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TALIB AQ, AL-HUWAIZI HF. Assessment of the Effect of Different Irrigation Protocols on the Penetration of Irrigation Solution into Simulated Lateral Canals (In Vitro Study). Eur Endod J 2024; 9:146 - 153. [PMID: 38219029 PMCID: PMC10938356 DOI: 10.14744/eej.2023.29494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the effectiveness of lateral canal irrigation penetration by conventional needle, passive ultrasonic, sonic endo activator, and Erbium laser (2780nm). METHODS A total of 40 palatal roots of human maxillary first molars were collected and instrumented at a working length of 12 mm by an X1-X4 rotary Protaper Next system (Dentsply, Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland) using the crown-down technique. Artificial lateral canals were made at 2, 4, and 6 mm from the apex on mesial and distal sides using an ISO rotary reamer (Dentsply, Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland; #10 for mesial, #08 for distal). The samples were then cleared using methyl salicylate. A solution of black ink and normal saline was used as an irrigant for the root canal. The percentages of the penetration of the ink into the lateral canals were measured using a stereomicroscope (Q-Scope, Arnhem, The Netherlands) with the aid of program Image J. The Tukey test is used to assess the significant difference between intragroup and intergroup comparisons of different thirds, and the T-test is used to assess the significant difference between every two groups and for the mesial and distal sides of each group. The level of significance was set at 0.05. RESULTS Results showed that none of the activation techniques used resulted in complete lateral canal penetrations; however, on both sides at all thirds, the Erbium laser (2780 nm) achieved the highest results with a highly significant statistical difference (p=0.05) with all other groups, and the least penetration was in the conventional needle group. CONCLUSION The size of the lateral canal is a restricting factor for all activation methods; the best results can be achieved by laser. Conventional needles cannot be used alone to disinfect complex canal anatomy; however, passive ultrasonic and sonic endo activator activations can produce comparable results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Qasim TALIB
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontic, University of Baghdad College of Dentistry, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Hussain F. AL-HUWAIZI
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontic, University of Baghdad College of Dentistry, Baghdad, Iraq
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Awati AS, Dhaded NS, Mokal S, Doddwad PK. Analysis of the depth of penetration of an epoxy resin-based sealer following a final rinse of irrigants and use of activation systems: An in vitro study. JOURNAL OF CONSERVATIVE DENTISTRY AND ENDODONTICS 2024; 27:87-94. [PMID: 38389742 PMCID: PMC10880483 DOI: 10.4103/jcde.jcde_221_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Objective The objective of the study was to compare and evaluate the depth of penetration of an epoxy resin-based sealer following a final rinse of 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and 18% 1-hydroxyethylidene 1, 1-diphosphonate (HEDP), with diode laser and passive ultrasonic activation (PUI): an in vitro confocal laser scanning microscopy study. Materials and Methods Fifty-two extracted human mandibular premolar teeth with single root and single canal were selected. They were disinfected in 0.1% thymol solution, cleaned of calculus and soft tissues, and stored in 0.1% thymol solution till use. All teeth were radiographed and selected as per the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The teeth were decoronated using a diamond disk under copious water spray to acquire a standardized root length of 14 mm. Working length was established by inserting a size 10-K file into each root canal until it is visible at the apical foramen and by subtracting 1 mm from the recorded length. Instrumentation of the root canal was done till master apical file size of F3 using ProTaper universal, rotary instruments. The canals were irrigated with 2 mL of 3% sodium hypochlorite between successive files. Teeth were randomly divided into four subgroups n = 12 according to the intervention. Passive ultrasonic irrigation and diode laser were used to activate the irrigants. Final irrigation was performed with distilled water. These specimens were examined using confocal laser scanning microscope (OLYMPUS FLUOVIEW FV 3000) for dentinal tubule penetration of the sealer. Two-way ANOVA test and Tukey's multiple post hoc test were used for statistical analysis. Results Highly significant difference was seen between the groups with EDTA and HEDP, with HEDP demonstrating the highest penetration. Among the activation techniques used in this study, PUI showed the highest penetration of the sealer. The least penetration was seen with diode laser activation and EDTA. Conclusions The irrigation activation techniques significantly influence the penetration of sealer into root dentinal tubules. When penetration of sealer with different irrigation techniques and irrigants was evaluated, significant greater level of sealer penetration was attained with PUI activation of HEDP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aishwarya Sanjay Awati
