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Solnick RE, López LH, Martinez PM, Zucker JE. Sexually Transmitted Infections in the Emergency Department. Emerg Med Clin North Am 2024; 42:335-368. [PMID: 38641394 DOI: 10.1016/j.emc.2024.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
As the United States faces a worsening epidemic of sexually transmitted infections (STIs), emergency departments (EDs) play a critical role in identifying and treating these infections. The growing health inequities in the distribution and disproportionate impact of STIs add to the urgency of providing high-quality sexual health care through the ED. Changes in population health are reflected in the new Centers for Disease Control recommendations on screening, diagnostic testing, and treatment of STIs. This review covers common, as well as and less common or emerging STIs, and discusses the state-of-the-art guidance on testing paradigms, extragenital sampling, and antimicrobial treatment and prevention of STIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E Solnick
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Hospital, Department of Emergency Medicine- Research Division, 555 West 57th Street, 5th Floor Suite 5-25, New York, NY 10019, USA.
| | - Laura Hernando López
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Hospital, Department of Emergency Medicine- Research Division, 555 West 57th Street, 5th Floor Suite 5-25, New York, NY 10019, USA
| | - Patricia Mae Martinez
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Hospital, Department of Emergency Medicine- Research Division, 555 West 57th Street, 5th Floor Suite 5-25, New York, NY 10019, USA
| | - Jason E Zucker
- Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, 630 West 168th Street, Box 82, New York, NY 10032, USA
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Bazzo ML, Machado HDM, Martins JM, Schörner MA, Buss K, Barazzetti FH, Gaspar PC, Bigolin A, Benzaken A, de Carvalho SVF, Andrade LDF, Ferreira WA, Figueiroa F, Fontana RM, da Silva MFDCR, Silva RJC, Aires Junior LF, Neves LADS, Miranda AE, Network BG. Aetiological molecular identification of sexually transmitted infections that cause urethral discharge syndrome and genital ulcer disease in Brazilian men: a nationwide study. Sex Transm Infect 2024; 100:133-137. [PMID: 38360847 DOI: 10.1136/sextrans-2023-055950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about the aetiology of urethral discharge syndrome (UDS) and genital ulcer disease (GUD) in Brazil due to limited access to laboratory tests and treatment based mainly on the syndromic approach. OBJECTIVES To update Brazilian treatment guidelines according to the current scenario, the first nationwide aetiological study for UDS and GUD was performed. METHODS Male participants with urethral discharge (UD) and/or genital ulcer (GU) reports were enrolled. Sample collection was performed by 12 sentinel sites located in the five Brazilian regions. Between 2018 and 2020, 1141 UD and 208 GU samples were collected in a Universal Transport Medium-RT (Copan). A multiplex quantitative PCR kit (Seegene) was used to detect UD: Chlamydia trachomatis (CT), Mycoplasma genitalium (MG), M. hominis (MH), Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG), Trichomonas vaginalis (TV), Ureaplasma parvum (UP), U. urealyticum (UU) and another kit to detect GU: cytomegalovirus (CMV), Haemophilus ducreyi (HD), herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV1), herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV2), lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV), Treponema pallidum (TP) and varicella-zoster virus (VZV). RESULTS In UD samples, the frequency of pathogen detection was NG: 78.38%, CT: 25.6%, MG: 8.3%, UU: 10.4%, UP: 3.5%, MH: 3.5% and TV: 0.9%. Coinfection was assessed in 30.9% of samples, with 14.3% of NG/CT coinfection. The most frequent pathogen identified in GU was HSV2, present in 40.8% of the samples, followed by TP at 24.8%, LGV and CMV at 1%, and HSV1 at 0.4%. Coinfection of TP/HSV2 was detected in 4.4% of samples. VZV and HD were not detected. In 27.7% of the GU samples, no pathogen was detected. CONCLUSION This study provided the acquisition of unprecedented data on the aetiology of UDS and GUD in Brazil, demonstrated the presence of a variety of pathogens in both sample types and reaffirmed the aetiologies known to be most prevalent globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Luiza Bazzo
- Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
- Pharmacy Post Graduate Program, Molecular Biology, Microbiology and Serology Laboratory-LBMMS, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Hanalydia de Melo Machado
- Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
- Pharmacy Post Graduate Program, Molecular Biology, Microbiology and Serology Laboratory-LBMMS, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Jessica Motta Martins
- Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
- Pharmacy Post Graduate Program, Molecular Biology, Microbiology and Serology Laboratory-LBMMS, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Marcos André Schörner
- Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
- Pharmacy Post Graduate Program, Molecular Biology, Microbiology and Serology Laboratory-LBMMS, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Ketlyn Buss
- Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
- Pharmacy Post Graduate Program, Molecular Biology, Microbiology and Serology Laboratory-LBMMS, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Fernando Hartmann Barazzetti
- Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
