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Westmark PR, Lyon G, Gutierrez A, Boeck B, Van Hammond O, Ripp N, Pagan-Torres NA, Brower J, Held PK, Scarlett C, Westmark CJ. Effects of Soy Protein Isolate on Fragile X Phenotypes in Mice. Nutrients 2024; 16:284. [PMID: 38257177 PMCID: PMC10819477 DOI: 10.3390/nu16020284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a pediatric epidemic that is more prevalent in children with developmental disabilities. We hypothesize that soy protein-based diets increase weight gain and alter neurobehavioral outcomes. Our objective herein was to test matched casein- and soy protein-based purified ingredient diets in a mouse model of fragile X syndrome, Fmr1KO mice. The experimental methods included assessment of growth; 24-7 activity levels; motor coordination; learning and memory; blood-based amino acid, phytoestrogen and glucose levels; and organ weights. The primary outcome measure was body weight. We find increased body weight in male Fmr1KO from postnatal day 6 (P6) to P224, male wild type (WT) from P32-P39, female Fmr1KO from P6-P18 and P168-P224, and female Fmr1HET from P9-P18 as a function of soy. Activity at the beginning of the light and dark cycles increased in female Fmr1HET and Fmr1KO mice fed soy. We did not find significant differences in rotarod or passive avoidance behavior as a function of genotype or diet. Several blood-based amino acids and phytoestrogens were significantly altered in response to soy. Liver weight was increased in WT and adipose tissue in Fmr1KO mice fed soy. Activity levels at the beginning of the light cycle and testes weight were greater in Fmr1KO versus WT males irrespective of diet. DEXA analysis at 8-months-old indicated increased fat mass and total body area in Fmr1KO females and lean mass and bone mineral density in Fmr1KO males fed soy. Overall, dietary consumption of soy protein isolate by C57BL/6J mice caused increased growth, which could be attributed to increased lean mass in males and fat mass in females. There were sex-specific differences with more pronounced effects in Fmr1KO versus WT and in males versus females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela R. Westmark
- Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA;
| | - Greg Lyon
- Undergraduate Research Scholars Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (G.L.); (O.V.H.)
| | - Alejandra Gutierrez
- Molecular Environmental Toxicology Master’s Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA;
| | - Brynne Boeck
- Neurology Undergraduate Research, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (B.B.); (N.R.)
| | - Olivia Van Hammond
- Undergraduate Research Scholars Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (G.L.); (O.V.H.)
| | - Nathan Ripp
- Neurology Undergraduate Research, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (B.B.); (N.R.)
| | - Nicole Arianne Pagan-Torres
- Molecular Environmental Toxicology Summer Research Opportunities Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA;
| | - James Brower
- Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (J.B.); (P.K.H.)
| | - Patrice K. Held
- Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (J.B.); (P.K.H.)
| | - Cameron Scarlett
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA;
| | - Cara J. Westmark
- Department of Neurology and Molecular Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Ghosh S, Sinha JK, Ghosh S, Sharma H, Bhaskar R, Narayanan KB. A Comprehensive Review of Emerging Trends and Innovative Therapies in Epilepsy Management. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1305. [PMID: 37759906 PMCID: PMC10527076 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13091305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a complex neurological disorder affecting millions worldwide, with a substantial number of patients facing drug-resistant epilepsy. This comprehensive review explores innovative therapies for epilepsy management, focusing on their principles, clinical evidence, and potential applications. Traditional antiseizure medications (ASMs) form the cornerstone of epilepsy treatment, but their limitations necessitate alternative approaches. The review delves into cutting-edge therapies such as responsive neurostimulation (RNS), vagus nerve stimulation (VNS), and deep brain stimulation (DBS), highlighting their mechanisms of action and promising clinical outcomes. Additionally, the potential of gene therapies and optogenetics in epilepsy research is discussed, revealing groundbreaking findings that shed light on seizure mechanisms. Insights into cannabidiol (CBD) and the ketogenic diet as adjunctive therapies further broaden the spectrum of epilepsy management. Challenges in achieving seizure control with traditional therapies, including treatment resistance and individual variability, are addressed. The importance of staying updated with emerging trends in epilepsy management is emphasized, along with the hope for improved therapeutic options. Future research directions, such as combining therapies, AI applications, and non-invasive optogenetics, hold promise for personalized and effective epilepsy treatment. As the field advances, collaboration among researchers of natural and synthetic biochemistry, clinicians from different streams and various forms of medicine, and patients will drive progress toward better seizure control and a higher quality of life for individuals living with epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shampa Ghosh
- GloNeuro, Sector 107, Vishwakarma Road, Noida 201301, India
- ICMR—National Institute of Nutrition, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500007, India
