Effects of lime (Citrus aurantifolia) peel to the expression of mRNA toll-like receptors 4 in balb/c mice-infected Salmonella typhi

Bioactive Components and Their Activities from Different Parts of Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle for Food Development

Citrus aurantifolia is part of the Rutaceae family and belongs to the genus Citrus. It is widely used in food, the chemical industry, and pharmaceuticals because it has a unique flavor and odor. It is nutrient-rich and is beneficial as an antibacterial, anticancer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and insecticide. Secondary metabolites present in C. aurantifolia are what give rise to biological action. Flavonoids, terpenoids, phenolics, limonoids, alkaloids, and essential oils are among the secondary metabolites/phytochemicals discovered in C. aurantifolia. Every portion of the plant's C. aurantifolia has a different composition of secondary metabolites. Environmental conditions such as light and temperature affect the oxidative stability of the secondary metabolites from C. aurantifolia. The oxidative stability has been increased by using microencapsulation. The advantages of microencapsulation are control of the release, solubilization, and protection of the bioactive component. Therefore, the chemical makeup and biological functions of the various plant components of C. aurantifolia must be investigated. The aim of this review is to discuss the bioactive components of C. aurantifolia such as essential oils, flavonoids, terpenoids, phenolic, limonoids, and alkaloids obtained from different parts of the plants and their biological activities such as being antibacterial, antioxidant, anticancer, an insecticide, and anti-inflammatory. In addition, various extraction techniques of the compounds out of different parts of the plant matrix as well as the microencapsulation of the bioactive components in food are also provided.

In vivo and in vitro inhibition effect of propolis on Klebsiella pneumoniae: A review

For centuries, propolis has been used to treat various diseases in traditional medicine due to its biological and pharmacological activities. It remains popular because of its potentially beneficial role in human health due to its well-known broad multispectrum properties, including antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, anesthetic, antioxidant, anticancer, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antihepatotoxic, antimutagenic, and antiseptic activity. Numerous studies have examined the antibacterial activity of propolis and its derivatives, which include many natural antimicrobial compounds with broad spectrum activity against different bacterial types. In vitro studies have shown propolis's antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Many studies have examined propolis's effect on inhibiting bacterial growth. Several studies examining propolis's inhibition of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria have shown it to be an effective antimicrobial agent. Klebsiella pneumoniae is a Gram-negative bacterium commonly associated with respiratory infections, particularly in hospital settings. Inappropriate antibiotic use may contribute to the increasing number of bacterial strains resistant to available drugs. This review summarizes the findings of previous studies on propolis and its potential mechanisms in inhibiting K. pneumoniae growth in animals.

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Propolis has a potentially beneficial role in human health.

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Propolis has antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and -negative bacteria.

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Propolis has strong antibacterial activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae infection.

Doxorubicin induced immune abnormalities and inflammatory responses via HMGB1, HIF1-α and VEGF pathway in progressive of cardiovascular damage

Background

Doxorubicin (DOX) is a commonly used treatment for cancer and the mechanism of DOX-induced cardiomyocyte damage in cardiovascular disease is not fully understood. High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), strong induce proinflammatory cytokines via damage associated molecular pattern (DAMP) which its interaction with the receptor of advanced glycation end products (RAGE), that affect cytokine release, and angiogenesis via the role of HMBG1, HIF-1α and VEGF as an important regulator in these cardiac failure processes. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) is plays an important role in the cellular response to systemic oxygen levels of cells and VEGF is an angiogenic factor and can stimulate cellular responses on the surface of endothelial cells will be described

Objective

The aim of this article is to comprehensively review the role of HMGB1, HIF-1α, and VEGF in DOX-induced Cardiovascular Disease and its molecular mechanisms.

Methods

The data in this study were collect by search the keyword combinations of medical subject headings (MeSH) of “HMGB1”, “HIF-1 α”, “VEGF”, “DOX” and “Cardiovascular disease” and relevant reference lists were manually searched in PubMed, EMBASE and Scopus database. All relevant articles in data base above were included and narratively discussed in this review article.

Results

Several articles were revealed that molecular mechanisms of the DOX in cardiomyocyte damage and related to HMGB1, HIF-1α and VEGF and may potential treatment and prevention to cardiovascular disease in DOX intervention.

Conclusion

HMGB1, HIF-1α and VEGF has a pivotal regulator in DOX-induce cardiomyocyte damage and predominantly acts through different pathways. The role of HMGB1 in DOX-induced myocardial damage suggests that HMGB1 is a mediator of DOX-induced damage. In addition, DOX can inhibit HIF-1α activity where DOX can decrease HIF-1α expression and HIF-1α is also responsible for upregulation of several angiogenic factors, including VEGF. VEGF plays an important role in angiogenesis and anti-angiogenesis both in vitro and in vivo and reduces the side effects of DOX markedly. In addition, the administration of anti-angiogenesis will show an inhibitory effect on angiogenesis mediated by the VEGF signaling pathway and triggered by DOX in cells.

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The effect of Doxorubicin (DOX) induced cardiovascular damage via several pathways.

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Cardiovascular damage can involve HMGB1, HIF-1α, and VEGF.

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HMGB1, HIF-1α, and VEGF as a pivotal regulator in DOX-induce cardiomyocyte damage.

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HMGB1, HIF-1α, and VEGF in cardiovascular diseases will be predominantly acting through different pathways.

Increasing Natural Resistance Associated Macrophage Protein 1 serum level after Miana treatment in BALB/c induced Klebsiella pneumoniae experimental research

Background

Miana (Coleus Scutellariodes [L] Benth) inhibits growth of bacterial pathogen inside macrophage.

Objective

The aim of this study is to determine the protein level of Natural Resistance Associated Macrophage Protein 1 (NRAMP1), after administration of Miana extracts in BALB/c mice induced Klebsiella pneumoniae.

Methods

This is an experimental study using animal model with post test-only controlled group design. Twenty healthy adult male BALB/c mice were randomly divided into four groups, negative control group (distilled water), Levofloxacin 100 mg/kg, injection intraperitoneal, first treatment group (Miana leaves extract/MLE 510 mg/kg) and second treatment group (Miana + levofloxacin). MLE were administered via gastric gavage for ten consecutive days. The blood was drawn from each mice on the first day, on the eight day of experiment (2 h after treatment), and at 10 days. The blood sample was examined by ELISA to determine the NRAMP1 protein level. Analysis of the number of lung tissue bacteria used Plate count agar to see the growth of Klebsiella pneumonia.

Results

NRAMP1 protein level in BALB/c mice after administration of Miana extract was increased significantly in after 10 days treatment (p < 0.0001). The highest increasing in protein levels was found in treatment group (Miana + levofloxacin) with an increase before treatment 3036,07 to 10010,30 pg/ml after treatment p < 0,0001.

Conclusion

NRAMP1 protein level in BALB/c mice were highest increasing in protein levels after administration of Miana extract and Levofloxacin compared Miana or Levofloxacin only and clinical impact proved a comparable effect on suppressing Klebsiella pneumoniae growth.

The institutional protocol number of this study is 1010/UN4.6.4.5.31/PP36/2019.

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NRAMP1 was increased significantly in after 10 days treatment of Miana (Coleus scutellaroides (L) Benth).

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NRAMP1 protein level in were highest increasing after administration of Miana and Levofloxacin compared Miana or Levofloxacin only.

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The administration of Levofloxacin and Miana proved a comparable effect on suppressing Klebsiella pneumoniae growth.

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Further study needed to explore in the mRNA expression of NRAMP1 gene after administration of Levofloxacin and Miana.