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Jin Y, Song Y, Lin J, Liu T, Li G, Lai B, Gu Y, Chen G, Xing L. Role of inflammation in neurological damage and regeneration following spinal cord injury and its therapeutic implications. BURNS & TRAUMA 2023; 11:tkac054. [PMID: 36873284 PMCID: PMC9976751 DOI: 10.1093/burnst/tkac054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is an incurable trauma that frequently results in partial or complete loss of motor and sensory function. Massive neurons are damaged after the initial mechanical insult. Secondary injuries, which are triggered by immunological and inflammatory responses, also result in neuronal loss and axon retraction. This results in defects in the neural circuit and a deficiency in the processing of information. Although inflammatory responses are necessary for spinal cord recovery, conflicting evidence of their contributions to specific biological processes have made it difficult to define the specific role of inflammation in SCI. This review summarizes our understanding of the complex role of inflammation in neural circuit events following SCI, such as cell death, axon regeneration and neural remodeling. We also review the drugs that regulate immune responses and inflammation in the treatment of SCI and discuss the roles of these drugs in the modulation of neural circuits. Finally, we provide evidence about the critical role of inflammation in facilitating spinal cord neural circuit regeneration in zebrafish, an animal model with robust regenerative capacity, to provide insights into the regeneration of the mammalian central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Jin
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and the Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products,Nantong University, Nantong 226006, China.,School of Life Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Yixing Song
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and the Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products,Nantong University, Nantong 226006, China
| | - Jiaqi Lin
- School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong 226006, China
| | - Tianqing Liu
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Guicai Li
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and the Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products,Nantong University, Nantong 226006, China
| | - Biqin Lai
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510275, China.,Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226006, China
| | - Yun Gu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and the Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products,Nantong University, Nantong 226006, China
| | - Gang Chen
- School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong 226006, China
| | - Lingyan Xing
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and the Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products,Nantong University, Nantong 226006, China
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Caliskan T, Sirin DY, Karaarslan N, Yilmaz I, Ozbek H, Akyuva Y, Kaplan N, Kaya YE, Simsek AT, Guzelant AY, Ates O. Effects of etanercept, a tumor necrosis factor receptor fusion protein, on primary cell cultures prepared from intact human intervertebral disc tissue. Exp Ther Med 2019; 18:69-76. [PMID: 31258639 PMCID: PMC6566078 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.7559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of etanercept (ETA), a tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitor, on human cell cultures prepared from intact intervertebral disc tissue. ETA is used as a treatment for cases of rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, axial spondyloarthritis and ankylosing spondylitis accompanied by moderate or severe joint pain. ETA was applied to primary cell cultures [annulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus (NP) from intact intervertebral disc tissue]. Cell cultures without ETA treatment served as the control group. Morphological and quantitative molecular analyses of the two groups were performed. The number of viable cells and cell proliferation decreased in the ETA-treated cultures as compared with those in the control group. Furthermore, in the treatment group, the chondroadherin gene, an NP-specific marker, was not expressed after 24 h. By contrast, the cartilage oligo matrix protein was expressed 24, 48 and 72 h post-ETA treatment, while its expression was significantly lower than that in the control group. In addition, the expression of interleukin-1β, as well as matrix metallopeptidase-7 and -19, was markedly decreased. Overall, the cell proliferation and gene expression in the ETA-treated cells were significantly different from those in the control group (P<0.05). These results suggest that the treatment duration and dosage of TNF inhibitors, which are used to suppress active inflammation, should be considered in the clinical setting. These biological agents may delay the healing of intervertebral disc tissue damage by slowing cell proliferation and altering gene expression via anabolic and catabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tezcan Caliskan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Namik Kemal University School of Medicine, Tekirdag 59100, Turkey
| | - Duygu Yasar Sirin
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Namik Kemal University, Tekirdag 59100, Turkey
| | - Numan Karaarslan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Namik Kemal University School of Medicine, Tekirdag 59100, Turkey
| | - Ibrahim Yilmaz
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Istanbul Medipol University School of Medicine, Istanbul 34810, Turkey
| | - Hanefi Ozbek
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Istanbul Medipol University School of Medicine, Istanbul 34810, Turkey
| | - Yener Akyuva
- Department of Neurosurgery, Gaziosmanpasa Taksim Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul 34433, Turkey
| | - Necati Kaplan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Corlu Reyap Hospital, Istanbul Rumeli University, Tekirdag 59680, Turkey
| | - Yasin Emre Kaya
- Department of Orthopedic and Traumatology, Abant Izzet Basal University School of Medicine, Bolu 14000, Turkey
| | - Abdullah Talha Simsek
- Department of Neurosurgery, Namik Kemal University School of Medicine, Tekirdag 59100, Turkey
| | - Aliye Yildirim Guzelant
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Corlu Reyap Hospital, Istanbul Rumeli University, Tekirdag 59680, Turkey
| | - Ozkan Ates
- Department of Neurosurgery, Esencan Hospital, Istanbul Esenyurt University, Istanbul 34570, Turkey
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