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Ahluwalia T, Singh S, Gandhi N, Toy S, Douglass K, Blanchard J, Davey K. Violence in the emergency department: a quantitative survey study of healthcare providers in India. Int J Emerg Med 2024; 17:83. [PMID: 38961384 PMCID: PMC11223359 DOI: 10.1186/s12245-024-00653-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Workplace violence (WPV) in Emergency Departments (EDs) is an increasingly recognized challenge healthcare providers face in low-resource settings. While studies have highlighted the increased prevalence of WPV in healthcare, most of the existing research has been conducted in developed countries with established laws and repercussions for violence against healthcare providers. More data on WPV against ED providers practicing in low-resource settings is necessary to understand these providers' unique challenges. OBJECTIVE This study aims to gain insight into the incidence and characteristics of WPV among ED healthcare providers in India. METHODS This study was conducted at two EDs in geographically distinct regions of India. A survey was designed to assess violence in EDs among healthcare providers. Surveys were distributed to ED workplace providers, completed by hand, and returned anonymously. Data was entered and stored in the RedCAP database to facilitate analysis. RESULTS Two hundred surveys were completed by physicians, nurses, and paramedics in Indian EDs. Most reported events involved verbal abuse (68%), followed by physical abuse (26%), outside confrontation (17%), and stalking (5%). By far, the most common perpetrators of violence against healthcare workers were bystanders including patient family members or other accompanying individuals. Notably, reporting was limited, with most cases conveyed to ED or hospital administration. CONCLUSION These results underscore the prevalence of WPV among Indian ED healthcare providers. High rates of verbal abuse followed by physical abuse are of concern. Most perpetrators of WPV against healthcare providers in this study were patient family members or bystanders rather than the patients themselves. It is imperative to prioritize implementing prevention strategies to create safer work environments for healthcare workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Ahluwalia
- Children's National Health System, Division of Emergency Medicine, 111 Michigan Avenue, Washington, DC, 20010, USA.
| | | | - Navvin Gandhi
- Meenakshi Mission Hospital and Research Center, Madurai, India
| | - Serkan Toy
- Departments of Basic Science Education & Health Systems and Implementation Science, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA, USA
| | - Katherine Douglass
- Department of Emergency Medicine, George Washington University School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Janice Blanchard
- Department of Emergency Medicine, George Washington University School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Kevin Davey
- Department of Emergency Medicine, George Washington University School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
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Berger S, Grzonka P, Frei AI, Hunziker S, Baumann SM, Amacher SA, Gebhard CE, Sutter R. Violence against healthcare professionals in intensive care units: a systematic review and meta-analysis of frequency, risk factors, interventions, and preventive measures. Crit Care 2024; 28:61. [PMID: 38409034 PMCID: PMC10898135 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-024-04844-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To assess the frequency, risk factors, consequences, and prevention of violence against healthcare workers in intensive care units. METHODS PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, EMBASE, Cochrane, and Web of Science were searched for studies on violence against healthcare workers in adult intensive care units. Risk factors, patient characteristics, and implications for healthcare workers were collected. Study quality, bias, and level of evidence were assessed using established tools. RESULTS Seventy-five studies with 139,533 healthcare workers from 32 countries were included. The overall median frequency of violence was 51% (IQR 37-75%). Up to 97% of healthcare workers experienced verbal violence, and up to 82% were victims of physical violence. Meta-analysis of frequency revealed an average frequency of 31% (95% CI 22-41%) for physical violence, 57% for verbal violence (95% CI 48-66%), and 12% for sexual violence (95% CI 4-23%). Heterogeneity was high according to the I2 statistics. Patients were the most common perpetrators (median 56%), followed by visitors (median 22%). Twenty-two studies reported increased risk ratios of up to 2.3 or odds ratios of up to 22.9 for healthcare workers in the ICU compared to other healthcare workers. Risk factors for experiencing violence included young age, less work experience, and being a nurse. Patients who exhibited violent behavior were often male, older, and physically impaired by drugs. Violence was underreported in up to 80% of cases and associated with higher burnout rates, increased anxiety, and higher turnover intentions. Overall the level of evidence was low. CONCLUSIONS Workplace violence is frequent and underreported in intensive care units, with potential serious consequences for healthcare workers, calling for heightened awareness, screening, and preventive measures. The potential risk factors for violence should be further investigated. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION The protocol for this review was registered with Prospero on January 15, 2023 (ID CRD42023388449).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Berger
