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Healthy Women and Men Do Not Show Differences in Tongue Strength and Regular Effort Saliva Swallows as Assessed by Piezo-Resistive Sensors: Results from a Reproducibility Study. Dysphagia 2021; 37:1217-1225. [PMID: 34779910 DOI: 10.1007/s00455-021-10381-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to establish the reproducibility of tongue strength measurements in healthy women and men during maximum anterior isometric pressure (MAIP) and regular effort saliva swallows (RESS). In this cross-sectional study, 30 healthy young adults were required to push with the tip of the tongue on a piezo-resistive sensor glued to the hard palate, immediately above the central incisor line. Tongue pressures exerted on the sensor during MAIP and spontaneous RESS were recorded. Participants underwent a retest procedure within the same session to verify the reproducibility of measurements, as determined by intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), standard error of measurement (SEM), and minimum detectable change (MDC). Complete data were obtained from 30 subjects (15 women, 15 men; mean age 31.4 ± 7.8 years; mean weight 61.3 ± 9.4 kg). Compared to women, men showed a trend for generating larger MAIP (p = 0.06; d = 0.71) and RESS (p = 0.07; d = 0.69). After normalizing to body weight, height, and body mass index (BMI), such trends disappeared. At retest, MAIP and RESS proved stable and highly reliable (all ICCs ≥ 0.93) in men and women but associated to moderate variability as for SEM and MDC, with MAIP estimates associated to smaller SEM and MDC (SEM ranging 7.4-14.2%; MDC 18.6-20.9%) than RESS (SEM ranging 20.4-38.5%; MDC 52.5-55.6%). Piezo-resistive pressure sensors allow clinicians and researchers to perform reproducible measurements of tongue muscle performance. However, if therapeutic interventions are administered, measurement variability in tongue performance should be considered when appraising their clinical efficacy, especially for those populations who display impaired performance and may not be capable to generate high and stable forces. No gender-based differences emerged in the motor tasks tested.
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Liu HY, Chen CH, Kuo CH, Feng MC, Chen JH, Wang HW, Chen KC, Lin CL. A Novel Tongue Pressure Measurement Instrument with Wireless Mobile Application Control Function and Disposable Positioning Mouthpiece. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11030489. [PMID: 33801947 PMCID: PMC8002047 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11030489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study developed a novel chair-side tongue pressure (TP) measuring instrument with a disposable positioning mouthpiece controlled using a smartphone application (APP), denoted as the TP wireless application (TPWA). The mouthpiece was designed with a palate-shaped air balloon containing a tongue contact bump and a plastic bite positioning tube. Fatigue load testing was performed to evaluate mouthpiece durability by applying 700 displacement cycles (50 times a day for one week during training, with twice the safety factor) on the air balloon. The main component used in developing this instrument was a silicon pressure sensor equipped with wireless Bluetooth connection. Young (52 adults; mean age = 20.23 ± 2.17) and elderly (40 adults; mean age = 72.60 ± 7.03) individuals participated in the test with the new instrument, with the results compared to those of a commercial device. The TPWA mouthpiece fatigue test showed that mean response pressures were maintained at 12 kPa. No significant (p > 0.05) differences were found during testing repetitions 0–10 and 701–710. There were no significant differences in the maximum TP values presented between the test sequences using different instruments for young and elderly participants. The TPWA results showed that TP values gradually decreased with increasing age (40.77 kPa for young and 16.55 kPa for elderly participants). The maximum TP for males (43.51 kPa) was significantly larger than that for females (35.14 kPa) in the young group, but an opposite trend was seen in the elderly group (12.97 for males and 17.59 for females). Thus, this study developed a novel chair-side TP measurement instrument with Bluetooth wireless mobile application control. A durable positioning oral mouthpiece was approved for measuring pressure sufficiently, reliably, and precisely for TP screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiu-Yueh Liu
- Department of Oral Hygiene, College of Dental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan;
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hung Chen
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Municipal SiaoGang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 81267, Taiwan;
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Hung Kuo
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan;
- Division of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal SiaoGang Hospital, Kaohsiung 81267, Taiwan
- Division of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chu Feng
- Department of Nursing, Kaohsiung Municipal SiaoGang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 81267, Taiwan;
- School of Nursing, Fooyin University, Kaohsiung 83102, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Hao Chen
- School of Dentistry, College of Dental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan;
- Division of Prosthodontics, Department of Dentistry, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Hsuan-Wen Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Yang-Ming Chiao-Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan; (H.-W.W.); (K.-C.C.)
| | - Kun-Chun Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Yang-Ming Chiao-Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan; (H.-W.W.); (K.-C.C.)
| | - Chun-Li Lin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Yang-Ming Chiao-Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan; (H.-W.W.); (K.-C.C.)
- Correspondence: (C.-L.L.)
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