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Quadri SA, Farooqui M, Ikram A, Zafar A, Khan MA, Suriya SS, Claus CF, Fiani B, Rahman M, Ramachandran A, Armstrong IIT, Taqi MA, Mortazavi MM. Recent update on basic mechanisms of spinal cord injury. Neurosurg Rev 2018; 43:425-441. [PMID: 29998371 DOI: 10.1007/s10143-018-1008-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a life-shattering neurological condition that affects between 250,000 and 500,000 individuals each year with an estimated two to three million people worldwide living with an SCI-related disability. The incidence in the USA and Canada is more than that in other countries with motor vehicle accidents being the most common cause, while violence being most common in the developing nations. Its incidence is two- to fivefold higher in males, with a peak in younger adults. Apart from the economic burden associated with medical care costs, SCI predominantly affects a younger adult population. Therefore, the psychological impact of adaptation of an average healthy individual as a paraplegic or quadriplegic with bladder, bowel, or sexual dysfunction in their early life can be devastating. People with SCI are two to five times more likely to die prematurely, with worse survival rates in low- and middle-income countries. This devastating disorder has a complex and multifaceted mechanism. Recently, a lot of research has been published on the restoration of locomotor activity and the therapeutic strategies. Therefore, it is imperative for the treating physicians to understand the complex underlying pathophysiological mechanisms of SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed A Quadri
- California Institute of Neuroscience, 2100 Lynn Road, Suite 120, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91360, USA. .,National Skull Base Center, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA.
| | - Mudassir Farooqui
- Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Asad Ikram
- Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Atif Zafar
- Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Muhammad Adnan Khan
- California Institute of Neuroscience, 2100 Lynn Road, Suite 120, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91360, USA.,National Skull Base Center, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Sajid S Suriya
- California Institute of Neuroscience, 2100 Lynn Road, Suite 120, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91360, USA.,National Skull Base Center, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Chad F Claus
- Department of Neurosurgery, St. John Providence Hospital and Medical Centers, Michigan State University, Southfield, MI, USA
| | - Brian Fiani
- Department of Neurosurgery, Desert Regional Medical Center, Palm Springs, CA, USA
| | - Mohammed Rahman
- Department of Neurology, Desert Regional Medical Center, Palm Springs, CA, USA
| | - Anirudh Ramachandran
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA
| | - Ian I T Armstrong
- California Institute of Neuroscience, 2100 Lynn Road, Suite 120, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91360, USA.,National Skull Base Center, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Muhammad A Taqi
- California Institute of Neuroscience, 2100 Lynn Road, Suite 120, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91360, USA.,National Skull Base Center, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Martin M Mortazavi
- California Institute of Neuroscience, 2100 Lynn Road, Suite 120, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91360, USA.,National Skull Base Center, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
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Thermo-sensitive hydrogels combined with decellularised matrix deliver bFGF for the functional recovery of rats after a spinal cord injury. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38332. [PMID: 27922061 PMCID: PMC5138609 DOI: 10.1038/srep38332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Because of the short half-life, either systemic or local administration of bFGF shows significant drawbacks to spinal injury. In this study, an acellular spinal cord scaffold (ASC) was encapsulated in a thermo-sensitive hydrogel to overcome these limitations. The ASC was firstly prepared from the spinal cord of healthy rats and characterized by scanning electronic microscopy and immunohistochemical staining. bFGF could specifically complex with the ASC scaffold via electrostatic or receptor-mediated interactions. The bFGF-ASC complex was further encapsulated into a heparin modified poloxamer (HP) solution to prepare atemperature-sensitive hydrogel (bFGF-ASC-HP). bFGF release from the ASC-HP hydrogel was more slower than that from the bFGF-ASC complex alone. An in vitro cell survival study showed that the bFGF-ASC-HP hydrogel could more effectively promote the proliferation of PC12 cells than a bFGF solution, with an approximate 50% increase in the cell survival rate within 24 h (P < 0.05). Compared with the bFGF solution, bFGF-ASC-HP hydrogel displayed enhanced inhibition of glial scars and obviously improved the functional recovery of the SCI model rat through regeneration of nerve axons and the differentiation of the neural stem cells. In summary, an ASC-HP hydrogel might be a promising carrier to deliver bFGF to an injured spinal cord.