- Clinic for Intensive Care, Department of Acute Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Petersgraben 4, 4031, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Pascale Grzonka
- Clinic for Intensive Care, Department of Acute Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Petersgraben 4, 4031, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anja I Frei
- Clinic for Intensive Care, Department of Acute Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Petersgraben 4, 4031, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sabina Hunziker
- Medical Faculty, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Medical Communication and Psychosomatic Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sira M Baumann
- Clinic for Intensive Care, Department of Acute Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Petersgraben 4, 4031, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Simon A Amacher
- Clinic for Intensive Care, Department of Acute Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Petersgraben 4, 4031, Basel, Switzerland
- Medical Communication and Psychosomatic Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Caroline E Gebhard
- Clinic for Intensive Care, Department of Acute Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Petersgraben 4, 4031, Basel, Switzerland
- Medical Faculty, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Raoul Sutter
- Clinic for Intensive Care, Department of Acute Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Petersgraben 4, 4031, Basel, Switzerland
- Medical Faculty, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Debnath A, Alam M, Goyal M, Khokhar A, Lukhmana S. The Prevalence of Violence Against Resident Doctors and Its Subsequent Effects on Patient Management in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Delhi, India. Cureus 2023; 15:e39116. [PMID: 37332416 PMCID: PMC10272938 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.39116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Workplace violence (WPV) is a significant problem for healthcare professionals across the world, regardless of whether they work in developed or developing countries. Studies have shown that in India, up to 75% of doctors have experienced some form of violence in the workplace. The purpose of the present study was to examine the extent of violence against doctors and its impact on patient management. Methodology This cross-sectional study was conducted in a tertiary care hospital in New Delhi in June 2022. A total of 326 resident doctors from six departments were selected using stratified random sampling. Data were collected using a semi-structured interview schedule and a pre-validated questionnaire. Statistical analysis was done using Stata 17, and ethical clearance was obtained from the Institute Ethical Committee. Result Workplace violence was prevalent among healthcare professionals, with 80.4% (95% confidence interval (CI): 75.6%-84.5%) experiencing verbal abuse and 21.7% (95% CI: 17.4%-84.5%) experiencing physical violence. Perceived delays in treatment and patient deaths were the most common causes of violence. Most participants were hesitant to report WPV due to time-consuming reporting processes and a lack of organisational support. WPV had a negative impact on doctors' mental and personal well-being, with 73.3% reporting its negative impact. WPV has led to a decrease in the provision of surgical and medical interventions. Conclusion The study findings suggest that a significant proportion of doctors in a tertiary care hospital in Delhi encounter some form of workplace violence. Despite the high incidence of WPV, reporting of these events remains low due to inadequate support and deficient reporting procedures within healthcare organisations. The negative impact of WPV is not limited to the physicians' psycho-social well-being but extends to their approach to patient care as well. Therefore, taking appropriate actions to prevent WPV is crucial for ensuring the safety and well-being of healthcare professionals and improving patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aninda Debnath
- Community Medicine, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, Delhi, IND
| | - Md Alam
- Community Medicine, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, Delhi, IND
| | - Mohit Goyal
- Community Medicine, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, Delhi, IND
| | - Anita Khokhar
- Community Medicine, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, Delhi, IND
| | - Shveta Lukhmana
- Community Medicine, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, Delhi, IND
