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Patkar S, Patel S, Gupta A, Ostwal V, Ramaswamy A, Shetty N, Goel M. Lessons learnt from 1300 consecutive gallbladder cancer surgeries: Evolving role of peri-operative chemotherapy in the treatment paradigm. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SURGICAL ONCOLOGY 2023; 49:107035. [PMID: 37604098 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejso.2023.107035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Level I evidence for multi-modality management of gallbladder cancers (GBC) is evolving. METHODS Prospectively maintained operative GBC database of 1307 patients (year 2010-2019) was analysed to study the impact of peri-operative chemotherapy (PCT) on survival outcomes. RESULTS 1040 patients had pathologically confirmed GBC. Stage distribution showed: Stage I(85,8.2%), II(247,23.8%), III(460,44.2%), IV(248, 23.8%). PCT was used as follows: in stage II, 164 patients received adjuvant chemotherapy(ACT); in stage III, ACT was given to 444 patients, either operated upfront(244 patients) or after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT)(216 patients); in stage IV, 32 patients (11 received NACT) underwent radical surgery followed by ACT and 216 patients had inoperable disease (77 received NACT) upon exploration. With a median follow-up of 30 months, the 3-year OS for stage I, II and III was 94.1%, 82.6% and 48.2% respectively. Corresponding DFS was 93.8%, 67.3% and 38.3%. Upon reassessment for surgery after NACT (n = 332), patients who underwent radical surgery (n = 235) had superior OS (p = 0.000) and DFS (p = 0.000) in comparison to those who had inoperable disease (n = 97). Amongst stage III and IV patients with operable disease (n = 492), those who were operated upfront (n = 238) had equivalent survival as those operated after NACT (n = 254). This was also confirmed by a 1:1 propensity matched analysis (118 patients each), matching for T and N stage. CONCLUSION The role of peri-operative chemotherapy in management of GBC is evolving. While the role of NACT for locally advanced GBC is unsettled and merits testing prospectively, it helps in selection of patients with favourable disease biology for radical surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shraddha Patkar
- Gastrointestinal and Hepato-pancreato-Biliary Service, Department of Surgical Oncology, Tata Memorial Centre, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Swapnil Patel
- Department of Surgical Oncology, MPMMCC & Homi Bhabha Cancer Hospital, Tata Memorial Centre, Varanasi, India
| | - Amit Gupta
- Gastrointestinal and Hepato-pancreato-Biliary Service, Department of Surgical Oncology, Tata Memorial Centre, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Vikas Ostwal
- Department of Medical Oncology, Tata Memorial Centre, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Anant Ramaswamy
- Department of Medical Oncology, Tata Memorial Centre, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Nitin Shetty
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Tata Memorial Centre, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Mahesh Goel
- Gastrointestinal and Hepato-pancreato-Biliary Service, Department of Surgical Oncology, Tata Memorial Centre, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India.
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Patkar S, Gundavda K, Chaudhari V, Yadav S, Deodhar K, Ramadwar M, Goel M. Utility and limitations of intraoperative frozen section diagnosis to determine optimal surgical strategy in suspected gallbladder malignancy. HPB (Oxford) 2023; 25:330-338. [PMID: 36586775 DOI: 10.1016/j.hpb.2022.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preoperative diagnosis of gallbladder cancer (GBC) remains a challenge. Unwarranted extensive surgery for benign disease and undertreatment for GBC pose challenges. We aimed to analyze the utility, diagnostic accuracy, and limitations of intraoperative frozen section (FS), for primary diagnosis of suspected gallbladder malignancy. METHODS Patients with suspected GBC underwent a cystic-plate cholecystectomy and FS for primary diagnosis. The procedure was considered adequate if FS suggested a benign pathology. A radical cholecystectomy was performed if FS favoured GBC, or in patients with high intra-operative suspicion of malignancy. All FS records were compared with final histopathology. RESULTS FS guided the surgical strategy in 491 of 575 resections (85.4%). FS had a sensitivity of 88.3%, specificity of 99.6%, a positive predictive value of 99.4% and a negative predictive value of 92.7%. The diagnostic accuracy of FS was 95.1%. With routine use of intraoperative FS, only 10 out of 491 patients (2%) required a revised surgical strategy. CONCLUSIONS For radiologically suspected GBC it is prudent to confirm the histological diagnosis by use of intraoperative FS before undertaking radical resections. This study emphasizes the safety and accuracy of FS as an adjunct for directing optimal surgical strategy in suspected GBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shraddha Patkar
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Department of Surgical Oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Kaival Gundavda
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Vikram Chaudhari
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Department of Surgical Oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Subhash Yadav
- Department of Pathology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Kedar Deodhar
- Department of Pathology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Mukta Ramadwar
- Department of Pathology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Mahesh Goel
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Department of Surgical Oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.