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Wang Y, Gao Z, Zhang Y, Feng SQ, Liu Y, Shields LBE, Zhao YZ, Zhu Q, Gozal D, Shields CB, Cai J. Attenuated Reactive Gliosis and Enhanced Functional Recovery Following Spinal Cord Injury in Null Mutant Mice of Platelet-Activating Factor Receptor. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:3448-3461. [PMID: 26084439 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9263-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Platelet-activating factor (PAF) is a unique phosphoglycerine that mediates the biological functions of both immune and nervous systems. Excessive PAF plays an important role in neural injury via its specific receptor (PAFR). In this study, we hypothesized that PAF signaling activates reactive gliosis after spinal cord injury (SCI), and blocking the PAF pathway would modify the glia scar formation and promote functional recovery. PAF microinjected into the normal wild-type spinal cord induced a dose-dependent activation of microglia and astrocytes. In the SCI mice, PAFR null mutant mice showed a better functional recovery in grip and rotarod performances than wild-type mice. Although both microglia and astrocytes were activated after SCI in wild-type and PAFR null mutant mice, expressions of IL-6, vimentin, nestin, and GFAP were not significantly elevated in PAFR null mutants. Disruption of PAF signaling inhibited the expressions of proteoglycan CS56 and neurocan (CSPG3). Intriguingly, compared to the wild-type SCI mice, less axonal retraction/dieback at 7 dpi but more NFH-labeled axons at 28 dpi was found in the area adjacent to the epicenter in PAFR null mutant SCI mice. Moreover, treatment with PAFR antagonist Ginkgolide B (GB) at the chronic phase rather than acute phase enhanced the functional recovery in the wild-type SCI mice. These findings suggest that PAF signaling participates in reactive gliosis after SCI, and blocking of this signaling enhances functional recovery and to some extent may promote axon regrowth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyi Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, 71 Xinmin Street, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 570 S. Preston Street, Donald Baxter Building, Suite 321B, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Zhongwen Gao
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 570 S. Preston Street, Donald Baxter Building, Suite 321B, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.,Department of Orthopedics, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130033, China
| | - Yiping Zhang
- Norton Healthcare, Norton Neuroscience Institute, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Shi-Qing Feng
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 570 S. Preston Street, Donald Baxter Building, Suite 321B, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.,Department of Orthopedics, General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Yulong Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 570 S. Preston Street, Donald Baxter Building, Suite 321B, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.,Department of Orthopedics, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130033, China
| | - Lisa B E Shields
- Norton Healthcare, Norton Neuroscience Institute, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Ying-Zheng Zhao
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 570 S. Preston Street, Donald Baxter Building, Suite 321B, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.,Pharmacy School, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Qingsan Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130033, China.
| | - David Gozal
- Comer Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Christopher B Shields
- Norton Healthcare, Norton Neuroscience Institute, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.,Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Jun Cai
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 570 S. Preston Street, Donald Baxter Building, Suite 321B, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA. .,Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
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Liu J, Chen P, Wang Q, Chen Y, Yu H, Ma J, Guo M, Piao M, Ren W, Xiang L. Meta analysis of olfactory ensheathing cell transplantation promoting functional recovery of motor nerves in rats with complete spinal cord transection. Neural Regen Res 2014; 9:1850-8. [PMID: 25422649 PMCID: PMC4239777 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.143434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of olfactory ensheathing cell transplantation on functional recovery of rats with complete spinal cord transection. DATA SOURCES: A computer-based online search of Medline (1989–2013), Embase (1989–2013), Cochrane library (1989–2013), Chinese Biomedical Literature Database (1989–2013), China National Knowledge Infrastructure (1989–2013), VIP (1989–2013), Wanfang databases (1989–2013) and Chinese Clinical Trial Register was conducted to collect randomized controlled trial data regarding olfactory ensheathing cell transplantation for the treatment of complete spinal cord transection in rats. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomized controlled trials investigating olfactory ensheathing cell transplantation and other transplantation methods for promoting neurological functional recovery of rats with complete spinal cord transection were included in the analysis. Meta analysis was conducted using RevMan 4.2.2 software. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Basso, Beattie and Bresnahan scores of rats with complete spinal cord transection were evaluated in this study. RESULTS: Six randomized controlled trials with high quality methodology were included. Meta analysis showed that Basso, Beattie and Bresnahan scores were significantly higher in the olfactory ensheathing cell transplantation group compared with the control group (WMD = 3.16, 95% CI (1.68, 4.65); P < 0.00001). CONCLUSION: Experimental studies have shown that olfactory ensheathing cell transplantation can promote the functional recovery of motor nerves in rats with complete spinal cord transection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Command Area of Chinese PLA, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Ping Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Taian Central Hospital, Taian, Shandong Province, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Command Area of Chinese PLA, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Command Area of Chinese PLA, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Haiong Yu