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Julia GJ, Rajkumar E, Romate J. Prevalence of violent communication within Indian organisations- A systematic review and meta-analysis. Heliyon 2022; 8:e12336. [PMID: 36636211 PMCID: PMC9830179 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Considering the normalisation of moderate aggression within organisations and the concern of violent occurrences being under-reported in India, violence reflected through coercive language appears to be more frequent than explicit acts of organisational violence. Aim To bring-forth consolidated evidence on the prevalence of violent communication within Indian organisations. Method 1433 articles obtained from four major databases (PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, Web of Science and Google scholar), complemented by 4 records identified through manual searching, were screened according to the PRISMA guidelines. Thirty-four finalised cross-sectional studies (published since 2000) reporting significant findings on the prevalence of violent communication within Indian organisations, underwent a systematic review (by narrative synthesis) and meta-analysis (using the random-effects model in STATA version 17). Results The pooled prevalence of any type of violent communication was 41%. The prevalence of violent communication was higher among males than females (44% vs 28%). Verbal violence was more prevalent than non-verbal violence (36% vs 20%). Subgroup analysis proved prevalence estimate to remain consistent irrespective of the organisational sector, type of organisation, sample size and publication year. However, meta-regression analysis confirmed the sampling method and type of violent communication as potential variables influencing the prevalence rates reported across the studies. All the identified factors influencing the occurrence of violent communication and the corresponding detrimental consequences faced by victims within each organisational sector, endeavour scope for the development of more context-specific prevention strategies. Conclusion As evident from the results, the prevalence of any type of violent communication within Indian organisations is quite high. The present review informs Indian entrepreneurs about the necessity for advocating practices to protect their human resources from the experience of violent communication. Practical implications have been presented for healthcare and educational organisations.
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Qi M, Hu X, Liu J, Wen J, Hu X, Wang Z, Shi X. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the prevalence and risk factors of workplace violence among healthcare workers in China. Front Public Health 2022; 10:938423. [PMID: 35958846 PMCID: PMC9358256 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.938423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The pandemic of COVID-19 has significantly increased the burden on healthcare workers and potentially affect their risk of workplace violence (WPV). This study aimed to explore the prevalence and risk factors of WPV among healthcare workers during the peaking and the remission of the COVID-19 pandemic in China. Methods Using the snowball method, a repeated online questionnaire survey was conducted among Chinese healthcare workers from March 27th to April 26th in 2020 and 2021, respectively. Data included healthcare workers' socio-demographic and occupational characteristics, psychological status, and workplace violence. Results A total of 3006 samples in 2020 and 3465 samples in 2021 were analyzed. In 2020, the prevalence of WPV and witnessing colleagues suffering from WPV among healthcare workers were 64.2% and 79.7% respectively. Compared with 2020, the prevalence decreased by 11.0% and 14.4% in 2021, respectively. Logistic regression showed that WPV in 2020 was influenced by males, long working experience, working in the psychiatric department, direct contact with COVID-19 patients, self-discovery of medical errors, moral injury, depression, and anxiety (minimum OR = 1.22, maximum OR = 2.82). While risk factors of WPV in 2021 included males, working in psychiatric departments, self-discovery of medical errors, moral injury, depression, and anxiety (minimum OR = 1.33, maximum OR = 3.32); and protective factors were holding a master's degree (OR = 0.78) and working in other departments (OR = 0.54). Conclusion This study retains the common effects of WPV among healthcare workers, though after the baptism of the COVID-19 pandemic, the prevalence of WPV among healthcare workers decreased; however, part of the influencing factors changed. In addition, COVID-19 has seriously affected the mental health of healthcare workers, and the effect of mental health problems on WPV should also attract more attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Qi
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Xiuli Hu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Jing Wen
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Xue Hu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Zhizhong Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
- *Correspondence: Zhizhong Wang
| | - Xiuquan Shi
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- Center for Injury Research and Policy & Center for Pediatric Trauma Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, United States
- Xiuquan Shi
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