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Bhagchandani T, Haque MMU, Sharma S, Malik MZ, Ray AK, Kaur US, Rai A, Verma A, Sawlani KK, Chaturvedi R, Dandu H, Kumar A, Tandon R. Plasma Virome of HIV-infected Subjects on Suppressive Antiretroviral Therapy Reveals Association of Differentially Abundant Viruses with Distinct T-cell Phenotypes and Inflammation. Curr Genomics 2024; 25:105-119. [PMID: 38751600 PMCID: PMC11092910 DOI: 10.2174/0113892029279786240111052824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The plasma virome represents the overall composition of viral sequences present in it. Alteration in plasma virome has been reported in treatment naïve and immunocompromised (CD4 count < 200) people with HIV (PWH). However, the effect of ART on virome composition in PWH on ART with preserved CD4 counts is poorly understood. Objectives We aimed to assess the alterations in plasma virome in PWH on ART in comparison to HIV-negative uninfected controls and to further investigate possible associations of plasma viruses with inflammation and immune dysfunction, namely, immunosenescence and immune exhaustion. Methods Plasma viral DNA from PWH on ART and controls was used for sequencing on the Illumina Nextseq500 platform, followed by the identification of viral sequences using an automated pipeline, VIROMATCH. Multiplex cytokine assay was performed to measure the concentrations of various cytokines in plasma. Immunophenotyping was performed on PBMCs to identify T cell markers of immunosenescence and immune exhaustion. Results In our observational, cross-sectional pilot study, chronically infected PWH on ART had significantly different viral species compositions compared to controls. The plasma virome of PWH showed a significantly high relative abundance of species Human gammaherpesvirus 4, also known as Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Moreover, EBV emerged as a significant viral taxon differentially enriched in PWH on ART, which further correlated positively with the exhaustion phenotype of T cells and significantly increased TNF-α in PWH on ART. Additionally, a significantly increased proportion of senescent T cells and IL-8 cytokine was detected in PWH on ART. Conclusion Altered plasma virome influenced the inflammatory response and T-cell phenotype in PWH on ART.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tannu Bhagchandani
- Laboratory of AIDS Research and Immunology, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Mohammad M. Ul Haque
- School of Computational and Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Shilpa Sharma
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Md Zubbair Malik
- Host-Pathogen Interaction Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Ashwini K. Ray
- Laboratory of Metabolic Disorder and Environmental Biotechnology, Department of Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Urvinder S. Kaur
- Laboratory of AIDS Research and Immunology, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Ankita Rai
- Laboratory of AIDS Research and Immunology, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Anjali Verma
- Laboratory of AIDS Research and Immunology, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Kamal K. Sawlani
- Department of Medicine, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, India
| | - Rupesh Chaturvedi
- Host-Pathogen Interaction Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
- Special Centre for System Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Himanshu Dandu
- Department of Medicine, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, India
| | - Abhishek Kumar
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore; India
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, India
| | - Ravi Tandon
- Laboratory of AIDS Research and Immunology, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
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Jhelum H, Čerina D, Harbort CJ, Lindner A, Hanitsch LG, Leistner R, Schröder JT, von Bernuth H, Stegemann MS, Schürmann M, Zychlinsky A, Krüger R, Marsman G. Panton-Valentine leukocidin-induced neutrophil extracellular traps lack antimicrobial activity and are readily induced in patients with recurrent PVL + -Staphylococcus aureus infections. J Leukoc Biol 2024; 115:222-234. [PMID: 37943843 DOI: 10.1093/jleuko/qiad137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus strains that produce the toxin Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL-SA) frequently cause recurrent skin and soft tissue infections. PVL binds to and kills human neutrophils, resulting in the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), but the pathomechanism has not been extensively studied. Furthermore, it is unclear why some individuals colonized with PVL-SA experience recurring infections whereas others are asymptomatic. We thus aimed to (1) investigate how PVL exerts its pathogenicity on neutrophils and (2) identify factors that could help to explain the predisposition of patients with recurring infections. We provide genetic and pharmacological evidence that PVL-induced NET formation is independent of NADPH oxidase and reactive oxygen species production. Moreover, through NET proteome analysis we identified that the protein content of PVL-induced NETs is different from NETs induced by mitogen or the microbial toxin nigericin. The abundance of the proteins cathelicidin (CAMP), elastase (NE), and proteinase 3 (PRTN3) was lower on PVL-induced NETs, and as such they were unable to kill S. aureus. Furthermore, we found that neutrophils from affected patients express higher levels of CD45, one of the PVL receptors, and are more susceptible to be killed at a low PVL concentration than control neutrophils. Neutrophils from patients that experience recurring PVL-positive infections may thus be more sensitive to PVL-induced NET formation, which might impair their ability to combat the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hina Jhelum