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, KLE VK Institute of Dental Sciences, Belagavi, Karnataka, India
| | - Neha S. Dhaded
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, KLE VK Institute of Dental Sciences, Belagavi, Karnataka, India
| | - Siddhesh Mokal
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, KLE VK Institute of Dental Sciences, Belagavi, Karnataka, India
| | - Preeti Kore Doddwad
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, KLE VK Institute of Dental Sciences, Belagavi, Karnataka, India
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Souparnika DP, Babu BS, Shetty N, Imteyaz F, Parthiban G, Kumar GV. Phytic Acid: A Novel Dentine Conditioning Agent for Glass Ionomer Cement Restorations: An In Vitro Scanning Electron Microscopic Study. JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND BIOALLIED SCIENCES 2023; 15:S391-S395. [PMID: 37654334 PMCID: PMC10466677 DOI: 10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_411_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Various dentin conditioners have been recommended to enhance the bond strength of glass ionomer cement (GIC) to dentin. The purpose of the in vitro study was to determine the efficacy of three dentin conditioners on the microshear bond strength of GIC and the failure patterns of the restoration, as well as the efficacy of removing the smear layer using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Materials and Methods Eighty healthy mandibular premolars were cleaned, isolated, and divided into four groups (n = 20). Flat coronal dentinal surfaces were accomplished by removing the occlusal surface of the crowns. Each group received the following treatment: group 1 with 10% polyacrylic acid; group 2 with 10% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA); group 3 with 1% phytic acid; and group 4 with no conditioning (control). High-strength Fuji IX GIC was applied to the dentin, and samples were thermocycled and de-bonded with a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min employing a shear force. A stereomicroscope and a SEM were used to examine the dentin surface at magnifications of 2000× and 5000×. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), Tukey's post hoc test, and Chi-squared test were used to assess data on microshear bond strength, smear layer removal, and failure modes. Results The bond strength of group 4 was statistically highly significant (P ≤ 0.001) compared to the other groups. However, the differences between groups 2 and 3 were insignificant. Mixed pattern of failure was the least in group 3 (IP6). In group 3, the SEM photomicrograph revealed open dentinal tubules with complete removal of the smear layer. Conclusion The results of the present study affirm that phytic acid enhances the bond strength of GIC restorations and removal of smear layer to a level comparable to EDTA as a dentin conditioner.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. P. Souparnika
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Bangalore Institute of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Binila S. Babu
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Al Azhar Dental College, Thodupuzha, Kerala, India
| | - Nithin Shetty
- Faculty of Dental Science, Ramaiah University of Applied Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Fareeha Imteyaz
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, KLE Society’s Institute of Dental Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Gayathri Parthiban
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, KLE Society’s Institute of Dental Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - G. Vinay Kumar
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, R. V. S. Dental Collage and Hospital, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
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Prasada LK, Pai UAK. Antibiofilm activity of ultrasonic and diode laser activated sodium hypochlorite, chitosan, and chlorhexidine: A confocal laser scanning microscopic in vitro study. JOURNAL OF CONSERVATIVE DENTISTRY AND ENDODONTICS 2023; 26:441-446. [PMID: 37705555 PMCID: PMC10497091 DOI: 10.4103/jcd.jcd_224_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Aim The aim of this study was to assess and compare the effect of ultrasonic and diode laser-activated sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), chitosan, and chlorhexidine (CHX) on the removal of Enterococcus faecalis biofilm adherent to the root canal using a confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). Materials and Methods Root canals in 112 single-rooted teeth were instrumented using a rotary Ni-Ti system. Biofilms of E. faecalis were generated based on an established protocol. Samples were randomly divided into three experimental (n = 28) and one control (n = 28) group based on the irrigation protocol employed and the three experimental groups were further subdivided into subgroups based on the activation protocol (subgroup A - ultrasonic activated and subgroup B - diode laser activated). The groups were Group 1 (control), Group 2 (3% NaOCl for 6 min; subgroup A - activated using a diode laser, subgroup B - ultrasonic activation), Group 3 (2% CHX for 6 min; subgroup A - activated using a diode laser, subgroup B - ultrasonic