| | | | - Soumya Ghosh
- GloNeuro, Sector 107, Vishwakarma Road, Noida 201301, India
| | | | - Rakesh Bhaskar
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Kannan Badri Narayanan
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Cell Culture, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Republic of Korea
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Imdad K, Abualait T, Kanwal A, AlGhannam ZT, Bashir S, Farrukh A, Khattak SH, Albaradie R, Bashir S. The Metabolic Role of Ketogenic Diets in Treating Epilepsy. Nutrients 2022; 14:5074. [PMID: 36501104 PMCID: PMC9738161 DOI: 10.3390/nu14235074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a long-term neurological condition that results in recurrent seizures. Approximately 30% of patients with epilepsy have drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE). The ketogenic diet (KD) is considered an effective alternative treatment for epileptic patients. The aim of this study was to identify the metabolic role of the KD in epilepsy. Ketone bodies induce chemical messengers and alterations in neuronal metabolic activities to regulate neuroprotective mechanisms towards oxidative damage to decrease seizure rate. Here, we discuss the role of KD on epilepsy and related metabolic disorders, focusing on its mechanism of action, favorable effects, and limitations. We describe the significant role of the KD in managing epilepsy disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaleem Imdad
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan
| | - Turki Abualait
- College of Applied Medical Sciences, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 34212, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ammara Kanwal
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan
| | - Ziyad Tareq AlGhannam
- College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 34212, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shahab Bashir
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan
| | - Anum Farrukh
- Department of General Medicine, Fauji Foundation Hospital, Rawalpindi 45000, Pakistan
| | - Sahir Hameed Khattak
- National Institute for Genomics and Advanced Biotechnology (N.I.G.A.B.), National Agriculture Research Centre (NARC), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Raidah Albaradie
- Neuroscience Center, King Fahad Specialist Hospital Dammam, Dammam 32253, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shahid Bashir
- Neuroscience Center, King Fahad Specialist Hospital Dammam, Dammam 32253, Saudi Arabia
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Mu C, Nikpoor N, Tompkins TA, Rho JM, Scantlebury MH, Shearer J. Probiotics counteract hepatic steatosis caused by ketogenic diet and upregulate AMPK signaling in a model of infantile epilepsy. EBioMedicine 2022; 76:103838. [PMID: 35148983 PMCID: PMC8882998 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.103838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Infantile spasms syndrome (IS) is a type of epilepsy affecting 1.6 to 4.5 per 10,000 children in the first year of life, often with severe lifelong neurodevelopmental consequences. Only two first-line pharmacological treatments currently exist for IS and many children are refractory to these therapies. In such cases, children are treated with the ketogenic diet (KD). While effective in reducing seizures, the diet can result in dyslipidemia over time. Methods Employing a neonatal Sprague-Dawley rat model of IS, we investigated how the KD affects hepatic steatosis and its modulation by a defined probiotic blend. A combination of multiple readouts, including malondialdehyde, fatty acid profiles, lipid metabolism-related enzyme mRNA expression, mitochondrial function, histone deacetylase activity, cytokines and chemokines were evaluated using liver homogenates. Findings The KD reduced seizures, but resulted in severe hepatic steatosis, characterized by a white liver, triglyceride accumulation, elevated malondialdehyde, polyunsaturated fatty acids and lower acyl-carnitines compared to animals fed a control diet. The KD-induced metabolic phenotype was prevented by the co-administration of a blend of Streptococcus thermophilus HA-110 and Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis HA-136. This probiotic blend protected the liver by elevating pAMPK-mediated signaling and promoting lipid oxidation. The strains further upregulated the expression of caspase 1 and interleukin 18, which may contribute to their hepatoprotective effect in this model. Interpretation Our results suggest that early intervention with probiotics could be considered as an approach to reduce the risk of hepatic side effects of the KD in children who are on the diet for medically indicated reasons. Funding This study was funded by the Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute and Mitacs Accelerate Program (IT16942).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlong Mu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.
| | - Naghmeh Nikpoor
- Rosell Institute for Microbiome and Probiotics, Lallemand Health Solutions, Montreal, QC H4P 2R2, Canada
| | - Thomas A Tompkins
- Rosell Institute for Microbiome and Probiotics, Lallemand Health Solutions, Montreal, QC H4P 2R2, Canada
| | - Jong M Rho
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Rady Children's Hospital-San Diego, Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, CA 92123, USA
| | - Morris H Scantlebury
- Department of Pediatrics, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Jane Shearer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
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