profiles of developing countries are similar to developed countries, and (2) which guideline can be applicable to resource-limited developing countries. First, as an example of the most recent data of HBV infections among developing countries, we evaluated the national HBV viral load study in Nepal, which were compared with the data from other developing countries. In Nepal, the highest number of patients had viral loads of 20–2000 IU/mL (36.7%) and belonged to the age group of 21–30 years; HBV epidemiology in Nepal, based on the viral loads, gender, and age groups was similar to those of not only other developing countries but also developed countries. Next, we reviewed five international HBV treatment guidelines of the World Health Organization (WHO), American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD), National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE), European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL), and Asian Pacific Association for the Study of the Liver (APASL). All guidelines require the viral load and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels for decision making. Although four guidelines recommend elastography to assess liver cirrhosis, the WHO guideline alternatively recommends using the aspartate aminotransferase (AST)-to-platelet ratio index (APRI), which is inexpensive and conducted routinely in most hospitals. Therefore, in resource-limited developing countries like Nepal, we recommend the WHO guideline for HBV treatment based on the viral load, ALT, and APRI information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sundar Khadka
- National Public Health Laboratory (NPHL), Department of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Population, Teku, Kathmandu 44-600, Nepal; (R.P.); (S.D.); (J.B.B.); (S.T.); (B.S.); (S.P.); (M.S.); (S.K.M.)
- Department of Microbiology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osakasayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan; (F.S.); (M.F.)
- Correspondence: (S.K.); (I.T.)
| | - Roshan Pandit
- National Public Health Laboratory (NPHL), Department of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Population, Teku, Kathmandu 44-600, Nepal; (R.P.); (S.D.); (J.B.B.); (S.T.); (B.S.); (S.P.); (M.S.); (S.K.M.)
| | - Subhash Dhital
- National Public Health Laboratory (NPHL), Department of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Population, Teku, Kathmandu 44-600, Nepal; (R.P.); (S.D.); (J.B.B.); (S.T.); (B.S.); (S.P.); (M.S.); (S.K.M.)
| | - Jagat Bahadur Baniya
- National Public Health Laboratory (NPHL), Department of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Population, Teku, Kathmandu 44-600, Nepal; (R.P.); (S.D.); (J.B.B.); (S.T.); (B.S.); (S.P.); (M.S.); (S.K.M.)
| | - Surendra Tiwari
- National Public Health Laboratory (NPHL), Department of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Population, Teku, Kathmandu 44-600, Nepal; (R.P.); (S.D.); (J.B.B.); (S.T.); (B.S.); (S.P.); (M.S.); (S.K.M.)
| | - Bimal Shrestha
- National Public Health Laboratory (NPHL), Department of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Population, Teku, Kathmandu 44-600, Nepal; (R.P.); (S.D.); (J.B.B.); (S.T.); (B.S.); (S.P.); (M.S.); (S.K.M.)
| | - Sanjeet Pandit
- National Public Health Laboratory (NPHL), Department of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Population, Teku, Kathmandu 44-600, Nepal; (R.P.); (S.D.); (J.B.B.); (S.T.); (B.S.); (S.P.); (M.S.); (S.K.M.)
| | - Fumitaka Sato
- Department of Microbiology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osakasayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan; (F.S.); (M.F.)
| | - Mitsugu Fujita
- Department of Microbiology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osakasayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan; (F.S.); (M.F.)
| | - Mukunda Sharma
- National Public Health Laboratory (NPHL), Department of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Population, Teku, Kathmandu 44-600, Nepal; (R.P.); (S.D.); (J.B.B.); (S.T.); (B.S.); (S.P.); (M.S.); (S.K.M.)
| | - Ikuo Tsunoda
- Department of Microbiology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osakasayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan; (F.S.); (M.F.)
- Correspondence: (S.K.); (I.T.)
| | - Shravan Kumar Mishra
- National Public Health Laboratory (NPHL), Department of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Population, Teku, Kathmandu 44-600, Nepal; (R.P.); (S.D.); (J.B.B.); (S.T.); (B.S.); (S.P.); (M.S.); (S.K.M.)
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