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Ahmad SS, Siddiqui MF, Maqbool F, Ullah I, Adnan F, Albutti A, Alsowayeh N, Rahman Z. Combating Cariogenic Streptococcus mutans Biofilm Formation and Disruption with Coumaric Acid on Dentin Surface. Molecules 2024; 29:397. [PMID: 38257309 PMCID: PMC10818395 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29020397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus mutans, the primary cause of dental caries, relies on its ability to create and sustain a biofilm (dental plaque) for survival and pathogenicity in the oral cavity. This study was focused on the antimicrobial biofilm formation control and biofilm dispersal potential of Coumaric acid (CA) against Streptococcus mutans on the dentin surface. The biofilm was analyzed by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) viability assay, microtiter plate assay, production of extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs), florescence microscopy (surface coverage and biomass μm2) and three-dimensional (3D) surface plots. It was observed that CA at 0.01 mg/mL reduced bacterial growth by 5.51%, whereases at 1 mg/mL, a significant (p < 0.05) reduction (98.37%) was observed. However, at 1 mg/mL of CA, a 95.48% biofilm formation reduction was achieved, while a 73.45% biofilm dispersal (after 24 h. treatment) was achieved against the preformed biofilm. The MTT assay showed that at 1 mg/mL of CA, the viability of bacteria in the biofilm was markedly (p < 0.05) reduced to 73.44%. Moreover, polysaccharide (EPS) was reduced to 24.80 μg/mL and protein (EPS) to 41.47 μg/mL. ImageJ software (version 1.54 g) was used to process florescence images, and it was observed that the biofilm mass was reduced to 213 (μm2); the surface coverage was reduced to 0.079%. Furthermore, the 3D surface plots showed that the untreated biofilm was highly dense, with more fibril-like projections. Additionally, molecular docking predicted a possible interaction pattern of CA (ligand) with the receptor Competence Stimulating Peptide (UA159sp, PDB ID: 2I2J). Our findings suggest that CA has antibacterial and biofilm control efficacy against S. mutans associated with dental plaque under tested conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Sohail Ahmad
- Department of Microbiology, Hazara University, Mansehra 21300, Pakistan; (S.S.A.); (F.M.)
| | | | - Farhana Maqbool
- Department of Microbiology, Hazara University, Mansehra 21300, Pakistan; (S.S.A.); (F.M.)
| | - Ihsan Ullah
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Fazal Adnan
- Atta Ur Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences & Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan;
| | - Aqel Albutti
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia
| | - Noorah Alsowayeh
- Department of Biology, College of Science in Al-Zulfi, Majmaah University, Al-Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Ziaur Rahman
- Department of Microbiology, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan 23200, Pakistan;
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Hage W, Sarkis DK, Kallasy M, Mallah M, Zogheib C. In vitro evaluation of three engineered multispecies endodontic biofilms on a dentinal disk substrate. Biomater Investig Dent 2023; 10:2281091. [PMID: 38204478 PMCID: PMC10763825 DOI: 10.1080/26415275.2023.2281091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was the development of a complex multispecies endodontic biofilm using Candida albicans, Proteus mirabilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa on a biofilm of Enterococcus faecalis in a dentinal substrate design. The endodontic pathology is a biofilm-mediated infection, and the aim of root canal therapy is to reduce, as much as possible, the bacterial population. Thus, it is important to develop a laboratory endodontic biofilm to test the effect of new irrigation and obturation techniques on reduction of bacterial count. The culture of Enterococcus faecalis from ATCC 29212 began with aerobic cultivation on blood agar, followed by transfer to Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) broth with 5% sucrose. Incubation occurred in a shaker at 37 °C for 24 h, followed by an additional 24-h static phase. After 10 d, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans were introduced sequentially in three distinct groups. Group 1: the order of addition was Candida albicans, Proteus mirabilis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Group 2: the order was Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, and Proteus mirabilis; and Group 3: Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans. After 16 days, the biofilm was carefully extracted, transferred to sterile BHI, and dissected using a sterile needle technique. Subsequently, an optical density test, bacterial counts, and colony enumeration were performed on various agar plates. Group 2 in which Pseudomonas aeruginosa was added directly after Enterococcus faecalis followed by Candida albicans and Proteus mirabilis showed significantly greater total bacterial count than the other two groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wajih Hage
- Department of Endodontics, Universite Saint-Joseph, Beirut, Lebanon
| | | | - Mireille Kallasy
- Department of Chemistry, Universite Saint-Joseph, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - May Mallah
- Department of Bacteriology, Universite Saint-Joseph, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Carla Zogheib
- Department of Endodontics, Universite Saint-Joseph, Beirut, Lebanon
