How Cancer Supportive and Palliative Care is Developed: Comparing the Policy-Making Process in Three Countries from Three Continents

The expression of 'policy' in palliative care: A critical review

The importance of 'policy' within palliative care has steadily increased over the past 25 years. Whilst this has been welcomed within the palliative care field and seen as a route to greater recognition, we focus here on a more critical perspective that challenge the effectiveness of a 'policy turn' in palliative care. Applying Bacchi's "What's the Problem Represented to Be?" (WPR) framework to data from a systematic search, we address the research question, "in what ways has 'policy' been articulated in palliative care literature?". The paper describes the construction of 'the problem' context and reflects critically on the robustness and pragmatic utility of such representations. In particular, we identify five elements as prominent and problematic: (1) a lack of empirical evidence that connects policy to practice; (2) the dominance of 'Global North' approaches; (3) the use of a policy narrative based on 'catastrophe' in justifying the need for palliative care; (4) the use of idealistic and aspirational 'calls to action'; and (5) a disengaged and antagonistic orientation to existing health systems. We conclude by suggesting that the efficacy of palliative care policy could be enhanced via greater emphases on 'Global South' perspectives, 'assets-based' approaches and attention to pragmatic implementation.