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Iddi S, Dika H, Kidenya BR, Kalluvya S. Serum gonadal hormones levels and hypogonadism in ART naïve newly diagnosed HIV infected adult males in Mwanza, Tanzania. BMC Endocr Disord 2024; 24:50. [PMID: 38654196 PMCID: PMC11040998 DOI: 10.1186/s12902-024-01581-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) is an endemic chronic disease which is characterized with progressive depletion of CD4 T cells and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections. Previous studies have associated HIV infection with increased hypogonadism. However, the prevalence of hypogonadism remained poorly defined and widely ranging in various studies. This study aims to evaluate the serum gonadal hormonal levels and hypogonadism in antiretroviral therapy (ART) naïve newly diagnosed HIV infected-males in Mwanza, Tanzania. METHODS This was a comparison study involving 81 ART naïve newly diagnosed HIV-infected adult males as study group and 81 apparently healthy HIV-negative males as comparison group. The participants in the study group and comparison group were matched by body mass index and age. Serum hormones [Total testosterone (TT), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH) and estradiol (E) were estimated. Serum testosterone < 300 ng/dl, or testosterone > 300 ng/dl with high LH and FSH (compensatory hypogonadism) were taken as markers of hypogonadism. Data were analyzed using STATA version 15. RESULTS The median serum testosterone level among ART naïve newly diagnosed HIV-infected adult males was significantly lower as compared to their comparison group (447 [259-534] versus 517 [396-605]; p = 0.0074) and shown to decrease with decreasing CD4 level. The median [IQR] serum FSH level among ART naïve newly diagnosed HIV-infected adult males was significantly higher than among their comparison group (3.8 [2.1-6.5] versus 2.6 [1.8-4.2]; p = 0.0086). The differences in serum LH and Estradiol were not statistically significant. Furthermore, the proportion of hypogonadism was significantly higher among ART naïve newly diagnosed HIV-infected adult males than in their comparison group (37.0% [30/81] versus 14.8% [12/81]; p = 0.0006). Out of these 30, 24 HIV-infected males had secondary hypogonadism, one had primary, and the remaining five had compensatory hypogonadism. CONCLUSION Serum testosterone was lower and follicle stimulating hormone was higher among ART naïve HIV-infected males as compared to the HIV negative controls. Hypogonadism, mainly secondary, is common endocrine abnormality among ART naïve HIV-infected male patients in this study. HIV is associated with variations in gonadal hormones which may lead to sexual dysfunction in infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabani Iddi
- Department of Physiology, Weill Bugando School of Medicine, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, Mwanza, P. O. Box 1464, Tanzania.
| | - Haruna Dika
- Department of Physiology, Weill Bugando School of Medicine, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, Mwanza, P. O. Box 1464, Tanzania
| | - Benson R Kidenya
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Bugando School of Medicine, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, Mwanza, P. O. Box 1464, Tanzania
| | - Samuel Kalluvya
- Department of Internal Medicine, Weill Bugando School of Medicine, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, Mwanza, P. O. Box 1464, Tanzania
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Akang EN, Dosumu OO, Ogbenna A, Akpan UU, Ezeukwu JC, Odofin M, Oremosu AA, Akanmu AS. The impact of dolutegravir-based combination antiretroviral therapy on the spermatozoa and fertility parameters of men living with human immunodeficiency virus. Andrologia 2022; 54:e14621. [PMID: 36261884 PMCID: PMC9722517 DOI: 10.1111/and.14621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The factors responsible for this reported fertility decline among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positive men is yet to be determined. This study is aimed at investigating the impact of HIV or combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) on sperm cells, reproductive hormones, oxidative stress markers, apoptosis, and sperm DNA fragmentation of men living with HIV. Twenty-one men living with HIV gave their written informed consent to participate in this study. Only 11 of the participants successfully donated blood and semen before and after 3 months of their treatment with cART. Semen, reproductive hormones, oxidative stress biomarkers, and DNA fragmentation were analysed. Data were subjected to Wilcoxon matched pairs signed rank test (ethical approval: CMUL/HREC/09/19/614). There was a significant decrease in viral load of HIV (p < 0.01), and a marked increase in progressive and total sperm motility. Total sperm count, morphology, and vitality had no significant change after 3 months of treatment with cART however, there was a significant increase (p < 0.05) in testosterone from 2.48 to 3.68 ng/ml, but luteinizing hormone decreased significantly (p < 0.05) from 9.6 to 6.5 mIU/ml. In addition, sperm DNA fragmentation increased significantly (p < 0.01). Conversely, viral load, and catalase decreased significantly, but no significant difference in malondialdehyde. This study showed that HIV depleted testosterone and impaired sperm motility which may negatively affect the fertility potential of men living with HIV. It also showed that adherence to cART (a combination of tenofovir, lamivudine, and dolutegravir) reduces the viral load and reverses the deleterious effects of cART albeit, cART appears to be toxic at subcellular spermatogenic levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- EN Akang