activation), and Group 4 (0.2% chitosan for 6 min; subgroup A - activated using a diode laser, subgroup B - ultrasonic activation. Confocal laser scanning microscopy was used to assess bacterial viability in situ. Data were analyzed by appropriate statistical analyses with P = 0.05. Results All experimental irrigation protocols destroyed the biofilm in the root canal lumen. Within the dentinal tubules, all groups had a significantly higher percentage of dead bacteria than the saline control (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference between CHX activated with ultrasonics, CHX activated with a diode laser, chitosan activated with ultrasonics and chitosan activated with diode laser groups (P > 0.05), whereas NaOCl ultra and NaOCl diode groups brought about more bacterial reduction than other groups (P < 0.05). The mean effectiveness and the bacterial kill ability were seen highest for the NaOCl activated with the ultrasonics group. There was no significant difference between diode laser activation and ultrasonic activation in CHX activated with ultrasonics, CHX activated with a diode laser, chitosan activated with ultrasonics and chitosan activated with diode laser groups (P > 0.05), but there was a significant difference between diode laser and ultrasonic activation in NaOCl group. Ultrasonic activation of the NaOCl was more effective than diode activation in reducing E. feacalis biofilms (P < 0.05). Conclusions The use of NaOCl with the activation by ultrasonics caused the greatest reduction of E. faecalis. Ultrasonic activation was found superior to diode laser activation in dentinal tubule disinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Krishna Prasada
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, K. V. G. Dental College and Hospital, Sullia, Karnataka, India
| | - U. Akshay Kumar Pai
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, K. V. G. Dental College and Hospital, Sullia, Karnataka, India
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Shekhar S, Mallya PL, Ballal V, Shenoy R. To evaluate and compare the effect of 17% EDTA, 10% citric acid, 7% maleic acid on the dentinal tubule penetration depth of bio ceramic root canal sealer using confocal laser scanning microscopy: an in vitro study. F1000Res 2022; 11:1561. [PMID: 36875990 PMCID: PMC9978241 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.127091.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: The main factors that affect the success of an endodontic infection are effective cleaning and shaping of the root canal system including complete disinfection by using chemical irrigating solutions and obturation with an endodontic sealer to provide a fluid-tight seal. Using rotary and hand instruments for shaping and cleaning the root canal along with irrigants produces a smear layer on the surface of root dentin affecting the penetration of the endodontic sealer into the dentinal tubules. This smear is difficult to remove with the use of only endodontic irrigants, hence, chelating agents were introduced in adjunct with irrigating solutions for irrigation protocol for effective removal of smear layer which effect the penetration of endodontic sealers into the dentinal tubules. Methods: 32 mandibular premolar teeth were used. The biomechanical preparation was done till Protaper F3 size. Irrigation was done with 2.5 mL sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) solution after each instrumentation change for 1 min. Samples were then divided into 4 groups according to the irrigating solution used as the final rinse used with passive ultrasonic agitation. The groups were: Group I: 5 ml of saline, Group II: 5ml of 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, Group III: 5 ml of 10% citric acid, Group IV: 5 ml of 7% maleic acid each for one minute. All the canals were obturated with BioRoot tmRCS with gutta-percha using the ultrasonic condensation technique. For staining the samples for Confocal LASER microscopy, BioRoot tmRCS was mixed with Rhodamine B dye. Results: The maximum penetration of bio-ceramic sealer was observed in the coronal region. At the apical third, the maximum sealer penetration was seen with 7% maleic acid. Conclusions: Maximum sealer penetration was seen in the coronal section followed by the middle and apical section. Maximum sealer penetration was seen with 7 % maleic acid at the apical third.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivangi Shekhar
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 575001, India
| | - P. Laxmish Mallya
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 575001, India
| | - Vasudev Ballal
- Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Ramya Shenoy
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 575001, India
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Soliman A, Rabie M, Hassan HY. Smear Layer Removal by 1% Phytic Acid after Root Canal Preparation with Three Different Rotary Systems. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2022.9524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM: This study compared the removal of the smear layer using 1% phytic acid or 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) after root canal instrumentation with SmartTrack X3, Endo*star E, and ProTaper Gold rotary systems using an environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM).