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Trucco G, Chiusa L, Tandoi F, Bertero L. First report of a gallbladder hemangioma coexisting with gallstones: a case report and literature review of a rare finding. BMC Surg 2022; 22:128. [PMID: 35382806 PMCID: PMC8985283 DOI: 10.1186/s12893-022-01554-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gallbladder hemangioma is an exceptionally rare entity, with only ten cases reported in literature hitherto. The here described case is the first report of a gallbladder hemangioma coexisting with gallstones. Case presentation A 76-year-old male was hospitalized following repeated episodes of epigastric pain. Patient’s medical history included primary hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, obesity and hyperuricemia. Physical examination revealed marked pain in the right hypochondriac region, and laboratory workup was notable for mildly elevated glycemia (125 mg/dL) and pancreatic amylase (60 IU/L). Abdominal ultrasound showed multiple gallstones, a thickened gallbladder wall and mild edema of the perivisceral adipose tissue as well as a hepatic angioma. During surgery, an incidental subserosal nodule of about 1 cm was detected within the gallbladder fundus. After surgery, the clinical course was uneventful and the patient was discharged. Histopathological examination of the subserosal nodule showed multiple dilated vascular channels within a sclerosing matrix, a finding consistent with a cavernous hemangioma. Diffuse chronic cholecystitis was also present. Conclusions Gallbladder hemangiomas represent a rare, likely underdiagnosed condition which can be undetected during the preoperative workup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Trucco
- Pathology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Via Santena 7, 10126, Torino, Italy
| | - Luigi Chiusa
- Pathology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Via Santena 7, 10126, Torino, Italy
| | - Francesco Tandoi
- General Surgery 2U, Department of Surgical Sciences, AOU Città Della Salute e Della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Luca Bertero
- Pathology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Via Santena 7, 10126, Torino, Italy.
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Rana P, Gupta P, Kalage D, Soundararajan R, Kumar-M P, Dutta U. Grayscale ultrasonography findings for characterization of gallbladder wall thickening in non-acute setting: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 16:59-71. [PMID: 34826262 DOI: 10.1080/17474124.2021.2011210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The accurate characterization of gallbladder wall thickening (GWT) into benign or malignant on ultrasound (US) is a significant challenge. METHODS We searched the MEDLINE and EMBASE databases for studies reporting two-dimensional grayscale US in benign and malignant GWT. The pooled prevalence was calculated using a generalized linear mixed method with a random-effects model. The pooled sensitivity and specificity were calculated using a bivariate random-effects model. RESULTS Of the 7309 studies screened by titles, 73 studies with 18,008 patients were included. The most common findings in xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis (XGC) were lack of wall disruption and intramural hypoechoic nodules while adenomyomatosis (ADM) was frequently associated with intramural cysts and intramural echogenic foci. Echogenic foci, lack of gallbladder wall disruption, and hypoechoic nodules had a sensitivity of 89%, 77%, and 66% and specificity of 86%, 51%, and 80%, respectively for the diagnosis of benign GWT. Focal thickening and indistinct liver interface had a sensitivity of 75% and 55% and specificity of 64% and 69%, respectively for the diagnosis of malignant GWT. CONCLUSION intramural features (echogenic foci, hypoechoic nodules), gallbladder wall disruption, and liver interface are useful US features for the characterization of GWT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratyaksha Rana
- Department of Radiodiagnosis and Imaging, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Pankaj Gupta
- Department of Radiodiagnosis and Imaging, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Daneshwari Kalage
- Department of Radiodiagnosis and Imaging, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Raghuraman Soundararajan
