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Oladipo SD, Luckay RC, Olofinsan KA, Obakachi VA, Zamisa SJ, Adeleke AA, Badeji AA, Ogundare SA, George BP. Antidiabetes and antioxidant potential of Schiff bases derived from 2-naphthaldehye and substituted aromatic amines: Synthesis, crystal structure, Hirshfeld surface analysis, computational, and invitro studies. Heliyon 2024; 10:e23174. [PMID: 38163168 PMCID: PMC10756989 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Three Schiff bases were synthesised by the condensation reaction between 2-napthaldehyde and aromatic amines to afford (E)-N-mesityl-1-(naphthalen-2-yl)methanimine (L1), (E)-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-1-(naphthalen-2-yl)methanimine (L2) and (E)-N-(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-1-(naphthalen-2-yl)methanimine (L3). The synthesised compounds were characterised using UV-visible, NMR (13C & 1H), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic methods while their purity was ascertained by elemental analysis. Structural analysis revealed that the naphthalene ring is almost coplanar with the imine functional group as evident by C1-C10-C11-N1 torsion angles of 176.4(2)° and 179.4(1)° in L2 and L3, respectively. Of all the various intermolecular contacts, H⋯H interactions contributed mostly towards the Hirshfeld surfaces of both L2 (58.7 %) and L3 (69.7 %). Quantum chemical descriptors of L1 - L3 were determined using Density Functional Theory (DFT) and the results obtained showed that the energy band gap (ΔE) for L1, L2 and L3 are 3.872, 4.023 and 4.004 eV respectively. The antidiabetic potential of the three compounds were studied using α-amylase and α-glucosidase assay. Compound L1 showed very promising antidiabetic activities with IC50 values of 58.85 μg/mL and 57.60 μg/mL while the reference drug (Acarbose) had 405.84 μg/mL and 35.69 μg/mL for α-amylase and α-glucosidase respectively. In-silico studies showed that L1 docking score as well as binding energies are higher than that of acarbose, which are recognized inhibitors of α-amylase together with α-glucosidase. Further insight from the RMSF, RMSD and RoG analysis predicted that, throughout the simulation L1 showcased evident influence on the structural stability of α-amylase. The antioxidant potential of the compounds was carried out using nitric oxide (NO), ferric reducing ability power (FRAP) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assays. The compounds exhibited good to fairly antioxidant properties with L1 as well as L3 having IC50 values of 70.91 and 91.21 μg/mL respectively for NO scavenging activities assay, which comparatively outshined acarbose (reference drug) with IC50 value of 109.95 μg/mL. Pharmacology and pharmacokinetics approximations of L1 - L3 showed minimal violation of Lipinski's Ro5 and this projects them to be less toxic and orally bioavailable as potential templates for the design of therapeutics with antioxidant and antidiabetic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Segun D. Oladipo
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Olabisi Onabanjo University, P.M.B 2002, Ago-Iwoye, Nigeria
| | - Robert C. Luckay
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa
| | - Kolawole A. Olofinsan
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, P.O Box 17011, Doornfontein, 2028, South Africa
| | - Vincent A. Obakachi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Kwazulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Sizwe J. Zamisa
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Westville Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Adesola A. Adeleke
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Olabisi Onabanjo University, P.M.B 2002, Ago-Iwoye, Nigeria
| | - Abosede A. Badeji
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tai Solarin University of Education, Ijagun, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Segun A. Ogundare
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Olabisi Onabanjo University, P.M.B 2002, Ago-Iwoye, Nigeria
| | - Blassan P. George
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, P.O Box 17011, Doornfontein, 2028, South Africa
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Ncume PV, Salau VF, Mtshali S, Olofinsan KA, Erukainure OL, Matsabisa MG. Phytochemical Properties of Croton gratissimus Burch (Lavender Croton) Herbal Tea and Its Protective Effect against Iron-Induced Oxidative Hepatic Injury. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2915. [PMID: 37631127 PMCID: PMC10459045 DOI: 10.3390/plants12162915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress plays a vital role in the pathogenesis and progression of various liver diseases. Traditional medicinal herbs have been used worldwide for the treatment of chronic liver diseases due to their high phytochemical constituents. The present study investigated the phytochemical properties of Croton gratissimus (lavender croton) leaf herbal tea and its hepatoprotective effect on oxidative injury in Chang liver cells, using an in vitro and in silico approach. C. gratissimus herbal infusion was screened for total phenolic and total flavonoid contents as well as in vitro antioxidant capacity using ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) methods. Oxidative hepatic injury was induced by incubating 0.007 M FeSO4 with Chang liver cells which has been initially incubated with or without different concentrations (15-240 μg/mL) of C. gratissimus infusion or the standard antioxidants (Gallic acid and ascorbic acid). C. gratissimus displayed significantly high scavenging activity and ferric reducing capacity following DPPH and FRAP assays, respectively. It had no cytotoxic effect on Chang liver cells. C. gratissimus also significantly elevated the level of hepatic reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase activities as well as suppressed the malondialdehyde (MDA) level in oxidative hepatic injury. Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis of the herbal tea revealed the presence of 8-prenylnaringenin, flavonol 3-O-D-galactoside, caffeine, spirasine I, hypericin, pheophorbide-a, and 4-methylumbelliferone glucuronide. In silico oral toxicity prediction of the identified phytochemicals revealed no potential hepatotoxicity. Molecular docking revealed potent molecular interactions of the phytochemicals with SOD and catalase. The results suggest the hepatoprotective and antioxidative potentials of C. gratissimus herbal tea against oxidative hepatic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul V. Ncume
- Department of Pharmacology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; (P.V.N.); (V.F.S.); (S.M.)