METHODS: Sixty single-rooted unidentified extracted human maxillary anterior teeth were selected. The length of all the roots used was adjusted to 16 mm from the apex. Modified access cavities were done. Roots were equally and randomly allocated to three main groups (n = 20) corresponding to the rotary systems: group A1, SmartTrack X3; group A2, Endo*star E3; and group A3, ProTaper Gold. Each group was divided into two equal subgroups (n = 10), corresponding to the chelating agents applied as a final rinse: subgroup B1, 1% phytic acid, and subgroup B2, 17% EDTA. Roots were split in a buccolingual direction into two equal halves and examined under ESEM in the presence or absence of a smear layer at the cervical, middle, and apical segments.
RESULTS: 1% Phytic acid and 17% EDTA recorded no statistically significant for removing the smear layer. For all subgroups, there was a significant difference in smear layer removal and more open dentinal tubules in the cervical segment versus the apical segment.
CONCLUSION: In smear layer removal from root canals, 1% phytic acid was effective as 17% EDTA in smear layer removal form root canals after SmartTrack X3, Endo*star E3, or ProTaper Gold rotary systems instrumentation.
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Effectiveness of Different Irrigant Activation Systems on Smear Layer Removal: A Scanning Electron Microscopic Study. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11041003. [PMID: 35207275 PMCID: PMC8879012 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11041003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of smear layer removal after the use of different irrigation methods (passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI), continuous ultrasonic irrigation (CUI), apical negative pressure irrigation and conventional irrigation) using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) as an analytical tool. A total of 100 single-canal teeth were decoronated and randomly divided into five groups (n = 20) according to the irrigation method used: conventional irrigation with front outlet syringe, conventional irrigation with lateral outlet syringe, apical negative pressure irrigation (EndoVac), PUI with Irrisafe and CUI with ProUltra PiezoFlow ultrasonic irrigation needle. Root canal preparation was performed with the ProTaper Gold system up to the F4 instrument, and 5.25% NaOCl was used as an irrigant. After chemical-mechanical preparation, the roots were split longitudinally, and the coronal, middle and apical thirds were examined. SEM digital photomicrographs were taken at ×1000 magnification to evaluate the amount of smear layer in each root canal third; CUI significantly removed more smear layer than any other irrigant activation protocol (p < 0.05); CUI was more effective in removing the smear layer than the other irrigation protocols. However, none of the irrigation protocols were able to produce root canals completely free from smear layer.