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, P.M.B. 12003, Idi-Araba, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - OO Dosumu
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, P.M.B. 12003, Idi-Araba, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - A Ogbenna
- Department of Haematology and Blood Transfusion, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Idi-Araba, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - UU Akpan
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Bowen University, Iwo, Osun state, Nigeria
| | - JC Ezeukwu
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, P.M.B. 12003, Idi-Araba, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - M Odofin
- Department of Haematology and Blood Transfusion, Antiretroviral therapy (ART) Clinic, Lagos University Teaching Hospital (LUTH), Lagos, Nigeria
| | - AA Oremosu
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, P.M.B. 12003, Idi-Araba, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - AS Akanmu
- Department of Haematology and Blood Transfusion, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Idi-Araba, Lagos, Nigeria
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Nacher M, Alsibai KD, Valdes A, Abboud P, Adenis A, Blaizot R, Blanchet D, Demar M, Djossou F, Epelboin L, Misslin C, Ntab B, Sabbah N, Couppié P. HIV-Associated Disseminated Histoplasmosis and Rare Adrenal Involvement: Evidence of Absence or Absence of Evidence. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:619459. [PMID: 33791237 PMCID: PMC8005706 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.619459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Adrenal histoplasmosis and primary adrenal insufficiency are mostly described in immunocompetent patients. This particular tropism is attributed to the presence of cortisol within the adrenal gland, a privileged niche for Histoplasma growth. In French Guiana, disseminated histoplasmosis is the main opportunistic infection in HIV patients. Our objective was to search in our HIV-histoplasmosis cohorts to determine how frequent adrenal insufficiency was among these patients. Between January 1, 1981 and October 1, 2014, a multicentric retrospective, observational study of histoplasmosis was conducted. Patients co-infected by HIV and histoplasmosis were enrolled in French Guiana’s histoplasmosis and HIV database. Among 349 cases of disseminated histoplasmosis between 1981 and 2014, only 3 had adrenal insufficiency (0.85%). Their respective CD4 counts were 10, 14 and 43 per mm3. All patients had regular electrolyte measurements and 234/349 (67%) had abdominal ultrasonography and 98/349 (28%) had abdominopelvic CT scans. None of these explorations reported adrenal enlargement. Overall, these numbers are far from the 10% reports among living patients and 80-90% among histoplasmosis autopsy series. This suggests 2 conflicting hypotheses: First, apart from acute adrenal failure with high potassium and low sodium, less advanced functional deficiencies, which require specific explorations, may have remained undiagnosed. The second hypothesis is that immunosuppression leads to different tissular responses that are less likely to incapacitate the adrenal function. Furthermore, given the general immunosuppression, the adrenal glands no longer represent a particular niche for Histoplasma proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Nacher
- Centre d'Investigation Clinique (CIC) INSERM 1424, Centre hospitalier Andree Rosemon Cayenne, Cayenne, French Guiana.,Département Formation Recherche (DFR) Santé, Université de Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Kinan Drak Alsibai
- Service d'Anatomopathologie, Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Audrey Valdes
- Equipe Opérationnelle d'hygiène hospitalière, Centre hospitalier Andree Rosemon Cayenne, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Philippe Abboud
- Department of Dermatology, Centre hospitalier Andree Rosemon Cayenne, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Antoine Adenis
- Centre d'Investigation Clinique (CIC) INSERM 1424, Centre hospitalier Andree Rosemon Cayenne, Cayenne, French Guiana.,Département Formation Recherche (DFR) Santé, Université de Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Romain Blaizot
- Département Formation Recherche (DFR) Santé, Université de Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana.,Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Centre hospitalier Andree Rosemon Cayenne, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Denis Blanchet
- Laboratory, Centre hospitalier Andree Rosemon Cayenne, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Magalie Demar
- Laboratory, Centre hospitalier Andree Rosemon Cayenne, Cayenne, French Guiana.,Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) Tropical Biome and Immunopathology, Université de Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Félix Djossou
- Department of Dermatology, Centre hospitalier Andree Rosemon Cayenne, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Loïc Epelboin