- Department of Orthopedics, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Command Area of Chinese PLA, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Junxiong Ma
- Department of Orthopedics, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Command Area of Chinese PLA, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Mingming Guo
- Department of Orthopedics, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Command Area of Chinese PLA, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Meihui Piao
- Department of Orthopedics, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Command Area of Chinese PLA, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Weijian Ren
- Department of Orthopedics, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Command Area of Chinese PLA, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Liangbi Xiang
- Department of Orthopedics, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Command Area of Chinese PLA, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
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Wang Y, Wu X, Zhong Y, Shen J, Wu X, Ju S, Wang X. Effects of histone deacetylase inhibition on the survival, proliferation and migration of Schwann cells, as well as on the expression of neurotrophic factors and genes associated with myelination. Int J Mol Med 2014; 34:599-605. [PMID: 24888454 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2014.1792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichostatin A (TSA), a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor, has been shown to have neuroprotective, neurotrophic and anti-inflammatory properties in both animal and cellular models of neurodegenerative disorders. In a previous study of ours, we demonstrated that TSA inhibited the proliferation and increased the differentiation of neuronal precursor cells (NPCs). However, the effects of TSA on Schwann cells (SCs) have not yet been fully elucidated. Thus, in the present study, using SCs derived from adult rat sciatic nerves, we investigated the effects of TSA on the survival, proliferation, migration and myelination of SCs. We found that TSA significantly induced SC death when used at high concentrations. We also observed that TSA promoted the proliferation of SCs in a time-dependent manner. In addition, TSA inhibited the migration of SCs. Moreover, RT-PCR revealed that TSA increased the mRNA expression of several neurotrophic factors and inhibited the expression of genes associated with myelination, including myelin basic protein (MBP) and myelin protein zero (MPZ). Taken together, our results suggest that TSA plays an important role in regulating the growth and biological function of SCs. These data may contribute to our understanding of TSA-based treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazhou Wang
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Xingjun Wu
- Department of Neurology, Xuhui Central Hospital, Xuhui, Shanghai 200031, P.R. China
| | - Yueping Zhong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Jianhong Shen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Xinhua Wu
- Surgical Comprehensive Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Shaoqing Ju
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Xiaofei Wang
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
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Ning G, Tang L, Wu Q, Li Y, Li Y, Zhang C, Feng S. Human umbilical cord blood stem cells for spinal cord injury: early transplantation results in better local angiogenesis. Regen Med 2014; 8:271-81. [PMID: 23627822 DOI: 10.2217/rme.13.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM We aim to explore the repair mechanism after the transplantation of CD34(+) human umbilical cord blood cells (HUCBCs) in traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) in rats. MATERIALS & METHODS Wistar rats with SCI were randomly divided into three groups: DMEM injection (group A); CD34(+) HUCBC transplantation on the first day after injury (group B); and CD34(+) HUCBC transplantation on the sixth day after injury (group C). The Basso, Beattie and Bresnahan scores were used to evaluate motor behavior. At the injured site, the infarct size, blood vessel density, and survival and neural differentiation of transplanted cells were analyzed. RESULTS It was found that the Basso, Beattie and Bresnahan score in group B was significantly higher than other groups (p < 0.05), and the infarct size and blood vessel density at the injured site were significantly different (p < 0.01). However, the transplanted cells survived at least 3 weeks at the injured site, but did not differentiate into neural cells. CONCLUSION These results suggested transplantation of CD34(+) HUCBCs during the acute phase could promote the functional recovery better than during the subacute phase after SCI by raising blood vessel density, suggesting the possible clinical application for the treatment of spinal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangzhi Ning
- Department of Orthopaedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Heping District Anshan Road 154, Tianjin 300052, PR China