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Hage W, Karam Sarkis D, Kallassy M, Mallah M, Zogheib C. In vitro evaluation of enterococcus faecalis growth in different conditions on dentinal substrate. Biomater Investig Dent 2023; 10:2287668. [PMID: 38204472 PMCID: PMC10763833 DOI: 10.1080/26415275.2023.2287668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to find the best growth conditions of Enterococcus faecalis on a dentinal substrate in order to be used for the development of a complex multispecies endodontic biofilm. Fifty two single rooted extracted human teeth and fifty two dentinal disks were mechanically prepared, sterilized, inoculated with Enterococcus faecalis and divided randomly into 8 groups where the substrate, the inoculation technique, the medium type, and the pre-treatment with collagen type I was varied. Bacterial count was evaluated and colonies were counted and confirmed by colony morphology observation on blood agar and Gram staining at 3,7, 14, 21, and 28 days. On day 14 of the culture, the bacterial count showed the highest values in all groups. Root canals and Type 1 collagen pre-treatment and glucose proved to have significant positive effects on the bacterial count compared to dentinal disks and BHI media only. The increase in bacterial count found with the direct inoculation technique was not significantly different from that of the indirect technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wajih Hage
- Departement of Endodontics, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | | | | | - May Mallah
- Departement of Microbiology, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Carla Zogheib
- Departement of Endodontics, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
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Valadbeigi H, Khoshnood S, Negahdari B, Maleki A, Mohammadinejat M, Haddadi MH. Mixed oral biofilms are controlled by the interspecies interactions of Fusobacterium nucleatum. Oral Dis 2023. [PMID: 38009960 DOI: 10.1111/odi.14822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fusobacterium nucleatum (F. nucleatum) is an integral component of supra- and subgingival biofilms, especially more prevalent in subgingival areas during both periodontal health and disease. AIMS In this review, we explore the physical, metabolic, and genetic interactions that influence the role of F. nucleatum in the formation of mixed oral biofilms. The role of F. nucleatum in antibiotic resistance in oral biofilms was discussed and some therapeutic strategies were proposed. METHODS PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and the Web of Science were extensively searched for English-language reports. RESULTS F. nucleatum-derived proteins such as RadD, Fap2, FomA, and CmpA are involved in direct interactions contributing to biofilm formation, while autoinducer-2 and putrescine are involved in metabolic interactions. Both groups are essential for the formation and persistence of oral biofilms. This study highlights the clinical relevance of targeted interactions of F. nucleatum in supra- and subgingival oral biofilms. CONCLUSIONS By focusing on these interactions, researchers and clinicians can develop more effective strategies to prevent biofilm-related disease and reduce the spread of antibiotic resistance. Further research in this area is warranted to explore the potential therapeutic interventions that can be derived from understanding the interactions of F. nucleatum in oral biofilm dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Valadbeigi
- Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Saeed Khoshnood
- Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Babak Negahdari
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Maleki
- Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Medya Mohammadinejat
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, North-Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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Sy K, Chevalier C, Maton M, Mokbel I, Mahieux S, Houcke I, Neut C, Grosgogeat B, Deveaux E, Gritsch K, Agossa K. Therapeutic Potential of Chlorhexidine-Loaded Calcium Hydroxide-Based Intracanal Medications in Endo-Periodontal Lesions: An Ex Vivo and In Vitro Study. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1416. [PMID: 37760713 PMCID: PMC10525524 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12091416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Endo-periodontal lesions are challenging clinical situations where both the supporting tissues and the root canal of the same tooth are infected. In the present study, chlorhexidine (CHX)-loaded calcium hydroxide (CH) pastes were used as intracanal medications (ICMs). They were prepared and tested on pathogens found in both the root canal and the periodontal pocket. Exposure to 0.5% and 1% CHX-loaded ICMs decreased the growth of Porphyromonas gingivalis and was effective in eradicating or inhibiting an Enterococcus faecalis biofilm. CH was injected into the root canal of extracted human teeth immersed in deionized water. CHX-loaded ICMs resulted in the transradicular diffusion of active components outside the tooth through the apex and the lateral dentinal tubules, as shown by the release of CHX (from 3.99 µg/mL to 51.28 µg/mL) and changes in pH (from 6.63 to 8.18) and calcium concentrations (from 2.42 ppm to 14.67 ppm) after 7 days. The 0.5% CHX-loaded ICM was non-toxic and reduced the release of IL-6 by periodontal cells stimulated by P. gingivalis lipopolysaccharides. Results indicate that the root canal may serve as a reservoir for periodontal drug delivery and that CHX-based ICMs can be an adjuvant for the control of infections and inflammation in endo-periodontal lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kadiatou Sy
- U1008, Controlled Drug Delivery Systems and Biomaterials, Inserm, CHU Lille, Université de Lille, 59000 Lille, France; (M.M.); (E.D.); (K.A.)
