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Vishakha S, Navneesh N, Kurmi BD, Gupta GD, Verma SK, Jain A, Patel P. An Expedition on Synthetic Methodology of FDA-approved Anticancer Drugs (2018-2021). Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2024; 24:590-626. [PMID: 38288815 DOI: 10.2174/0118715206259585240105051941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
New drugs being established in the market every year produce specified structures for selective biological targeting. With medicinal insights into molecular recognition, these begot molecules open new rooms for designing potential new drug molecules. In this review, we report the compilation and analysis of a total of 56 drugs including 33 organic small molecules (Mobocertinib, Infigratinib, Sotorasib, Trilaciclib, Umbralisib, Tepotinib, Relugolix, Pralsetinib, Decitabine, Ripretinib, Selpercatinib, Capmatinib, Pemigatinib, Tucatinib, Selumetinib, Tazemetostat, Avapritinib, Zanubrutinib, Entrectinib, Pexidartinib, Darolutamide, Selinexor, Alpelisib, Erdafitinib, Gilteritinib, Larotrectinib, Glasdegib, Lorlatinib, Talazoparib, Dacomitinib, Duvelisib, Ivosidenib, Apalutamide), 6 metal complexes (Edotreotide Gallium Ga-68, fluoroestradiol F-18, Cu 64 dotatate, Gallium 68 PSMA-11, Piflufolastat F-18, 177Lu (lutetium)), 16 macromolecules as monoclonal antibody conjugates (Brentuximabvedotin, Amivantamab-vmjw, Loncastuximabtesirine, Dostarlimab, Margetuximab, Naxitamab, Belantamabmafodotin, Tafasitamab, Inebilizumab, SacituzumabGovitecan, Isatuximab, Trastuzumab, Enfortumabvedotin, Polatuzumab, Cemiplimab, Mogamulizumab) and 1 peptide enzyme (Erwiniachrysanthemi-derived asparaginase) approved by the U.S. FDA between 2018 to 2021. These drugs act as anticancer agents against various cancer types, especially non-small cell lung, lymphoma, breast, prostate, multiple myeloma, neuroendocrine tumor, cervical, bladder, cholangiocarcinoma, myeloid leukemia, gastrointestinal, neuroblastoma, thyroid, epithelioid and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. The review comprises the key structural features, approval times, target selectivity, mechanisms of action, therapeutic indication, formulations, and possible synthetic approaches of these approved drugs. These crucial details will benefit the scientific community for futuristic new developments in this arena.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Vishakha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Analysis, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, 142001, Punjab, India
| | - N Navneesh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Analysis, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, 142001, Punjab, India
| | - Balak Das Kurmi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, 142001, Punjab, India
| | - Ghanshyam Das Gupta
- Department of Pharmaceutics, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, 142001, Punjab, India
| | - Sant Kumar Verma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Analysis, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, 142001, Punjab, India
| | - Ankit Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas A & M University, Kingsville, 78363, Texas, United States of America
| | - Preeti Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Analysis, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, 142001, Punjab, India
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Sammartano A, Migliari S, Serreli G, Scarlattei M, Baldari G, Ruffini L. Validation of the HPLC Analytical Method for the Determination of Chemical and Radiochemical Purity of Ga-68-DOTATATE. Indian J Nucl Med 2023; 38:1-7. [PMID: 37180199 PMCID: PMC10171759 DOI: 10.4103/ijnm.ijnm_11_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose of the Study Ga-68-DOTA-peptides targeting somatostatin receptors have been assessed as a valuable tool in neuroendocrine tumors imaging using positron emission tomography (PET). A new selective and sensitive high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was developed for determining chemical and radiochemical purity of Ga-68-DOTATATE (PET) tracer. The identification of peaks was achieved on a symmetry C18 column 3 μm 120Å (3.0 mm × 150 mm spherical particles) using (A) water + 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) and (B) acetonitrile + 0.1% TFA, as the mobile phases at a flow rate of 0.600 mL/min and monitored at 220 nm. The run time was 16 min. Materials and Methods The method was validated to fulfill International Conference on Harmonization requirements and EDQM guidelines, and it included specificity, linearity, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), accuracy, and precision. Results The calibration curve was linear over the concentration range from 0.5 to 3 μg/ml, with a correlation coefficient (r2) equal to 0.999, average coefficient of variation (CV%) 2%, and average bias% did not deviate more than 5% for all concentrations. The LOD and LOQ for DOTATATE were 0.5 and 0.1 μg/mL, respectively. The method was considered precise, obtaining coefficients of variation between 0.22% and 0.52% for intraday and 0.20% and 0.61% for interday precision. Accuracy of method was confirmed with average bias% that did not deviate more than 5% for all concentrations. Conclusion All results were acceptable and this confirmed that the method is suitable for its intended use in routine quality control of Ga-68-DOTATATE to guarantee the high quality of the finished product before release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonino Sammartano
