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Luyao X, Wenhai G, Jiaying D, Ya C, Yun C, Wei L, Jiean X, Wen S, Xiaodong Z, Changjun W, Hongzhi Y, Jinwen X, Yaxing Z. Hydrogen gas alleviates acute ethanol-induced hepatotoxicity in mice via modulating TLR4/9 innate immune signaling and pyroptosis. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 127:111399. [PMID: 38142641 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.111399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Alcoholic liver disease (ALD), which is induced by chronic heavy alcohol consumption, accompanies complicated pathological mechanisms, including oxidative stress, inflammation, cell death, epigenetic changes and acetaldehyde-mediated toxicity. Hydrogen (H2) is the lightest gas with multiple biological effects such as high selective anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation and anti-apoptosis. However, the dose effects and innate immune mechanisms of intraperitoneal injection of H2 on ALD are limited. Here, we used acute ethanol-induced hepatotoxicity mice models to estimate the actions of intraperitoneal injection of H2 on ALD. The effects of H2 on acute ethanol-induced liver damage were examined by hepatic oil red O staining, quantitative PCR (qPCR) for lipid metabolic genes, hepatic triglyceride (TG) and serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels. Hepatic mitochondrial superoxide (MitoSOX), 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT), malondialdehyde (MDA), and glutathione (GSH) levels were examined to evaluate oxidative stress. Immunoblot, and immunofluorescence staining were used to further confirm the innate immune molecular targets of H2. Our results showed that intraperitoneal injection of H2 improved acute ethanol-induced liver injury in mice in a dose dependent manner, as indicated by decreasing serum ALT and AST levels, hepatic TG levels, and increasing lipid export genes (Mttp and Apob) mRNA levels and reducing fatty acid uptake gene (CD36) mRNA levels. Mechanistically, H2 inhibited hepatic oxidative stress as indicated by reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS), 3-NT, and MDA levels in the liver, while increasing hepatic GSH levels; inhibited the overactived TLR4/9-NF-κB-TNF-α/IL-1β/IL-18 innate immune signaling; suppressed the canonical Caspase-1-GSDMD pyroptosis signaling, and the non-canonical pyroptosis signaling, such as Caspase-11-GSDMD, Caspase-8-GSDMD and Caspase-3-GSDME signaling. Therefore, our study highlights that intraperitoneal injection of H2 may represent a novel therapeutic and safe strategy for ALD via modulating oxidative stress, innate immunity and pyroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Luyao
- Research Centre of Integrative Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Guo Wenhai
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China; Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangdong Geriatric Institute), Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China; Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, China
| | - Dai Jiaying
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Cheng Ya
- Research Centre of Integrative Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Chen Yun
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Liu Wei
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xu Jiean
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Su Wen
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhang Xiaodong
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Wang Changjun
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China; Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangdong Geriatric Institute), Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Yang Hongzhi
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, China.
| | - Xu Jinwen
- Research Centre of Integrative Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Zhang Yaxing
- Research Centre of Integrative Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China; Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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Bi CF, Liu J, Yang LS, Zhang JF. Research Progress on the Mechanism of Sepsis Induced Myocardial Injury. J Inflamm Res 2022; 15:4275-4290. [PMID: 35923903 PMCID: PMC9342248 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s374117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is an abnormal condition with multiple organ dysfunctions caused by the uncontrolled infection response and one of the major diseases that seriously hang over global human health. Besides, sepsis is characterized by high morbidity and mortality, especially in intensive care unit (ICU). Among the numerous subsequent organ injuries of sepsis, myocardial injury is one of the most common complications and the main cause of death in septic patients. To better manage septic inpatients, it is necessary to understand the specific mechanisms of sepsis induced myocardial injury (SIMI). Therefore, this review will elucidate the pathophysiology of SIMI from the following certain mechanisms: apoptosis, mitochondrial damage, autophagy, excessive inflammatory response, oxidative stress and pyroptosis, and outline current therapeutic strategies and potential approaches in SIMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Fei Bi
- Department of Emergency Medical, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, People’s Republic of China
- School of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Hui Ethnic Medicine Modernization, Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jia Liu
- School of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, People’s Republic of China
- Medical Experimental Center, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li-Shan Yang
- Department of Emergency Medical, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Li-Shan Yang; Jun-Fei Zhang, Email ;
| | - Jun-Fei Zhang
- Department of Emergency Medical, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, People’s Republic of China
- School of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Hui Ethnic Medicine Modernization, Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, People’s Republic of China
