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Ustianowski Ł, Ustianowska K, Gurazda K, Rusiński M, Ostrowski P, Pawlik A. The Role of Vitamin C and Vitamin D in the Pathogenesis and Therapy of Periodontitis-Narrative Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:6774. [PMID: 37047746 PMCID: PMC10094883 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is a common disorder affecting the bone and soft tissues of the periodontal complex. When untreated, it may lead to severe mobility or even loss of teeth. The pathogenesis of periodontitis is complex, with crucial factors being chronic inflammation in gingival and periodontal tissues and oral microbiome alterations. However, recent studies highlight the alleged role of vitamins, such as vitamin C (VitC) and vitamin D (VitD), in the development of the disease. VitC regulates numerous biochemical reactions, but foremost, it is involved in synthesizing collagen. It was reported that VitC deficiency could lead to damage to the periodontal ligaments. VitC supplementation improves postoperative outcomes in patients with periodontitis. VitD is a steroid derivative that can be produced in the skin under ultraviolet radiation and later transformed into an active form in other tissues, such as the kidneys. VitD was established to decrease the expression of proinflammatory cytokines in gingiva and regulate the proper mineral density of teeth. Moreover, the supplementation of VitD was associated with better results in the nonsurgical treatment of periodontitis. In this review, we summarize recent knowledge on the role of vitamins C and D in the pathogenesis and treatment of periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Andrzej Pawlik
- Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
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Küchler EC, Schröder A, Teodoro VB, Nazet U, Scariot R, Spanier G, Proff P, Kirschneck C. The role of 25-hydroxyvitamin-D3 and vitamin D receptor gene in human periodontal ligament fibroblasts as response to orthodontic compressive strain: an in vitro study. BMC Oral Health 2021; 21:386. [PMID: 34362362 PMCID: PMC8344219 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-021-01740-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study aimed to investigate, if different physiological concentrations of vitamin D (25(OH)D3) and single nucleotide polymorphisms in vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene have an impact on gene expression in human periodontal ligament (hPDL) fibroblasts induced by simulated orthodontic compressive strain.
Methods A pool of hPDL fibroblasts was treated in absence or presence of 25(OH)D3 in 3 different concentrations (10, 40 and 60 ng/ml). In order to evaluate the role of single nucleotide polymorphisms in the VDR gene, hPDL fibroblasts from 9 patients were used and treated in absence or presence of 40 ng/ml 25(OH)D3. Each experiment was performed with and without simulated orthodontic compressive strain. Real-time PCR was used for gene expression and allelic discrimination analysis. Relative expression of dehydrocholesterol reductase (DHCR7), Sec23 homolog A, amidohydrolase domain containing 1 (AMDHD1), vitamin D 25-hydroxylase (CYP2R1), Hydroxyvitamin D-1-α hydroxylase, receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL), osteoprotegerin (OPG), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and interleukin-6 (IL6) was assessed. Three single nucleotide polymorphisms in VDR were genotyped. Parametric or non-parametric tests were used with an alpha of 5%. Results RANKL, RANKL:OPG ratio, COX-2, IL-6, DHCR7, CYP2R1 and AMDHD1 were differentially expressed during simulated orthodontic compressive strain (p < 0.05). The RANKL:OPG ratio was downregulated by all concentrations (10 ng/ml, 40 ng/ml and 60 ng/ml) of 25(OH)D3 (mean = 0.96 ± 0.68, mean = 1.61 ± 0.66 and mean = 1.86 ± 0.78, respectively) in comparison to the control (mean 2.58 ± 1.16) (p < 0.05). CYP2R1 gene expression was statistically modulated by the different 25(OH)D3 concentrations applied (p = 0.008). Samples from individuals carrying the GG genotype in rs739837 presented lower VDR mRNA expression and samples from individuals carrying the CC genotype in rs7975232 presented higher VDR mRNA expression (p < 0.05). Conclusions Simulated orthodontic compressive strain and physiological concentrations of 25(OH)D3 seem to regulate the expression of orthodontic tooth movement and vitamin-D-related genes in periodontal ligament fibroblasts in the context of orthodontic compressive strain. Our study also suggests that single nucleotide polymorphisms in the VDR gene regulate VDR expression in periodontal ligament fibroblasts in the context of orthodontic compressive strain. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12903-021-01740-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Calvano Küchler
- Department of Orthodontics, University of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Agnes Schröder
- Department of Orthodontics, University of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Ute Nazet
- Department of Orthodontics, University of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Rafaela Scariot
- Department of Stomatology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Gerrit Spanier
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Peter Proff
- Department of Orthodontics, University of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Christian Kirschneck
- Department of Orthodontics, University of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany.