| | - Veronica F. Salau
- Department of Pharmacology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; (P.V.N.); (V.F.S.); (S.M.)
| | - Sibahle Mtshali
- Department of Pharmacology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; (P.V.N.); (V.F.S.); (S.M.)
| | - Kolawole A. Olofinsan
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa; (K.A.O.); (O.L.E.)
| | - Ochuko L. Erukainure
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa; (K.A.O.); (O.L.E.)
| | - Motlalepula G. Matsabisa
- Department of Pharmacology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; (P.V.N.); (V.F.S.); (S.M.)
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Salau VF, Erukainure OL, Olofinsan KA, Schoeman RLS, Matsabisa MG. Lippia javanica (Burm. F.) Herbal Tea: Modulation of Hepatoprotective Effects in Chang Liver Cells via Mitigation of Redox Imbalance and Modulation of Perturbed Metabolic Activities. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1221769. [PMID: 37608895 PMCID: PMC10441784 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1221769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Hepatic oxidative injury is one of the pathological mechanisms that significantly contributes to the development of several liver diseases. In the present study, the hepatoprotective effect of Lippia javanica herbal tea was investigated in Fe2+- mediated hepatic oxidative injury. Methods: Using an in vitro experimental approach, hepatic oxidative injury was induced by co-incubating 7 mM FeSO4 with Chang liver cells that have been pre-incubated with or without different concentrations (15-240 μg/mL) of L. javanica infusion. Gallic acid and ascorbic acid served as the standard antioxidants. Results: The infusion displayed a reducing antioxidant activity in ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay and a potent scavenging activity on 2,2-diphenyl-2- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical. Pretreatment with L. javanica infusion significantly elevated the levels of reduced glutathione and non-protein thiol, and the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase, with concomitant decrease in hepatic malondialdehyde levels, acetylcholinesterase, glucose-6-phosphatase, fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, glycogen phosphorylase and lipase activities. The infusion showed the presence of phytoconstituents such as phenolic compounds, tannins, phenolic glycosides and terpenoids when subjected to liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. Molecular docking revealed a strong binding affinity of dihydroroseoside and obacunone with both SOD and catalase compared to other phytoconstituents. Conclusion: These results portray a potent antioxidant and hepatoprotective effect of L. javanica, which may support the local usage of the herbal tea as a prospective therapeutic agent for oxidative stress-related liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica F. Salau
- Department of Pharmacology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | | | - Kolawole A. Olofinsan
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, South Africa
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Olofinsan KA, Salau VF, Erukainure OL, Islam MS. Senna petersiana (Bolle) leaf extract modulates glycemic homeostasis and improves dysregulated enzyme activities in fructose-fed streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 303:115998. [PMID: 36471537 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Senna petersiana (Bolle) is a native South African medicinal shrub combined locally with other plant products to manage diabetes or used as a single therapy for several other ailing conditions. AIM OF THE STUDY This study evaluated the antidiabetic and antilipidemic effects of S. petersiana leaf ethanol extract and its modulatory effects on dysregulated enzyme activities in fructose-fed streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Six groups of 6-weeks old male Sprague Dawley rats were used in this study. Diabetes was induced in four of the groups by injecting (i.p.) 40 mg/kg of streptozotocin after a two-weeks feeding of 10% fructose via drinking water, while animals in the two normal groups were given similar volume of vehicle buffer and normal drinking water, respectively. After the confirmation of diabetes, treatment with 150 and 300 mg/kg body weight of the ethanolic leaf extract of S. petersiana proceeded for a period of 6 weeks. RESULTS Oral administration of S. petersiana leaf extract significantly lowered blood glucose, food and liquid intake, glycosylhaemoglobin in blood, liver and cardiac biomarkers, and lipid profile in serum and atherogenic index (AIP) in both the low and high-dose treated animal groups. This was accompanied by a simultaneous increase in Homeostatic Model Assessment-beta (HOMA-β) score, serum high-density lipoproteins cholesterol (HDL-c), and insulin levels. It also improved pancreatic and serum-reduced glutathione (GSH) levels, catalase, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzymes activities with a simultaneous reduction in malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) concentrations. Moreover, the extract modulated dysregulated α-amylase, lipase, cholinesterase, and 5' nucleotidase enzyme activities in pancreatic tissue as well as glycogen metabolism in the liver. Analysis of the phytochemicals in the S. petersiana extract showed the presence of phytol, 4a,7,7,10a-tetramethyldodecahydrobenzo[f]-chromen-3-ol, phytol acetate, solasodine glucoside, cassine, veratramine and solasodine acetate. Amongst these compounds, solasodine glucoside had the best binding energy (ΔG) with the selected diabetes-linked enzymes via molecular docking simulation. CONCLUSION Data from this study demonstrate the antidiabetic effects of S. petersiana leaf extract via the modulation of the dysregulated indices involved in type 2 diabetes and its associated complications. Although it has been shown safe in animals, further toxicological studies are required to ensure its safety for diabetes management in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kolawole A Olofinsan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Veronica F Salau
- Department of Biochemistry, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Ochuko L Erukainure
- Department of Pharmacology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa
| | - Md Shahidul Islam
- Department of Biochemistry, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, 4000, South Africa.
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Olofinsan KA, Salau VF, Erukainure OL, Islam MS. Harpephyllum caffrum fruit (wild plum) facilitates glucose uptake and modulates metabolic activities linked to neurodegeneration in isolated rat brain: An in vitro and in silico approach. J Food Biochem 2022; 46:e14177. [PMID: 35396859 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.14177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Alteration in brain glucose metabolism due to glucose uptake reduction has been described in the onset of certain neurodegenerative disorders. This study determined Harpephyllum caffrum fruit's potential ability to improve glucose uptake and its modulatory effects on intrinsic antioxidant, glucogenic, cholinergic, and nucleotide-hydrolyzing enzyme activities in isolated rat brain. Consequently, the bioactive compounds of the fruits were identified with LC-MS. The fruit significantly improved brain glucose uptake following coincubation with glucose and brain tissue. The fruit extract also elevated GSH level, SOD, catalase, glycogen phosphorylase, and ENTPDase activities while simultaneously suppressing NO and malonaldehyde levels and fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, ATPase, acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase activities. LC-MS analysis revealed S-methylcysteine sulfoxide, dihydroquercetin, 3,4-dimethyl-2,5-bis(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl) tetrahydrofuran (MTHF), nobiletin, puerarin, quercetin 3-rutinoside, 8-D-glucosyl-4',5,7-trihydroxyflavone, asperulosidic acid, 1,2,4,6-tetragalloylglucose, and phellamurin. This study suggests the neuroprotective effects of H. caffrum fruit due to its ability to enhance glucose uptake, attenuate glucose-induced oxidative stress while modulating glucogenic, cholinergic, and nucleotide-hydrolyzing enzyme activities in normal brain tissues. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Available scientific evidence describes oxidative stress as one of the physiological processes contributing to aging-associated neurodegeneration in humans. In this regard, commonly consumed natural products from plants have attracted much interest due to their ability to mitigate redox imbalance-related pathologies that affect various organs in the body such as the brain. Harpephyllum caffrum or bush mango is an evergreen plant native to the South African vegetation. The fruit from the plant is consumed locally as food or specifically for improving the nutritional quality of meals as deserts or condiments. While previous findings described the high antioxidant properties of the fruits, this study reported possible mechanisms via which the plant may exhibit ameliorative effects against oxidative stress-related neurological disorders in the brain. Hence, findings from the current work present another justification for the significance of fruits as a safer nutraceutical alternative for therapy in neurological disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kolawole A Olofinsan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, South Africa
| | - Veronica F Salau
- Department of Biochemistry, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, South Africa.,Department of Pharmacology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Ochuko L Erukainure
- Department of Pharmacology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Md Shahidul Islam
- Department of Biochemistry, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, South Africa
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