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Hospital of Parma, Via Gramsci, Italy
| | - Silvia Migliari
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Hospital of Parma, Via Gramsci, Italy
| | - Giulio Serreli
- Department of Diagnostic, Medical Physics Unit, University Hospital of Parma, Via Gramsci, Parma, Italy
| | - Maura Scarlattei
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Hospital of Parma, Via Gramsci, Italy
| | - Giorgio Baldari
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Hospital of Parma, Via Gramsci, Italy
| | - Livia Ruffini
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Hospital of Parma, Via Gramsci, Italy
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Migliari S, Scarlattei M, Baldari G, Silva C, Ruffini L. A Specific HPLC Method to Determine Residual HEPES in [ 68Ga]Ga-Radiopharmaceuticals: Development and Validation. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27144477. [PMID: 35889351 PMCID: PMC9323806 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27144477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Nowadays, in Nuclear Medicine, clinically applied radiopharmaceuticals must meet quality release criteria such as high radiochemical purity and radiochemical yield. Many radiopharmaceuticals do not have marketing authorization and have no dedicated monograph within European Pharmacopeia (Ph. Eur.); therefore, general monographs on quality controls (QCs) have to be applied for clinical application. These criteria require standardization and validation in labeling and preparation, including quality controls measurements, according to well defined standard operation procedures. However, QC measurements are often based on detection techniques that are specific to a certain chromatographic system. Several radiosyntheses of [68Ga]Ga-radiopharmaceuticals are more efficient and robust when they are performed with 2-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl] ethanesulfonic acid (HEPES) buffer, which is considered as an impurity to be assessed in the QC procedure, prior to clinical use. Thus, Ph. Eur. has introduced a thin-layer chromatography (TLC) method to quantify the HEPES amount that is present in [68Ga]Ga-radiopharmaceuticals. However, this is only qualitative and has proven to be unreliable. Here we develop and validate a new high-performance liquid chromatography (UV-Radio-HPLC) method to quantify the residual amount of HEPES in 68Ga-based radiopharmaceuticals. Method: To validate the proposed UV-Radio-HPLC method, a stepwise approach was used, as defined in the guidance document that was adopted by the European Medicines Agency (CMP/ICH/381/95 2014). The assessed parameters are specificity, linearity, precision (repeatability), accuracy, and limit of quantification. A range of concentrations of HEPES (100, 80, 60, 40, 20, 10, 5, 3 μg/mL) were analyzed. Moreover, to test the validity and pertinence of our new HPLC method, we analyzed samples of [68Ga]Ga-DOTATOC; [68Ga]Ga-PSMA; [68Ga]Ga-DOTATATE; [68Ga]Ga-Pentixafor; and [68Ga]Ga-NODAGA-Exendin-4 from different batches that were prepared for clinical use. Results: In the assessed samples, HEPES could not be detected by the TLC method that was described in Ph. Eur. within 4 min incubation in an iodine-saturated chamber. Our developed HPLC method showed excellent linearity between 3 and 100 μg/mL for HEPES, with a correlation coefficient (R2) for calibration curves that was equal to 0.999, coefficients of variation (CV%) < 2%, and percent deviation value of bias from 100% to 5%, in accordance with acceptance criteria. The intra-day and inter-day precision of our method was statistically confirmed and the limit-of-quantification (LOQ) was 3 μg/mL, confirming the high sensitivity of the method. The amount of HEPES that was detected with our developed HPLC method in the tested [68Ga]Ga-radiopharmaceuticals resulted well below the Ph. Eur. limit, especially for [68Ga]Ga-NODAGA-Exendin-4. Conclusions: The TLC method that is described in Ph. Eur. to assess residual HEPES in [68Ga]-based radiopharmaceuticals may not be sufficiently sensitive and thus unsuitable for QC release. Our new HPLC method was sensitive, quantitative, reproducible, and rapid for QCs, allowing us to exactly determine the residual HEPES amount in [68Ga]Ga-radiopharmaceuticals for safe patient administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Migliari
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Department, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy; (M.S.); (G.B.); (L.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-3335939138
| | - Maura Scarlattei
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Department, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy; (M.S.); (G.B.); (L.R.)
| | - Giorgio Baldari
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Department, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy; (M.S.); (G.B.); (L.R.)
| | - Claudia Silva
- Food and Drug Sciences Department, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy;
| | - Livia Ruffini
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Department, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy; (M.S.); (G.B.); (L.R.)