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Biazar E. Use of umbilical cord and cord blood-derived stem cells for tissue repair and regeneration. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2014; 14:301-10. [PMID: 24456082 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2014.867943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Potential use of umbilical cord (UC) is one of the most exciting frontiers in medicine for repairing damaged tissues. UC and cord blood-derived stem cells are the world's largest potential sources of stem cells. UC contains a mixture of stem and progenitor cells at different lineage commitment stages and UC has been verified as a candidate for cell-based therapies and tissue engineering applications due to the capability of these cells for extensive self-renewal and multi-lineage character in differentiation potential. AREAS COVERED UC-based repair or regeneration of organs (i.e., heart, nerve, skin, etc.) is a high-priority research worldwide. EXPERT OPINION The aim of this review is to summarize the knowledge about UC with main focus on its applications for tissue repair and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmaeil Biazar
- Islamic Azad University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tonekabon Branch , Tonekabon , Iran +00981924271105 ;
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8
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Gongora M, Peressutti C, Machado S, Teixeira S, Velasques B, Ribeiro P. Progress and prospects in neurorehabilitation: clinical applications of stem cells and brain–computer interface for spinal cord lesions. Neurol Sci 2012; 34:427-33. [DOI: 10.1007/s10072-012-1232-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Bayrakli F, Balaban H, Ozum U, Duger C, Topaktas S, Kars HZ. Etanercept treatment enhances clinical and neuroelectrophysiological recovery in partial spinal cord injury. EUROPEAN SPINE JOURNAL : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE EUROPEAN SPINE SOCIETY, THE EUROPEAN SPINAL DEFORMITY SOCIETY, AND THE EUROPEAN SECTION OF THE CERVICAL SPINE RESEARCH SOCIETY 2012; 21:2588-93. [PMID: 22526707 DOI: 10.1007/s00586-012-2319-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Revised: 01/23/2012] [Accepted: 04/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the effect of an anti-TNF-α agent (etanercept) on recovery processes in a partial spinal cord injury (SCI) model using clinical and electrophysiological tests. METHODS Twenty-four New Zealand rabbits were divided into three groups: group 1 [SCI + 2 ml saline intramuscular (i.m.), n = 8], group 2 (SCI + 2.5 mg/kg etanercept, i.m., 2-4 h after SCI, n = 8) and group 3 (SCI + 2.5 mg/kg etanercept, i.m., 12-24 h after SCI, n = 8). Rabbits were evaluated before SCI, immediately after SCI, 1 week after, and 2 weeks after SCI, clinically by Tarlov scale and electrophysiologically by SEP. RESULTS Tarlov scores of groups 2 and 3 were significantly better than group 1, 2 weeks after SCI. SEP recovery was significantly better in groups 2 and 3 than group 1, 2 weeks after SCI. CONCLUSIONS These results show that blocking TNF-α mediated inflammation pathway by an anti-TNF-α agent enhances clinical and electrophysiological recovery processes in partial SCI model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatih Bayrakli
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cumhuriyet University School of Medicine, Sivas 58140, Turkey.
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Franco ECS, Cardoso MM, Gouvêia A, Pereira A, Gomes-Leal W. Modulation of microglial activation enhances neuroprotection and functional recovery derived from bone marrow mononuclear cell transplantation after cortical ischemia. Neurosci Res 2012; 73:122-32. [PMID: 22465414 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2012.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2011] [Revised: 02/24/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Activated microglia may exacerbate damage in neural disorders; however, it is unknown how they affect stem cells transplanted after stroke. Focal ischemia was induced by microinjections of 40 pmol of endothelin-1 into the motor cortex of adult rats. Ischemic animals were treated with sterile saline (n = 5), bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMMCs, n = 8), minocycline (n = 5) or concomitantly with minocycline and BMMCs (n = 5). BMMC-treated animals received 5 × 10(6)BMMCs through the caudal vein 24h post-ischemia. Behavioral tests were performed to evaluate functional recovery. Morphometric and histological analyses were performed to assess infarct area, neuronal loss and microglia/macrophage activation up to 21 days post-ischemia. Treatments with minocycline, BMMCs or minocycline-BMMCs reduced infarct area, increased neuronal survival and decreased the number of caspase-3+ and ED-1+ cells, but these effects were more prominent in the minocycline-BMMC group. Behavioral analyses using the modified sticky-tape and open-field tests showed that ischemic rats concomitantly treated with BMMCs and minocycline showed better motor performance than rats treated with BMMCs or minocycline only. The results suggest that proper modulation of the inflammatory response through the blockage of microglia activation enhances neuroprotection and functional recovery induced by intravenous transplantation of BMMCs after motor cortex ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edna C S Franco
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuroprotection and Neuroregeneration, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Brazil
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Leung L. Cellular therapies for treating pain associated with spinal cord injury. J Transl Med 2012; 10:37. [PMID: 22394650 PMCID: PMC3320547 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-10-37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2011] [Accepted: 03/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury leads to immense disability and loss of quality of life in human with no satisfactory clinical cure. Cell-based or cell-related therapies have emerged as promising therapeutic potentials both in regeneration of spinal cord and mitigation of neuropathic pain due to spinal cord injury. This article reviews the various options and their latest developments with an update on their therapeutic potentials and clinical trialing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence Leung
- Centre of Neurosciences Study, Queen's University, 18 Stuart Street, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada.