- Pharmacy Post Graduate Program, Molecular Biology, Microbiology and Serology Laboratory-LBMMS, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Pamela Cristina Gaspar
- Department of Surveillance, Prevention and Control of Sexually Transmitted Infections, HIV/AIDS and Viral Hepatitis, Secretariat of Health Surveillance, Ministry of Health, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Alisson Bigolin
- Department of Surveillance, Prevention and Control of Sexually Transmitted Infections, HIV/AIDS and Viral Hepatitis, Secretariat of Health Surveillance, Ministry of Health, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Adele Benzaken
- Leônidas e Maria Deane Institute Fiocruz Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- AIDS Healthcare Foundation, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Angelica Espinosa Miranda
- Department of Surveillance, Prevention and Control of Sexually Transmitted Infections, HIV/AIDS and Viral Hepatitis, Secretariat of Health Surveillance, Ministry of Health, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
- Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, Brazil
| | - Brazilian-Gasp Network
- Department of Surveillance, Prevention and Control of Sexually Transmitted Infections, HIV/AIDS and Viral Hepatitis, Secretariat of Health Surveillance, Ministry of Health, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
- Brazilian GASP, Florianópolis, Brazil
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Sethi S, Sharma N, Singh C, Chaudhry H, Dadwal R, Malhotra S, Gupta V. A retrospective analysis of sexually transmitted infections among males presenting to a tertiary care hospital of India. Indian J Sex Transm Dis AIDS 2022; 43:170-173. [PMID: 36743091 PMCID: PMC9891002 DOI: 10.4103/ijstd.ijstd_86_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Context Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are one of the most neglected diseases, leading to a high percentage of morbidity and mortality in India. The World Health Organization estimated that 20% of persons living with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome are in their 20s and one out of twenty adolescents contract an STI each year. Aims The present study was conducted to study the characteristics of the pattern of STI in adult males and study the prevalence of various STIs among them. Settings and Design This retrospective study was conducted by retrieving records of males presenting to STI laboratory of our tertiary care hospital between (April 2018 and December 2019). Subjects and Methods The patients comprised high-risk group males, approached through nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and slum population visiting the dispensary attached to our institute. The age group of the patient included was between 0 and 85 years. Results A total of 1023 males presented to our STI laboratory out of which 124 (12.12%) were symptomatic. The most common complaint was urethral irritation seen in 22.5%, followed by discharge in 9.6%. The most common sexually transmitted disease among symptomatic (34/124) as well as asymptomatic (172/899) men was syphilis showing a combined prevalence of 20% (206/1023). Out of 124 symptomatic patients, 29 (23.38%) complained of urethritis due to gonococcal infection. The association between the two was found to be significant (i.e., P < 0.05). Conclusion STIs are a serious health problem in our country. Approximately 6% of the adult population have one or the other STI amounting to 30-35 million cases per year. An intensive study is the need of the hour which could help clinicians as well as microbiologists to control the spread of these infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Sethi
- Department of Medical Microbiology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | - Nandita Sharma
- Department of Medical Microbiology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | - Charu Singh
- Department of Medical Microbiology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
- Department of Microbiology, IMS BHU, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Hemant Chaudhry
- Department of Medical Microbiology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | - Rajneesh Dadwal
- Department of Medical Microbiology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sakshi Malhotra
- Department of Medical Microbiology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | - Vanita Gupta
- Project Director, Chandigarh State AIDS Control Society, Sector 15 A, Chandigarh, India
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Update your "sore throat" differential list: A case report and discussion of oral chlamydia. J Am Assoc Nurse Pract 2021; 33:1261-1264. [PMID: 33731559 DOI: 10.1097/jxx.0000000000000585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT There has been an exponential increase in sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in the United States, causing the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to declare an epidemic. Current evidence demonstrates that extragenital STIs of the oropharynx and rectum are often asymptomatic and may not be associated with concurrent positive urogenital infections. As a result, these infections are often missed in primary care. Furthermore, guidelines only recommend extragenital site testing in men who have sex with men, excluding oropharyngeal chlamydia, despite evidence that extragenital STIs are occurring in other high-risk populations as well. A case report is provided to enhance primary health care providers' knowledge of extragenital STIs and promote early recognition and testing to improve patient outcomes.
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