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Li J, Wu X, Li C, Sun G, Ding P, Li Y, Yang P, Zhang M, Wang L. Identification and Validation of Immune-Related Biomarker Gene and Construction of ceRNA Networks in Septic Cardiomyopathy. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:912492. [PMID: 35782126 PMCID: PMC9243365 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.912492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Septic cardiomyopathy (SCM) is a cardiac dysfunction caused by severe sepsis, which greatly increases the risk of heart failure and death, and its molecular mechanism is unclear. The immune response has been reported to be an important process in septic cardiomyopathy and is present in the cardiac tissue of patients with sepsis, suggesting that the immune response may be an underlying mechanism of myocardial injury in SCM. Therefore, we explored the role of immune-related genes (IRGs) in SCM and aimed to identify pivotal immune-related targets with the aim of identifying key immune-related targets in SCM and potential therapeutic mechanisms involved in the pathological process of SCM. To explore the regulatory mechanisms of immune responses in SCM, we identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs) shared in the SCM datasets GSE179554 and GSE40180 by bioinformatics analysis and then obtained hub genes from the DEGs. Then, we obtained the immune-related hub genes (IRHGs) by intersecting the hub genes with IRGs and performed quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction to confirm the abnormal expression of IRHGs. Finally, we further constructed an immune-related lncRNA–miRNA–IRHG ceRNA regulatory network. In this study, we identified an IRHG that may be involved in the pathogenesis of SCM, which helps us to further elucidate the role of immune response in SCM and gain insights into the molecular mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets of SCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingru Li
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Xinyu Wu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Chaozhong Li
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Guihu Sun
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Peng Ding
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Yanyan Li
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Ping Yang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
- *Correspondence: Min Zhang, ; Luqiao Wang,
| | - Luqiao Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
- *Correspondence: Min Zhang, ; Luqiao Wang,
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Zhang J, Liu W, Bi M, Xu J, Yang H, Zhang Y. Noble Gases Therapy in Cardiocerebrovascular Diseases: The Novel Stars? Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:802783. [PMID: 35369316 PMCID: PMC8966230 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.802783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiocerebrovascular diseases (CCVDs) are the leading cause of death worldwide; therefore, to deeply explore the pathogenesis of CCVDs and to find the cheap and efficient strategies to prevent and treat CCVDs, these are of great clinical and social significance. The discovery of nitric oxide (NO), as one of the endothelium-derived relaxing factors and its successful utilization in clinical practice for CCVDs, provides new ideas for us to develop drugs for CCVDs: “gas medicine” or “medical gases.” The endogenous gas molecules such as carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), sulfur dioxide (SO2), methane (CH4), and hydrogen (H2) have essential biological effects on modulating cardiocerebrovascular homeostasis and CCVDs. Moreover, it has been shown that noble gas atoms such as helium (He), neon (Ne), argon (Ar), krypton (Kr), and xenon (Xe) display strong cytoprotective effects and therefore, act as the exogenous pharmacologic preventive and therapeutic agents for CCVDs. Mechanistically, besides the competitive inhibition of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor in nervous system by xenon, the key and common mechanisms of noble gases are involved in modulation of cell death and inflammatory or immune signals. Moreover, gases interaction and reduction in oxidative stress are emerging as the novel biological mechanisms of noble gases. Therefore, to investigate the precise actions of noble gases on redox signals, gases interaction, different cell death forms, and the emerging field of gasoimmunology, which focus on the effects of gas atoms/molecules on innate immune signaling or immune cells under both the homeostatic and perturbed conditions, these will help us to uncover the mystery of noble gases in modulating CCVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiongshan Zhang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Research Centre for Integrative Medicine (Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pathogenesis and Therapy Research), Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingmin Bi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jinwen Xu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Research Centre for Integrative Medicine (Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pathogenesis and Therapy Research), Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongzhi Yang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yaxing Zhang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Research Centre for Integrative Medicine (Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pathogenesis and Therapy Research), Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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Hsu HL, Chen HK, Tsai CH, Liao PL, Chan YJ, Lee YC, Lee CC, Li CH. Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Defect Attenuates Mitogen-Activated Signaling through Leucine-Rich Repeats and Immunoglobulin-like Domains 1 (LRIG1)-Dependent EGFR Degradation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9988. [PMID: 34576152 PMCID: PMC8464816 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) genomic pathway has been well-characterized in a number of respiratory diseases. In addition, the cytoplasmic AHR protein may act as an adaptor of E3 ubiquitin ligase. In this study, the physiological functions of AHR that regulate cell proliferation were explored using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. The doubling-time of the AHR-KO clones of A549 and BEAS-2B was observed to be prolonged. The attenuation of proliferation potential was strongly associated with either the induction of p27Kip1 or the impairment in mitogenic signal transduction driven by the epidermal growth factor (EGF) and EGF receptor (EGFR). We found that the leucine-rich repeats and immunoglobulin-like domains 1 (LRIG1), a repressor of EGFR, was induced in the absence of AHR in vitro and in vivo. The LRIG1 tends to degrade via a proteasome dependent manner by interacting with AHR in wild-type cells. Either LRIG1 or a disintegrin and metalloprotease 17 (ADAM17) were accumulated in AHR-defective cells, consequently accelerating the degradation of EGFR, and attenuating the response to mitogenic stimulation. We also affirmed low AHR but high LRIG1 levels in lung tissues of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients. This might partially elucidate the sluggish tissue repairment and developing inflammation in COPD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Lin Hsu