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Intraspinal transplantation of neurogenin-expressing stem cells generates spinal cord neural progenitors. Neurobiol Dis 2012; 46:59-68. [PMID: 22245661 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2011.12.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2011] [Revised: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 12/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Embryonic stem (ES) cells and their derivatives are an important resource for developing novel cellular therapies for disease. Controlling proliferation and lineage selection, however, are essential to circumvent the possibility of tumor formation and facilitate the safe translation of ES-based therapies to man. Expression of appropriate transcription factors is one approach to direct the differentiation of ES cells towards a specific lineage and stop proliferation. Neural differentiation can be initiated in ES cells by expression of Neurogenin1 (Ngn1). In this study we investigate the effects of controlled Ngn1 expression on mouse ES (mES) cell differentiation in vitro and following grafting into the rat spinal cord. In vitro, Ngn1 expression in mES cells leads to rapid and specific neural differentiation, and a concurrent decrease in proliferation. Similarly transplantation of Ngn1-expressing mES cells into the spinal cord lead to in situ differentiation and spinal precursor formation. These data demonstrate that Ngn1 expression in mES cells is sufficient to promote neural differentiation and inhibit proliferation, thus establishing an approach to safely graft ES cells into the spinal cord.
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Suicide gene therapy using reducible poly (oligo-D-arginine) for the treatment of spinal cord tumors. Biomaterials 2011; 32:9766-75. [PMID: 21924768 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.08.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2011] [Accepted: 08/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Suicide gene therapy based on a combination of herpes simplex virus-thymidine kinase (HSV-tk) and ganciclovir (GCV) has obstacles to achieving a success in clinical use for the treatment of cancer due to inadequate thymidine kinase (TK) expression. The primary concern for improving anticancer efficacy of the suicide gene therapy is to develop an appropriate carrier that highly expresses TK in vivo. Despite great advances in the development of non-viral vectors, none has been used in cancer suicide gene therapy, not even in experimental challenge. Reducible poly (oligo-D-arginine) (rPOA), one of the effective non-viral carriers working in vivo, was chosen to deliver HSV-tk to spinal cord tumors which are appropriate targets for suicide gene therapy. Since the system exerts toxicity only in dividing cells, cells in the central nervous system, which are non-proliferative, are not sensitive to the toxic metabolites. In the present study, we demonstrated that the locomotor function of the model rat was maintained through the tumor suppression resulting from the tumor-selective suicide activity by co-administration of rPOA/HSV-tk and GCV. Thus, rPOA plays a crucial role in suicide gene therapy for cancer, and an rPOA/HSV-tk and GCV system could help promote in vivo trials of suicide gene therapy.
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Leal-Filho MB. Spinal cord injury: From inflammation to glial scar. Surg Neurol Int 2011; 2:112. [PMID: 21886885 PMCID: PMC3162797 DOI: 10.4103/2152-7806.83732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2011] [Accepted: 07/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glial scar (GS) is the most important inhibitor factor to neuroregeneration after spinal cord injury (SCI) and behaves as a tertiary lesion. The present review of the literature searched for representative studies concerning GS and therapeutic strategies to neuroregeneration. METHODS The author used the PubMed database and Google scholar to search articles published in the last 20 years. Key words used were SCI, spinal cord (SC) inflammation, GS, and SCI treatment. RESULTS Both inflammation and GS are considered important events after SCI. Despite the fact that firstly they seem to cause benefit, in the end they cause more harm than good to neuroregeneration. Each stage has its own aspects under the influence of the immune system causing inflammation, from the primary to secondary lesion and from those to GS (tertiary lesion). CONCLUSION Future studies should stress the key points where and when GS presents itself as an inhibitory factor to neuroregeneration. Considering GS as an important event after SCI, the author defends GS as being a tertiary lesion. Current strategies are presented with emphasis on stem cells and drug therapy. A better understanding will permit the development of a therapeutic basis in the treatment of the SCI patients considering each stage of the lesion, with emphasis on GS and neuroregeneration.
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