Nanocarriers for ocular drug delivery: Recent advances and future opportunities

Advancing ophthalmic delivery of flurbiprofen via synergistic chiral resolution and ion-pairing strategies

Flurbiprofen (FB), a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, is widely employed in treating ocular inflammation owing to its remarkable anti-inflammatory effects. However, the racemic nature of its commercially available formulation (Ocufen®) limits the full potential of its therapeutic activity, as the (S)-enantiomer is responsible for the desired anti-inflammatory effects. Additionally, the limited corneal permeability of FB significantly restricts its bioavailability. In this study, we successfully separated the chiral isomers of FB to obtain the highly active (S)-FB. Subsequently, utilizing ion-pairing technology, we coupled (S)-FB with various counter-ions, such as sodium, diethylamine, trimethamine (TMA), and l-arginine, to enhance its ocular bioavailability. A comprehensive evaluation encompassed balanced solubility, octanol-water partition coefficient, corneal permeability, ocular pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution, and in vivo ocular anti-inflammatory activity of each chiral isomer salt. Among the various formulations, S-FBTMA exhibited superior water solubility (about 1-12 mg/ml), lipid solubility (1< lg Pow < 3) and corneal permeability. In comparison to Ocufen®, S-FBTMA demonstrated significantly higher in vivo anti-inflammatory activity and lower ocular irritability (such as conjunctival congestion and tingling). The findings from this research highlight the potential of chiral separation and ion-pair enhanced permeation techniques in providing pharmaceutical enterprises focused on drug development with a valuable avenue for improving therapeutic outcomes.