- Faculté d’Odontologie, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Pôle d′Odontologie, Université Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 69372 Lyon Cedex 08, France; (B.G.); (K.G.)
| | - Charlène Chevalier
- UMR CNRS 5615 Laboratoire des Multimatériaux et Interfaces, Université Lyon 1, 69100 Villeurbanne, France; (C.C.); (I.M.)
| | - Mickaël Maton
- U1008, Controlled Drug Delivery Systems and Biomaterials, Inserm, CHU Lille, Université de Lille, 59000 Lille, France; (M.M.); (E.D.); (K.A.)
| | - Ilham Mokbel
- UMR CNRS 5615 Laboratoire des Multimatériaux et Interfaces, Université Lyon 1, 69100 Villeurbanne, France; (C.C.); (I.M.)
| | - Séverine Mahieux
- U1286 Infinite, Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation, Inserm, CHU Lille, Université de Lille, 59000 Lille, France; (S.M.); (I.H.); (C.N.)
| | - Isabelle Houcke
- U1286 Infinite, Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation, Inserm, CHU Lille, Université de Lille, 59000 Lille, France; (S.M.); (I.H.); (C.N.)
| | - Christel Neut
- U1286 Infinite, Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation, Inserm, CHU Lille, Université de Lille, 59000 Lille, France; (S.M.); (I.H.); (C.N.)
| | - Brigitte Grosgogeat
- Faculté d’Odontologie, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Pôle d′Odontologie, Université Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 69372 Lyon Cedex 08, France; (B.G.); (K.G.)
| | - Etienne Deveaux
- U1008, Controlled Drug Delivery Systems and Biomaterials, Inserm, CHU Lille, Université de Lille, 59000 Lille, France; (M.M.); (E.D.); (K.A.)
| | - Kerstin Gritsch
- Faculté d’Odontologie, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Pôle d′Odontologie, Université Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 69372 Lyon Cedex 08, France; (B.G.); (K.G.)
| | - Kevimy Agossa
- U1008, Controlled Drug Delivery Systems and Biomaterials, Inserm, CHU Lille, Université de Lille, 59000 Lille, France; (M.M.); (E.D.); (K.A.)