- Department of Dermatology, Centre hospitalier Andree Rosemon Cayenne, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Caroline Misslin
- Service de Médecine, Centre hospitalier de l'Ouest Guyanais, Saint Laurent du Maroni, French Guiana
| | - Balthazar Ntab
- Département d'Information Médicale, Centre hospitalier de l'Ouest Guyanais, Saint Laurent du Maroni, French Guiana
| | - Nadia Sabbah
- Service d'endocrinologie diabétologie, Gastroentérologie, Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Pierre Couppié
- Département Formation Recherche (DFR) Santé, Université de Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana.,Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Centre hospitalier Andree Rosemon Cayenne, Cayenne, French Guiana
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Nassoro DD, Mkhoi ML, Sabi I, Meremo AJ, Lawala PS, Mwakyula IH. Adrenal Insufficiency: A Forgotten Diagnosis in HIV/AIDS Patients in Developing Countries. Int J Endocrinol 2019; 2019:2342857. [PMID: 31341472 PMCID: PMC6612386 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2342857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Adrenal insufficiency (AI) is one of the most common endocrine disease in patients with HIV/AIDS, leading to high morbidity and mortality in HIV patients who become critically ill. Various etiologies are associated with the condition, including cytomegalovirus (CMV), Mycobacterium tuberculosis, lymphoma, Kaposi's sarcoma, and drugs such as rifampin, among others. HIV patients with advanced disease develop relative cortisol deficiency largely due to the reduction of cortisol reserve, which predisposes patients to adrenal crisis in periods of stress or critical illness. The prevalence of AI in HIV/AIDS patients during HAART era is higher in developing than developed countries, probably due to limited access to both diagnosis and adequate treatments which increases the risk of opportunistic infections. The clinical features of functional adrenal insufficiency in HIV/AIDS patients can be masked by various infectious, noninfectious, and iatrogenic causes, which reduce clinical recognition of the condition. Development of simple screening algorithms may help clinicians reach the diagnosis when approaching these patients. In many low-income countries, most HIV patients are diagnosed with advanced disease; thus, further research is necessary to elucidate the prevalence of adrenal insufficiency in HIV/AIDS patients and the condition's impact on mortality in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- David D. Nassoro
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mbeya Zonal Referral Hospital, Mbeya, Tanzania
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Dar es Salaam, Mbeya College of Health and Allied Sciences, Mbeya, Tanzania
| | - Mkhoi L. Mkhoi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine & Dentistry, College of Health Sciences, The University of Dodoma, Dodoma, Tanzania
| | - Issa Sabi
- National Institute for Medical Research, Mbeya Medical Research Center, Mbeya, Tanzania
| | - Alfred J. Meremo
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine & Dentistry, College of Health Sciences, The University of Dodoma, Dodoma, Tanzania
| | - Paul S. Lawala
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Dar es Salaam, Mbeya College of Health and Allied Sciences, Mbeya, Tanzania
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Mbeya Zonal Referral Hospital, Mbeya, Tanzania
| | - Issakwisa Habakkuk Mwakyula
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mbeya Zonal Referral Hospital, Mbeya, Tanzania
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Dar es Salaam, Mbeya College of Health and Allied Sciences, Mbeya, Tanzania
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Aggarwal J, Taneja RS, Gupta PK, Wali M, Chitkara A, Jamal A. Sex hormone Profile in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Men and It's Correlation with CD4 Cell Counts. Indian J Endocrinol Metab 2018; 22:328-334. [PMID: 30090723 PMCID: PMC6063178 DOI: 10.4103/ijem.ijem_694_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected men, hypogonadism is the most common endocrinological disorder, and most cases of hypogonadism are secondary. The aim of this study was to find out the hormonal abnormalities in HIV-infected males and it's correlation with CD4 cell counts. MATERIALS AND METHODS One hundred HIV-infected male patients were evaluated in the Department of Medicine, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research and Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, New Delhi, India, over a period of 12 months from September 2014 to August 2015 using history, physical examination, routine baseline investigations, and CD4 counts. Free testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and prolactin were measured using an overnight fasting sample. Patients were divided into three groups on the basis of CD4 counts (Group A: CD4 counts ≥350/mm3, Group B: CD4 counts between 200 and 349/mm3, and Group C: CD4 counts <200/mm3). Data were analyzed using Student's t-test, ANOVA test, Chi-square test, and Pearson's test and P ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS In 100 HIV-infected males, overall prevalence of hypogonadism was found to be 66%, and 30%-35% patients had symptoms of hypoandrogenemia. Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism was found in 42% of patients. A significant association (P = 0.027) was found between prevalence of hypogonadism and the level of immunodeficiency with an increase in the prevalence of hypogonadism as CD4 counts decreased. Lower levels of free testosterone and DHEAS were found in cases of severe immunosuppression with a statistically significant correlation with CD4 counts. Correlation of other sex hormones (LH, FSH, and prolactin) with CD4 counts not statistically significant. Mean free testosterone and FSH were found to be significantly higher in patients on antiretroviral therapy (ART) than in those not on ART (P = 0.028 and P = 0.045, respectively), but no specific ART drug or their drug combination was found to have a significant correlation with levels of any sex hormone. CONCLUSION Hypogonadism (hypogonadotropic hypogonadism) was found to be a common endocrinological disorder in HIV-infected male population, seen more commonly in association with low CD4 counts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Aggarwal
- Department of Medicine, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research and Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Rajesh Satyapal Taneja
- Department of Medicine, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research and Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Pulin Kumar Gupta
- Department of Medicine, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research and Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Mohsin Wali
- Department of Medicine, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research and Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Anubhuti Chitkara
- Department of Biochemistry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research and Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Afroz Jamal
- Department of Medicine, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research and Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, New Delhi, India
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Bajaj S, Pathak Y, Varma S, Verma S. Metabolic Status and Hypogonadism in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-infected Males. Indian J Endocrinol Metab 2017; 21:684-687. [PMID: 28989874 PMCID: PMC5628536 DOI: 10.4103/ijem.ijem_127_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of hypogonadism in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected males and to study its relation to age, CD4 count, body mass index (BMI), duration of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), and metabolic status. METHODOLOGY Eighty-one HIV positive cases and 82 healthy controls were included in this case-control study. Each case underwent a complete physical examination and serum fasting plasma glucose, A1c, lipid profile, total testosterone (TT), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels were estimated. Serum TT level <300 ng/dl, or TT >300 ng/dl with high LH and FSH (compensatory hypogonadism) were taken as markers for hypogonadism, and it was correlated with age, CD4 count, duration of HAART, and metabolic status of the patient. RESULTS Out of 81 cases, 21 (25.9%) were found to have hypogonadism as compared to 4 (4.9%) out of 82 controls. Of these 21, 14 cases had secondary hypogonadism, five had primary, and the remaining two had compensatory hypogonadism. The mean serum TT value among cases (371.7 ± 102.9 ng/dl) was significantly lower than that among controls (419.7 ± 71.5 ng/dl) (P = 0.007). Hypogonadism was found to be significantly associated with the age of the patient (P = 0.007), CD4 count (P = 0.002), and duration of HAART (P = 0.04) and was independent of the BMI (P = 0.9) and the waist circumference (P = 0.8). Dyslipidemia and dysglycemia were significantly more common among cases as compared to controls (P < 0.05) but were not associated with hypogonadism. CONCLUSION The prevalence of hypogonadism is higher among HIV-infected males as compared to healthy individuals. Hypogonadism was significantly associated with age, CD4 count, and duration of HAART and was independent of BMI, glycemic status, and dyslipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarita Bajaj
- Department of Medicine, Motilal Nehru Medical College, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Yashaswi Pathak
- Department of Medicine, Motilal Nehru Medical College, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sharad Varma
- ART Centre, Swaroop Rani Nehru Hospital, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sujit Verma
- Department of Medicine, Motilal Nehru Medical College, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Sokalski KM, Chu J, Mai AY, Qiu AQ, Albert AYK, Zanet DL, Côté HCF, Maan EJ, Pick N, Prior JC, Money DM, Murray MCM. Endocrine abnormalities in HIV-infected women are associated with peak viral load - the Children and Women: AntiRetrovirals and Markers of Aging (CARMA) Cohort. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2016; 84:452-62. [PMID: 26300027 DOI: 10.1111/cen.12881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the prevalence of endocrine disturbances in a group of HIV-positive (HIV+) women and to identify factors affecting presence of these disorders. To examine specifically whether cellular ageing, as measured by leukocyte telomere length (LTL), is correlated with the presence of endocrine disturbance. DESIGN A cross-sectional retrospective substudy of an ongoing prospective cohort study. PATIENTS Adult HIV+ (≥19 years) women enrolled in the CARMA (Children and Women: AntiRetrovirals and Markers of Aging) cohort study (N = 192). Prevalences of T2DM, glucose intolerance, dyslipidaemia, thyroid disorders, adrenal insufficiency, hypogonadism, primary ovarian insufficiency (POI), demographics, HIV and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection status, baseline LTL, combined antiRetroviral therapy (cART) and substance exposures were collected. Statistical analysis included univariable followed by multivariable Poisson regression and step-wise reduction to refine the multivariable model. RESULTS Prevalence of any endocrine abnormality was 58% (dyslipidaemia 43%, glucose intolerance/T2DM 13%, thyroid disorders 15%). In multivariable analysis, age was associated with number and type (any, glucose, lipid) of abnormality, while increasing body mass index (BMI) was associated with number of diagnoses and with glucose metabolism disorders. Interestingly, peak HIV pVL ≥100 000 copies/ml was associated with any abnormality, total number of disorders and presence of a thyroid disorder, while any disorder, glucose abnormalities and dyslipidaemia were negatively associated with alcohol use. LTL was not associated with number or type of endocrine abnormalities in this study. CONCLUSION Further studies examining the relationship between duration and extent of exposure to HIV viraemia in relation to developing abnormal endocrine function are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen M Sokalski
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jackson Chu
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Alice Y Mai
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Annie Q Qiu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, UBC, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Oak Tree Clinic, BC Women's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - DeAnna L Zanet
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, UBC, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Hélène C F Côté
- Women's Health Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, UBC, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Evelyn J Maan
- Oak Tree Clinic, BC Women's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Neora Pick
- Oak Tree Clinic, BC Women's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Women's Health Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, UBC, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jerilynn C Prior
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Centre for Menstrual Cycle and Ovulation Research, UBC, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Deborah M Money
- Oak Tree Clinic, BC Women's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Women's Health Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, UBC, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Melanie C M Murray
- Oak Tree Clinic, BC Women's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Women's Health Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, UBC, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Kathyayani T, Reddy AH, Sri Lakshmi B, Venkatappa B. Neuro-endocrine immune networks leading to HIV-associated cardiovascular abnormalities: Role of leptin. HIV & AIDS REVIEW 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hivar.2015.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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Abstract
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES To study the frequency of thyroid, adrenal and gonadal dysfunction in newly diagnosed HIV-infected patients and to correlate them at different levels of CD4 cell counts. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty-three HIV-positive cases were included in the study group. Cases were divided into three groups on the basis of CD4 cell count. Serum free T3, free T4, TSH, Cortisol, FSH, LH, testosterone and estradiol were estimated by the radioimmunoassay method. Hormone levels between cases were compared and their correlation with CD4 count was analyzed. RESULTS Prevalence of gonadal dysfunction (88.3%) was the most common endocrine dysfunction followed by thyroid (60.4%) and adrenal dysfunction (27.9%). Secondary hypogonadism (68.4%) was more common than primary (31.6%). Low T3 syndrome, that is, isolated low free T3, was the most common (25.6%) thyroid dysfunction followed by secondary hypothyroidism (16.2%) and subclinical hypothyroidism (11.6%). Adrenal excess (16.3%) was more common than adrenal insufficiency (11.6%). The difference in hormonal dysfunction between male and female was statistically insignificant (P > 0.05). 27.9% of patients had multiple hormone deficiency. There was negligible or no correlation between CD4 count and serum hormone level. CONCLUSION In our study, endocrine dysfunction was quite common among HIV-infected patients but there was no correlation between hormone levels and CD4 count. Endocrine dysfunctions and role of hormone replacement therapy in HIV-infected patient needs to be substantiated by large longitudinal study, so that it will help to reduce morbidity, improve quality of life.
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Hypercalcemia in patients with tuberculosis and HIV infections in Northwest Ethiopia. ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF TROPICAL DISEASE 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s2222-1808(12)60234-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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