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Akçay A, Gorduysus M, Aydin B, Gorduysus MO. Evaluation of different irrigation techniques on dentin erosion and smear layer removal: A scanning electron microscopy study. J Conserv Dent 2022; 25:311-316. [PMID: 35836563 PMCID: PMC9274701 DOI: 10.4103/jcd.jcd_127_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim The purpose of the present study is to evaluate the effectiveness of different irrigation techniques EndoVac, RinsEndo, Canal CleanMax (CCMax), SonicMax, Passive Ultrasonic Irrigation (PUI), and Manual Needle Irrigation (MNI) on dentin erosion and smear layer removal using Scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Materials and Methods Seventy extracted single-rooted teeth were instrumented with ProTaper rotary instruments. The roots were randomly divided into six experimental groups (n = 10): EndoVac, RinsEndo, CCMax, SonicMax, PUI, and MNI. Final irrigation was performed with NaOCl followed by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and NaOCl. Six roots served as control and were irrigated with only NaOCl. Next, the roots were sectioned in a buccolingual direction and the halves were examined by SEM. Smear layer and erosion scores were recorded in the cervical, middle and apical third of the roots. Data analysis was performed using the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U-tests with a level of significance α = 0.05. Results PUI had the greatest amount of smear layer compared to other groups (P < 0.001). However, SonicMax had the greatest degree of erosion compared to RinsEndo, MNI, PUI, and EndoVac groups (P < 0.001) and CCMax group (P < 0.05). Conclusions RinsEndo and EndoVac techniques left the least amount of smear layer while causing erosion the least compared to CCMax, PUI, and MNI techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alper Akçay
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Melahat Gorduysus
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey,Address for correspondence: Dr. Melahat Gorduysus, Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Hacettepe University, Sihhiye 06100, Ankara, Turkey. E-mail:
| | - Berdan Aydin
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Omer Gorduysus
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, College of Dental Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
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Nanoparticles in Dentistry: A Comprehensive Review. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14080752. [PMID: 34451849 PMCID: PMC8398506 DOI: 10.3390/ph14080752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, nanoparticles (NPs) have been receiving more attention in dentistry. Their advantageous physicochemical and biological properties can improve the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of numerous oral diseases, including dental caries, periodontal diseases, pulp and periapical lesions, oral candidiasis, denture stomatitis, hyposalivation, and head, neck, and oral cancer. NPs can also enhance the mechanical and microbiological properties of dental prostheses and implants and can be used to improve drug delivery through the oral mucosa. This paper reviewed studies from 2015 to 2020 and summarized the potential applications of different types of NPs in the many fields of dentistry.
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Chatterjee S, Desai P, Mukherjee S, Mazumdar P, Sengupta P. Evaluation of debris and smear layer formation using three different NI-TI rotary instrument systems: An in vitro scanning electron microscope study. J Conserv Dent 2021; 24:568-575. [PMID: 35558662 PMCID: PMC9089777 DOI: 10.4103/jcd.jcd_510_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The aim of the study is to evaluate of debris and smear layer formation after using rotary ProTaper Universal, Twisted File, and XP Endo file systems under scanning electron microscope. Materials and Methods: Forty freshly extracted mandibular second premolar teeth were taken to decoronate at the cementoenamel junction to make the remaining root length 15 mm. Specimens were divided into four groups of 10 teeth each, Group I (control) – no instrumentation. Group II – ProTaper Universal rotary file (F2), Group III – twisted file (ISO size 0.25 and 6% taper), Group IV – XP Endo file (ISO size 0.25). During instrumentation, 5 ml normal saline was used as irrigating agent. Grooves parallel to the longitudinal axis of the root were made on the mesial and distal surface of each specimen to split it into two halves and examined under scanning electron microscope at ×1500 and ×5000 magnification. Photomicrographs were taken to evaluate debris and smear layer. Evaluation of photomicrographs was done using a score index. Results: One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare more than one means at a time. Tukey's critical difference followed by ANOVA was used to compare the mean values pair wise. P <0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Among all the file systems, Group II showed maximum amount of debris (3.50 ± 1.109) followed by Group III (2.83 ± 1.238) and least amount was showed by Group IV (2.65 ± 1.122) at all levels (cervical, middle, and apical third). Among all the experimental groups, Group II showed maximum amount of smear layer (2.75 ± 1.149) followed by Group III (2.40 ± 0.982) and least amount of smear layer shown by Group IV (2.10 ± 0.841) at all levels (cervical, middle and apical third), the result was statistically significant (P < 0.05). Conclusions: At all the levels (cervical third, middle third, and apical third), among all the experimental groups, highest amount of debris and smear layer was formed by ProTaper Universal rotary file followed by Twisted file and least amount showed by XP Endo file system. In all the levels, control group showed highest amount of debris but least amount of smear layer.