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Sammartano A, Migliari S, Scarlattei M, Baldari G, Serreli G, Lazzara C, Garau L, Ghetti C, Ruffini L. Performance and long-term consistency of five Galliform 68Ge/68Ga generators used for clinical Ga-68 preparations over a 4 year period. Nucl Med Commun 2022; 43:568-576. [PMID: 35190517 DOI: 10.1097/mnm.0000000000001545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gallium-68 is a positron emitter for PET applications that can be produced without cyclotron by a germanium (Ge-68) chloride/gallium (Ga-68) chloride generator. Short half-life (67.71 min) of Ga-68, matching pharmacokinetic properties of small biomolecules, facilitates isotope utilization in compounding radiopharmaceuticals for PET imaging. The increasing cost of good manufacturing practice-compliant generators has strengthened the need for radionuclide efficient use by planning specific radiopharmaceutical sessions during the week, careful maintenance of the generator and achievement of high labeling yield and radiochemical purity (RCP) of the radiolabeled molecules. METHODS The aim of this study was to evaluate the annual performance of five consecutive 68Ge/68Ga generators used for small-scale preparations of 68Ga-radiopharmaceuticals. To assess the long-term efficiency of isotope production we measured the weekly elution yield. To assess process efficiency we measured elution yield, labeling yield and RCP of four radiopharmaceutical preparations (68Ga-DOTATOC, 68Ga-PSMA-HBED-CC, 68Ga-PENTIXAFOR and 68Ga-DOTATATE). RESULTS The annual mean elution yield of the generators was 74.7%, higher than that indicated by the manufacturer, and it never went below 65%. The Ge-68 level in the final products was under the detection limits in all the produced batches (mean value 0.0000048%). The RCP of radiopharmaceuticals determined by high-performance liquid chromatography was 98 ± 0.22%. The mean yield of radiolabelling was 64.68, 68.71, 57 and 63.68% for 68Ga-DOTATOC, 68Ga-PSMA-HBED-CC, 68GaPENTIXAFOR and 68Ga-DOTATATE. CONCLUSION The ability to prepare in the hospital radiopharmacy high-purity and pharmaceutically acceptable 68Ga-radiolabeled probes on a routine basis facilitates patient access to precision imaging for clinical and research aims.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Giulio Serreli
- Diagnostic Department, Medical Physics Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma, Gramsci, Parma, Italy
| | | | | | - Caterina Ghetti
- Diagnostic Department, Medical Physics Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma, Gramsci, Parma, Italy
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van den Wyngaert T, de Schepper S, Elvas F, Seyedinia SS, Beheshti M. Positron emission tomography-magnetic resonance imaging as a research tool in musculoskeletal conditions. THE QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF NUCLEAR MEDICINE AND MOLECULAR IMAGING : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE ITALIAN ASSOCIATION OF NUCLEAR MEDICINE (AIMN) [AND] THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF RADIOPHARMACOLOGY (IAR), [AND] SECTION OF THE SOCIETY OF... 2022; 66:15-30. [PMID: 35005878 DOI: 10.23736/s1824-4785.22.03434-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Compared to positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT), the uptake of PET- magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been slow, even more so in clinical practice compared to the (pre-)clinical research setting. However, for applications in musculoskeletal (MSK) research, the combination of PET and MRI into a single modality offers attractive advantages over other imaging modalities. Most importantly, MRI has exquisite soft-tissue detail without the use of contrast agents or ionizing radiation, superior bone marrow visualization, and an extensive spectrum of distinct multiparametric assessment methods. In the preclinical setting, the introduction of PET inserts for small-animal MRI machines has proven to be a successful concept in bringing this technology to the lab. Initial hurdles in quantification have been mainly overcome in this setting. In parallel, a promising range of radiochemistry techniques has been developed to create multimodality probes that offer the possibility of simultaneously querying different metabolic pathways. Not only will these applications help in elucidating disease mechanisms, but they can also facilitate drug development. The clinical applications of PET/MRI in MSK are still limited, but encouraging initial results with novel radiotracers suggest a high potential for use in various MSK conditions, including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis and inflammation and infection. Further innovations will be required to bring down the cost of PET/MRI to justify a broader clinical implementation, and remaining issues with quality control and standardization also need to be addressed. Nevertheless, PET/MRI is a powerful platform for MSK research with distinct qualities that are not offered by other techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim van den Wyngaert
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium -
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (MICA), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium -
- Integrated Personalized and Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium -
| | - Stijn de Schepper
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (MICA), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Filipe Elvas
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (MICA), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Seyedeh S Seyedinia
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrinology, University Hospital Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Mohsen Beheshti
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrinology, University Hospital Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
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