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Qi G, Yu K, Feng Y, Zhang Y, Shao Q, Yu M, Wang Y, Ren L, Zhu D, Yang G, Jiang Z. 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 promotes early osteogenic differentiation of PDLSCs and a 12-year follow-up case of early-onset vitamin D deficiency periodontitis. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 208:105805. [PMID: 33486080 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2020.105805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Periodontitis is a chronic periodontal disease that contributes to tooth loss. In recent years, many animal studies have reported that vitamin D (VitD) deficiency results in chronic periodontitis. However, no studies have reported cases of early-onset periodontitis with VitD deficiency. This study reports a 5-year-old male patient with early-onset periodontitis, VitD deficiency and VitD receptor (VDR) mutation. The patient was treated with VitD and calcium, and received systematic periodontal treatment. During the 12-year treatment, the periodontal conditions of this patient were stable. Our in vitro study found that VitD could promote the expression of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2), bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2), bone gamma-carboxyglutamate protein (BGLAP), and VDR in the early osteogenic differentiation of periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs). Meanwhile, VitD could downregulate mRNA expression levels of Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Interleukin-8 (IL-8), Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and protein levels of IL-6 in the tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) -induced inflammation of PDLSCs. Therefore, sufficient VitD supply can be a potential treatment for VitD deficiency induced early-onset periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganggang Qi
- The Affiliated Stomatology Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yan'an Road, Hangzhou, 310000, Zhejiang Province, China; Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Stomatology, China
| | - Ke Yu
- The Affiliated Stomatology Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yan'an Road, Hangzhou, 310000, Zhejiang Province, China; Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Stomatology, China
| | - Yuting Feng
- The Affiliated Stomatology Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yan'an Road, Hangzhou, 310000, Zhejiang Province, China; Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Stomatology, China
| | - Yanmin Zhang
- The Affiliated Stomatology Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yan'an Road, Hangzhou, 310000, Zhejiang Province, China; Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Stomatology, China
| | - Qin Shao
- The Affiliated Stomatology Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yan'an Road, Hangzhou, 310000, Zhejiang Province, China; Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Stomatology, China
| | - Mengjia Yu
- The Affiliated Stomatology Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yan'an Road, Hangzhou, 310000, Zhejiang Province, China; Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Stomatology, China
| | - Yang Wang
- The Affiliated Stomatology Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yan'an Road, Hangzhou, 310000, Zhejiang Province, China; Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Stomatology, China
| | - Lingfei Ren
- The Affiliated Stomatology Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yan'an Road, Hangzhou, 310000, Zhejiang Province, China; Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Stomatology, China
| | - Danji Zhu
- The Affiliated Stomatology Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yan'an Road, Hangzhou, 310000, Zhejiang Province, China; Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Stomatology, China
| | - Guoli Yang
- The Affiliated Stomatology Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yan'an Road, Hangzhou, 310000, Zhejiang Province, China; Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Stomatology, China.
| | - Zhiwei Jiang
- The Affiliated Stomatology Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yan'an Road, Hangzhou, 310000, Zhejiang Province, China; Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Stomatology, China.
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Botelho J, Machado V, Proença L, Delgado AS, Mendes JJ. Vitamin D Deficiency and Oral Health: A Comprehensive Review. Nutrients 2020; 12:E1471. [PMID: 32438644 PMCID: PMC7285165 DOI: 10.3390/nu12051471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D (VD) levels have been gaining growing attention in Oral Health. During growth and adulthood, VD deficiency (VDD) is associated with a wide variety of oral health disorders, and impaired VD synthesis may expedite some of these conditions. In children, severe VDD can induce defective tooth mineralization, resulting in dentin and enamel defects. As a consequence, these defects may increase the risk of the onset and progression of dental caries. Further, VDD has been associated with higher prevalence of periodontitis and gingival inflammation, and several recent preclinical and clinical studies have unveiled potential pathways through which Vitamin D may interact with the periodontium. VDD correction through supplementation may contribute to a successful treatment of periodontitis; however, alveolar bone regeneration procedures performed in baseline VDD patients seem more prone to failure. Vitamin D may also be linked with some oral pathology entities such as certain oral cancers and events of osteonecrosis of the jaw. This review aims to provide comprehensive evidence of how VD levels should be considered to promote good oral health, and to summarize how VDD may hamper oral development and its role in certain oral conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Botelho
- Periodontology Department, Clinical Research Unit (CRU), Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Egas Moniz—Cooperativa de Ensino Superior, 2829-511 Caparica, Almada, Portugal;
- CRU, CiiEM, Egas Moniz—Cooperativa de Ensino Superior, 2829-511 Caparica, Almada, Portugal; (A.S.D.); (J.J.M.)
| | - Vanessa Machado
- Periodontology Department, Clinical Research Unit (CRU), Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Egas Moniz—Cooperativa de Ensino Superior, 2829-511 Caparica, Almada, Portugal;
- CRU, CiiEM, Egas Moniz—Cooperativa de Ensino Superior, 2829-511 Caparica, Almada, Portugal; (A.S.D.); (J.J.M.)
- Orthodontics Department, CRU, CiiEM, Egas Moniz–Cooperativa de Ensino Superior, 2829-511 Caparica, Almada, Portugal
| | - Luís Proença
- Quantitative Methods for Health Research Unit (MQIS), CiiEM, Egas Moniz—Cooperativa de Ensino Superior, 2829-511 Caparica, Almada, Portugal;
| | - Ana Sintra Delgado
- CRU, CiiEM, Egas Moniz—Cooperativa de Ensino Superior, 2829-511 Caparica, Almada, Portugal; (A.S.D.); (J.J.M.)
- Orthodontics Department, CRU, CiiEM, Egas Moniz–Cooperativa de Ensino Superior, 2829-511 Caparica, Almada, Portugal
| | - José João Mendes
- CRU, CiiEM, Egas Moniz—Cooperativa de Ensino Superior, 2829-511 Caparica, Almada, Portugal; (A.S.D.); (J.J.M.)
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