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 116, Taiwan;
- Pulmonary Research Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 116, Taiwan
- School of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan;
| | - Hong-Kai Chen
- School of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan;
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan;
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan;
| | - Chi-Hao Tsai
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27517, USA;
| | - Po-Lin Liao
- Institute of Food Safety and Health Risk Assessment, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan;
| | - Yen-Ju Chan
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan;
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan;
| | - Yu-Cheng Lee
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan;
| | - Chen-Chen Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, China Medicine University, Taichung 404, Taiwan;
| | - Ching-Hao Li
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan;
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan;
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Prophylactic effect of myricetin and apigenin against lipopolysaccharide-induced acute liver injury. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:6363-6373. [PMID: 34401985 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06637-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Liver has an important role in the initiation and progression of multiple organ failure that occurs in sepsis. Many natural active substances can be used to reduce the liver injury caused by sepsis. For this aim, the effects of myricetin and apigenin on mice model of acute liver injury was evaluated in this study. METHODS AND RESULTS Thirty-six mice were randomly divided into six groups as; control, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (5 mg/kg), LPS + myricetin (100 mg/kg), LPS + myricetin (200 mg/kg), LPS + apigenin (100 mg/kg), and LPS + apigenin (200 mg/kg) groups. Myricetin and apigenin were administered orally for 7 days, and LPS was administered intraperitoneally only on the 7th day of the study. 24 h after LPS application, all animals were sacrificed and serum biochemical parameters, histopathology and oxidative stress and inflammation markers of liver tissue were examined. Myricetin and apigenin pre-treatments increased serum albumin and total protein levels, liver GSH level and catalase and SOD activities and decreased serum ALT, AST, ALP, γ-GT, CRP, total and direct bilirubin levels, liver MPO activity, MDA, NOx, PGE2, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 levels, iNOS and COX-2 mRNA levels, phosphorylation of NF-κB p65, IκB, and IKK proteins but not p38, ERK, and JNK proteins in LPS-treated mice. Myricetin and apigenin administration also regained the hepatic architecture disrupted during LPS application. CONCLUSION Myricetin and apigenin pre-treatments led to reduction of liver injury indices and oxidative stress and inflammatory events and these flavonoids has probably hepatoprotective effects in acute liver injury.
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Zhang Y, Bi M, Chen Z, Dai M, Zhou G, Hu Y, Yang H, Guan W. Hydrogen gas alleviates acute alcohol-induced liver injury by inhibiting JNK activation. Exp Ther Med 2021; 21:453. [PMID: 33767761 PMCID: PMC7976433 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.9884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Binge alcohol drinking is fast becoming a global health concern, with the liver among the first organ involved and the one afflicted with the greatest degree of injury. Oxidative stress, alterations in hepatic metabolism, immunity and inflammation have all been reported to contribute to the development of alcoholic liver disease (ALD). Hydrogen gas (H2) serves a key role in the modulation of hepatic redox, immune and inflammatory homeostasis. However, the effects of treatment using intraperitoneal injection of H2 on ALD remain unexplored. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effects and underlying mechanism of intraperitoneal injection of H2 on acute alcohol-induced liver injury in a mouse model. H2 was administered by daily intraperitoneal injections (1.0 ml/100 g) for 4 days. On day 4, the mice received H2 after fasting for 5.5 h. After 30 min, the mice were administered with 33% (v/v) ethanol at a cumulative dose of 4.5 g/kg body weight by four equally divided gavages at 20-min intervals. Blood and liver tissues were collected at 16 h after the first ethanol gavage. Subsequently, serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), triglyceride and total cholesterol (TC) levels were analyzed using an Automatic Clinical Analyzer. Hepatic JNK activity and GAPDH levels were examined by western blotting. It was observed that acute ethanol gavage induced liver injury, as indicated by significantly increased serum ALT and AST levels, which were effectively decreased by H2 at 16 h after the first ethanol gavage. In addition, H2 treatment reduced serum TC levels in the Alcohol+H2 group when compared with those in Alcohol group. Mechanistically, H2 attenuated hepatic JNK phosphorylation induced by acute ethanol gavage. Therefore, the results of the present study demonstrated that treatment with exogenous H2 by intraperitoneal injection may alleviate acute alcohol-induced liver injury by inhibiting hepatic JNK activation, which may represent a novel therapeutic strategy for ALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxing Zhang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China
| | - Mingmin Bi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518107, P.R. China.,Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Zifeng Chen
- Biofeedback Laboratory, Xinhua College of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510520, P.R. China.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Xinhua College of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510520, P.R. China
| | - Min Dai
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China
| | - Ge Zhou
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China
| | - Yuxuan Hu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China
| | - Hongzhi Yang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China
| | - Weibing Guan
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China
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