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Hage W, Sarkis DK, Kallasy M, Sfeir G, Mallah M, Hachem RE, Khalil I, Zogheib C. Antimicrobial Activity of Five Calcium Silicate Based Root Canal Sealers against a Multispecies Engineered Biofilm: An In Vitro Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2023; 24:707-714. [PMID: 38152946 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10024-3556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
AIM The present study's objective was to compare the impact of CerasealR, total fill BC SealerR, Bio-C SealerR, AH Plus BioceramicR, and K-BiocerR on the elimination of a multispecies' endodontic biofilm at 3, 7 and 14 days. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 20 freshly extracted, caries-free premolars were prepared for the study to create dentinal disks. For the multispecies biofilm formation, Enterococcus faecalis, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans were cultured and used to inoculate hydroxyapatite discs. After incubation, the biofilms were placed on blotting papers in petri dishes with an orthodontic bend. Different root canal sealers, including CeraSeal, total Fill BC Sealer, Bio-C Sealer, AH Plus Bioceramic, K-Biocer, and Sealite, were injected into the bend, facilitating contact with the biofilms. The samples were divided into seven groups, including a negative control. At specific intervals, 3, 7, and 14 days, 3 biofilm samples from each group were collected, diluted, and plated on Agar media for colony counting and analysis. RESULTS In all tested groups, the total bacterial count significantly decreased between day 3 and 14 (p < 0.05) with no statistically significant differences among the different sealers' groups at all-time points for the total bacterial count, E. faecalis count, and P. mirabilis count. However, Sealite demonstrated the most consistent effectiveness in reducing bacterial counts across multiple categories. The sealite group was capable of decreasing the C. albicans count significantly between day 3 and day 14 (p < 0.05) in comparison with the bioceramic groups. CONCLUSION All sealers had antibacterial activity against the multispecies biofilm between day 3 and day 14. The ascending order of sealers in terms of their effectiveness in killing bacteria, based on the provided results, is as follows: Sealite, Bio-C Sealer, AH Plus, CeraSeal, TotalFill, and K-Biocer. However, there were no statistically significant differences in the bacterial counts among the different sealer groups at any time point. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The role of sealers in combating biofilm-associated infections highlights their potential clinical utility in preserving root canal health. Understanding the antimicrobial properties of these sealers is vital for informed decision-making in selecting the most effective materials for improved treatment outcomes and long-term success in endodontic procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wajih Hage
- Department of Endodontics, Saint-Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon. Phone: +961 70 188796, e-mail:
| | - Dolla Karam Sarkis
- Laboratory of Pathogens, Faculty of Pharmacy, Saint-Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Mireille Kallasy
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Saint-Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Germain Sfeir
- Department of Endodontic, Saint-Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - May Mallah
- Department of Microbiological Quality Control of Food, Pharmaceutical and Cosmetic Products, Saint-Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Roula El Hachem
- Department of Endodontic, Saint-Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Issam Khalil
- Department of Endodontic, Saint-Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Carla Zogheib
- Department of Endodontic, Saint-Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
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Balsaraf O, Raghavendra SS, Shah D, Sanjyot M, Balsaraf A. Comparative evaluation of antifungal efficacy of conventional endodontic irrigants and chitosan nanoparticles. J Conserv Dent 2023; 26:226-229. [PMID: 37205888 PMCID: PMC10190093 DOI: 10.4103/jcd.jcd_617_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of 3% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), 2% chlorhexidine (CHX), and chitosan nanoparticles against Candida albicans using the agar disc-diffusion test. Materials and Methods Strain of C. albicans was cultivated in Sabouraud Dextrose Agar. Chitosan nanoparticles were synthesized using an ionic gelation method. Four groups were made according to the irrigants used. Group 1: 3% NaOCl, Group 2: 2% CHX, Group 3: chitosan nanoparticles, and Group 4: saline as control. Discs were added with the different irrigants and placed in a dish containing C. albicans. The plates were incubated at 37°C for 24h. The zone of inhibition was measured in millimeter. Results Statistical analysis was performed using the test of one-way variance (ANOVA) and post hoc Tukey. Group 1 showed significantly higher zone of inhibition compared to Groups 2 and 3 (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences between the zones of inhibition of Groups 2 and 3 (P < 0.05). Conclusion Chitosan nanoparticles and 2% CHX have similar efficacy against C. albicans, whereas 3% NaOCl was significantly better than both chitosan nanoparticles and CHX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omkar Balsaraf