- Department of Radiodiagnosis and Imaging, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Praveen Kumar-M
- Department of Pharmacology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Usha Dutta
- Department of Gastroenterology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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Björk D, Bartholomä W, Hasselgren K, Edholm D, Björnsson B, Lundgren L. Malignancy in elective cholecystectomy due to gallbladder polyps or thickened gallbladder wall: a single-centre experience. Scand J Gastroenterol 2021; 56:458-462. [PMID: 33590795 DOI: 10.1080/00365521.2021.1884895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Gallbladder cancer is a rare but aggressive malignancy. Surgical resection is recommended for gallbladder polyps ≥10 mm. For gallbladder wall thickening, resection is recommended if malignancy cannot be excluded. The incidence of gallbladder malignancy after cholecystectomy with indications of polyps or wall thickening in the Swedish population is not known. MATERIAL/METHODS A retrospective study was performed at Linköping University Hospital and included patients who underwent cholecystectomy 2010 - 2018. All cholecystectomies performed due to gallbladder polyps or gallbladder wall thickening without other preoperative malignant signs were identified. Preoperative radiological examinations were re-analysed by a single radiologist. Medical records and histopathology reports were analysed. RESULTS In all, 102 patients were included, of whom 65 were diagnosed with gallbladder polyps and 37 with gallbladder wall thickening. In each group, one patient (1.5% and 2.7% in each group) had gallbladder malignancy ≥ pT1b.Two (3.1%) and three (8.1%) patients with gallbladder malignancy < T1b were identified in each group. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION This study indicates that the incidence of malignancy is low without other malignant signs beyond gallbladder polyps and/or gallbladder wall thickening. We propose that these patients should be discussed at a multidisciplinary tumour board. If the polyp is 10-15 mm or if the gallbladder wall is thickened but no other malignant signs are observed, cholecystectomy can be safely performed by an experienced general surgeon at a general surgery unit. If the histopathology indicates ≥ pT1b, the patient should be referred immediately to a hepatobiliary centre for liver and lymph node resection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Björk
- Department of Surgery, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Wolf Bartholomä
- Department of Radiology in Linköping, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | | | - David Edholm
- Department of Surgery, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | | | - Linda Lundgren
- Department of Surgery, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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Funamizu N, Nakabayashi Y. Cavernous Hemangioma of the Gallbladder Masquerading as a Carcinoma. Case Rep Gastroenterol 2019; 13:219-224. [PMID: 31123450 PMCID: PMC6515123 DOI: 10.1159/000500079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Cavernous hemangioma arising from the gallbladder is extremely rare. Here, we report a cavernous hemangioma of the gallbladder masquerading as a carcinoma. A 75-year-old man was referred to our institution for a follow-up study after gastrectomy. Abdominal computed tomography revealed that the gallbladder was filled with a low-density mass with calcification of the wall. The patient underwent extended cholecystectomy. Histologically, the tumor consisted of vascular endothelial cellular elements and hematomas. The postoperative course was uneventful without complications. Presently, only 7 cases of cavernous hemangioma of the gallbladder have been previously reported. This case serves as an important reminder to consider benign tumors including cavernous hemangioma when investigating all possible causes of a gallbladder tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naotake Funamizu
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Kawaguchi Municipal Medical Center, Kawaguchi, Japan
| | - Yukio Nakabayashi
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Kawaguchi Municipal Medical Center, Kawaguchi, Japan
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