- Department of Cellular Microbiology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dora Čerina
- Department of Cellular Microbiology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - C J Harbort
- Department of Cellular Microbiology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Lindner
- Institute of Tropical Medicine and International Health, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Leif Gunnar Hanitsch
- Department of Medical Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rasmus Leistner
- Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jennyver-Tabea Schröder
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Horst von Bernuth
- Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Immunology and Critical Care Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Immunology, Labor Berlin GmbH, Sylter Straße 2, 13353, Berlin, Germany
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Miriam Songa Stegemann
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mariana Schürmann
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Arturo Zychlinsky
- Department of Cellular Microbiology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Renate Krüger
- Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Immunology and Critical Care Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gerben Marsman
- Department of Cellular Microbiology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
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Makwela AB, Grootboom WM, Abraham V, Witika B, Godman B, Skosana PP. Antimicrobial Management of Skin and Soft Tissue Infections among Surgical Wards in South Africa: Findings and Implications. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12020275. [PMID: 36830186 PMCID: PMC9951966 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12020275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) are one of the most common infectious diseases requiring antibiotics. However, complications of SSTIs may lead to the overprescribing of antibiotics and to subsequent antibiotic resistance. Consequently, monitoring the prescribing alignment with the current recommendations from the South African Standard Treatment Guidelines (STG) is necessary in order to improve future care. This study involved reviewing pertinent patients with SSTIs who were prescribed antimicrobials in the surgical ward of a leading South African tertiary public hospital from April to June 2021 using an adapted data collection tool. Sixty-seven patient files were reviewed. Among the patients with SSTIs, hypertension and chronic osteomyelitis were the most frequent co-morbidities at 22.4% and 13.4%, respectively. The most diagnosed SSTIs were surgical site infections (35.1%), wound site infections (23%), and major abscesses (16.2%). Blood cultures were performed on 40.3% of patients, with Staphylococcus aureus (32.7%) and Enterococcus spp. (21.2%) being the most cultured pathogens. Cefazolin was prescribed empirically for 46.3% of patients for their SSTIs. In addition, SSTIs were treated with gentamycin, ciprofloxacin, and rifampicin at 17.5%, 11.3%, and 8.8%, respectively, with treatment fully complying with STG recommendations in 55.2% of cases. Overall, the most common cause of SSTIs was Staphylococcus aureus, and empiric treatment is recommended as the initial management. Subsequently, culture sensitivities should be performed to enhance adherence to STGs and to improve future care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atlanta B. Makwela
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Molotlegi Street, Ga-Rankuwa, Pretoria 0208, South Africa
| | - Wandisile M. Grootboom
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Molotlegi Street, Ga-Rankuwa, Pretoria 0208, South Africa
- Dr George Mukhari Academic Hospital, Molotlegi Street, Ga-Rankuwa, Pretoria 0208, South Africa
| | - Veena Abraham
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Molotlegi Street, Ga-Rankuwa, Pretoria 0208, South Africa
| | - Bwalya Witika
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Molotlegi Street, Ga-Rankuwa, Pretoria 0208, South Africa
| | - Brian Godman
- Department of Public Health Pharmacy and Management, School of Pharmacy, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria 0208, South Africa
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK
- Centre of Medical and Bio-allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman P.O. Box 346, United Arab Emirates
- Correspondence: (B.G.); (P.P.S.)
| | - Phumzile P. Skosana
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Molotlegi Street, Ga-Rankuwa, Pretoria 0208, South Africa
- Correspondence: (B.G.); (P.P.S.)
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