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Dr. D.Y. Patil Dental College, D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Srinidhi Surya Raghavendra
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Dr. D.Y. Patil Dental College, D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Dipali Shah
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Sinhgad Dental College, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Mulay Sanjyot
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Dr. D.Y. Patil Dental College, D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Aishwarya Balsaraf
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Sinhgad Dental College, Pune, Maharashtra, India
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Sai S, Abisha VMJ, Mahalakshmi K, Veronica AK, Susila AV. Treasure from trash - Is Ecoenzyme the new panacea in conservative dentistry and endodontics? J Conserv Dent 2023; 26:176-181. [PMID: 37205894 PMCID: PMC10190087 DOI: 10.4103/jcd.jcd_473_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Context Endodontic biofilm eradication is achieved by chemo-mechanical disinfection. The search for a safer, nontoxic irrigant led us to a natural product, Ecoenzyme. Aim This study aims to analyze Ecoenzyme (EE) and explore its antimicrobial and biofilm disrupting activity against a 1-week mature multi-species biofilm. Materials and Methods Qualitative assessment of the phytochemicals present in EE was conducted. Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration, and zone of inhibition (ZOI) were recorded. Multi-species biofilm of Streptococcus mutans (MTCC 497), Lactobacillus acidophilus (MTCC 10307), and Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 29212) was grown and time-kill assay was performed to test biofilm disruption for EE, 3.5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) (control). Student's t-test and one-way ANOVA with post hoc analysis were conducted for ZOI and time-kill assay, respectively. Statistical significance was set at P ≤ 0.05. Results EE contained secondary metabolites having antibacterial properties. MIC was 25% (S. mutans), 50% (E. faecalis), and >50% (L. acidophilus). EE disrupted ~90% of biofilm species in 5 min of exposure while NaOCl achieved ~99.9% reduction. Further reduction by EE progressed over 20 min after which no viable bacteria in the biofilm was cultivable. Conclusions Lemon peel Ecoenzyme (EE) is antimicrobial with effective biofilm-disrupting properties on a mature multi-species biofilm. However, its effects were slower than 3.5% sodium hypochlorite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamini Sai
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Madha Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - V. M. J. Abisha
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Madha Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Krishnan Mahalakshmi
- Department of Microbiology, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Aruna Kumari Veronica
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Madha Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Anand V. Susila
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Madha Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Non-cytotoxic Root Canal Dressing with Improved Antimicrobial Efficacy. J Endod 2023; 49:205-211. [PMID: 36528174 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2022.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Recurrent endodontic infections are primarily caused by Enterococcus faecalis and are more challenging to treat, compared with primary infection of the root canal system. Calcium hydroxide (CH) is used as an interappointment dressing in endodontics despite its inefficacy against E. faecalis and other pathogens. To improve antimicrobial properties and limit cytotoxicity of CH, we added salicylic acid to CH (CASA) to disinfect the canal. CASA overcomes the main pathogen responsible for recurrent endodontic infections. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of CASA and its cytotoxicity against dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) and its effect on the differentiation potential of DPSCs. METHODS Mature E. faecalis biofilm cultured on dentin chips was exposed to CASA and studied using confocal laser scanning microscopy. The dose-dependency of CASA was also studied using the liquid suspension test. The cytotoxicity was tested against DPSCs, and its effect on the expression of osteocalcin and alkaline phosphatase was studied. RESULTS CASA produced larger zones of inhibition than CH for all species tested and demonstrated superior efficacy than CH against E. faecalis biofilm. Cytotoxicity studies indicated DPSC's high tolerance for CASA; addition of CASA to DPSCs was observed to increase the expression of biological markers related to mineralization. CONCLUSIONS CASA was proved to have superior antibacterial efficacy against E. faecalis when compared with CH. It also increased the expression of some DPSC differentiation markers involved in mineralization.