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Kaushal R, Bansal R, Malhan S. A comparative evaluation of smear layer removal by using ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid, citric acid, and maleic acid as root canal irrigants: An in vitro scanning electron microscopic study. J Conserv Dent 2020; 23:71-78. [PMID: 33223646 PMCID: PMC7657419 DOI: 10.4103/jcd.jcd_43_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Irrigants remove or dissolve smear layer formed during instrumentation. Thus it is important to study the effect of different irrigant solutions on smear layer removal. Objectives: The aim of this study is to determine which irrigant effectively removes the smear layer from the coronal, middle, and apical third of the root canal. Materials and Methodology: One hundred and twenty single-rooted mandibular premolars were decoronated and biomechanical preparation was done through hand instrumentation up to size 40 k file with 2.5% NaOCl irrigation between each successive filing, followed by irrigation with 5 ml of saline. The teeth were divided into Groups I, II, III, and IV containing 30 samples each and irrigated with 5 ml of 17% ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), 10% Citric acid, 7% Maleic acid and normal saline respectively for 1 min and final irrigation was done with 5 ml of distilled water of each sample. The canals were dried with 2% absorbent paper points. The roots were then split with a chisel and mallet. One-half of each tooth was selected and then was analyzed using a scanning electron microscope. The dentinal surfaces were observed at the cervical, middle, and apical third with ×2000 for the smear layer. The scores were attributed, according to Torabinejad et al. rating system. Results: 7% maleic acid and 10% citric acid both are equally effective in smear layer removal from coronal and middle third, but in apical third 7% maleic acid is more effective than 10% citric acid. Between citric acid and EDTA, both are equally effective in smear layer removal from coronal and middle third, but in apical third, 10% citric acid is more efficacious than 17% EDTA. Conclusion: Within the limitations of the study, it can be concluded that all three tested irrigants removed the smear layer from coronal, middle, and apical third. However, in apical third 7% maleic acid is the most efficacious irrigant in smear layer removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravneet Kaushal
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Desh Bhagat Dental College and Hospital, Mandi Gobindgarh, Punjab, India
| | - Ramta Bansal
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Luxmi Bai Institute of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Patiala, Punjab, India
| | - Sunil Malhan
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Desh Bhagat Dental College and Hospital, Mandi Gobindgarh, Punjab, India
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Ratih DN, Enggardipta RA, Kartikaningtyas AT. The Effect of Chitosan Nanoparticle as A Final Irrigation Solution on The Smear Layer Removal, Micro-hardness and Surface Roughness of Root Canal Dentin. Open Dent J 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1874210602014010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background:
Root canal irrigation is one of the most important stages during root canal treatment. One of the requirements of root canal irrigation material is that it can eradicate the smear layer but does not alter the physical properties of the root canal dentin.
Objective:
To investigate the effect of chitosan nanoparticle as a final irrigation solution on the smear layer removal, micro-hardness and surface roughness of root canal dentin.
Methods:
Seventy-two premolars used in this study and divided by three evaluations, namely smear layer removal, micro-hardness and surface roughness. Each study used 24 teeth and was assigned randomly into three groups of eight teeth. Group-1, final irrigation with 17% EDTA; group-2, with 0.2% chitosan nanoparticles; group-3, with 2.5% NaOCl. Specimens were evaluated for smear layer removal, micro-hardness and surface roughness using a Scanning Electron Microscope, Vickers hardness tester and surface roughness measuring instrument, respectively. Data obtained from smear layer removal evaluation were statically analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U and data from micro-hardness and surface roughness were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s test.
Results:
Final irrigation using 0.2% chitosan nanoparticles produced similar smear layer removal than 17% EDTA (P>0.05), but it was greater than 2.5% NaOCl (P<0.05). Chitosan had higher micro-hardness and lower surface roughness than EDTA (P<0.05), but it was the same as 2.5% NaOCl (P>0.05).
Conclusion:
Final irrigation using 0.2% chitosan nanoparticles had the same effect on smear layer removal compared to 17% EDTA; however, 0.2% chitosan produced higher micro-hardness and lower surface roughness of root canal dentin than 17% EDTA.
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