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Moryl M, Palatyńska-Ulatowska A, Maszewska A, Grzejdziak I, Dias de Oliveira S, Pradebon MC, Steier L, Różalski A, Poli de Figueiredo JA. Benefits and Challenges of the Use of Two Novel vB_Efa29212_2e and vB_Efa29212_3e Bacteriophages in Biocontrol of the Root Canal Enterococcus faecalis Infections. J Clin Med 2022; 11:6494. [PMID: 36362722 PMCID: PMC9658868 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11216494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2024] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Bacteriophage therapy has emerged as a strategy supplementing traditional disinfection protocols to fight biofilms. The aim of the study was to isolate the phages against E. faecalis and to characterize its biological features, morphology, and lytic activity in a formed biofilm model. METHODS E. faecalis ATCC 29212 strain was used for the trial. Two novel vB_Efa29212_2e and vB_Efa29212_3e virulent phages were isolated from urban wastewater and characterized. The E. faecalis biofilm was established in 15 bovine teeth for 21 days. Transmission (TEM) and scanning electron (SEM) microscopes with the colony-forming unit (CFU) counting were used for assessment. RESULTS Isolated phages differed in morphology. Taxonomy for vB_Efa29212_2e (Siphoviridae, Efquatovirus) and for vB_Efa29212_3e (Herelleviridae, Kochikohdavirus) was confirmed. Both phages were stable at a temperature range of 4-50 °C and showed a different tolerance to chemicals: 15% EDTA, 1-3% sodium hypochlorite, and chlorhexidine. SEM analysis showed distortion of bacteria cells after phage inoculation, which proved the lytic activity against E. faecalis. A 54.6% reduction in the E. faecalis biofilm confirmed bacteriophage efficacy against isolates in the ex vivo model. CONCLUSIONS Results strongly support the concept that phage therapy has a real therapeutic potential for the prevention and treatment of E. faecalis-associated infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Moryl
- Department of Biology of Bacteria, Institute of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-237 Lodz, Poland
| | | | - Agnieszka Maszewska
- Department of Biology of Bacteria, Institute of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-237 Lodz, Poland
| | - Iwona Grzejdziak
- Department of Biology of Bacteria, Institute of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-237 Lodz, Poland
| | - Silvia Dias de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Health and Life Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul–PUCRS, Porto Alegre 90619-900, Brazil
| | - Marieli Chitolina Pradebon
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul – UFRGS, Porto Allegre 90010-150, Brazil
| | - Liviu Steier
- Robert Schattner Center, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul—UFRGS, Porto Alegre 90035-003, Brazil
- Center for Transdisciplinary Research (CFTR), Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai 602105, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Antoni Różalski
- Department of Biology of Bacteria, Institute of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-237 Lodz, Poland
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Khan A, Nikhil V, Pandey A, Chaturvedi P. Effectiveness of polyhexamethylene biguanide, chlorhexidine, and calcium hydroxide intracanal medicament against intraradicular mature polymicrobial biofilm: A microbiological study. J Conserv Dent 2022; 25:536-540. [PMID: 36506630 PMCID: PMC9733553 DOI: 10.4103/jcd.jcd_288_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim To compare the effectiveness of different intracanal medicaments against polymicrobial biofilm formed by Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans. Materials and Methods Eighty mature human roots with intraradicular polymicrobial biofilm were randomly assigned into four groups (n = 20). Intracanal medicaments 0.2% polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB), 2% chlorhexidine (CHX), and calcium hydroxide (CH) were applied into the root canals. Collected dentine samples were tested at 7th, 15th, and 30th day for microbial growth, and the colony-forming units per ml (CFU/ml) were determined. Results The CFU/ml data were analyzed using unpaired t-test and one-way ANOVA-F comparison test. All medicaments resulted in a significant reduction (P < 0.05) in microbial growth at all time intervals compared to the control group. CHX and PHMB showed a similar reduction in CFU/ml at 7th and 15th day but significantly more than CH at all time intervals. At 30th day, PHMB caused a significantly more reduction in CFU/ml than CHX. Conclusions All the three tested intracanal medicaments such as CH, CHX, and PHMB Gel were effective in reducing the microbial count. CH has a limited antimicrobial effect against the polymicrobial biofilm found inside the root canal. 2% CHX gel has a time-dependent antimicrobial effect. PHMB has a superior antimicrobial effect in comparison with CHX and CH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleena Khan
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Subharti Dental College and Hospital, Swami Vivekanand Subharti University, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vineeta Nikhil
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Subharti Dental College and Hospital, Swami Vivekanand Subharti University, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India,Address for correspondence: Dr. Vineeta Nikhil, Subharti Dental College and Hospital, Swami Vivekanand Subharti University, NH-58 Bypass Road, Meerut - 250 005, Uttar Pradesh, India. E-mail:
| | - Anita Pandey
- Department of Microbiology, Subharti Medical College and Hospital, Swami Vivekanand Subharti University, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Priyanka Chaturvedi
- Department of Microbiology, Subharti Medical College and Hospital, Swami Vivekanand Subharti University, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India
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