1
|
Jepsen K, Falk W, Brune F, Cosgarea R, Fimmers R, Bekeredjian-Ding I, Jepsen S. Prevalence and Antibiotic Susceptibility Trends of Selected Enterobacteriaceae, Enterococci, and Candida albicans in the Subgingival Microbiota of German Periodontitis Patients: A Retrospective Surveillance Study. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11030385. [PMID: 35326848 PMCID: PMC8944811 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11030385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The periodontal microbiota is ecologically diverse and may facilitate colonization by bacteria of enteric origin (Enterobacteriaceae, Enterococci) and co-infections with Candida albicans, possibly producing subgingival biofilms with high antimicrobial tolerance. This retrospective surveillance study followed periodontitis-associated superinfection profiles in a large patient sample. From 2008 to 2015, biofilm samples from deep periodontal pockets were collected from a total of 16,612 German adults diagnosed with periodontitis. The presence of selected Enterobacteriaceae, Enterococci, and Candida albicans was confirmed in overnight cultures. Antimicrobial susceptibility of these clinical isolates was tested by disk diffusion with antibiotics routinely used for treatment of oral infections, e.g., amoxicillin (AML), amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (AMC), doxycycline (DO), and ciprofloxacin (CIP). The mean annual prevalence of patients harboring Enterobacteriaceae in periodontal plaques was 11.5% in total and ranged from 2.5% for Enterobacter cloacae to 3.6% for Klebsiella oxytoca, 1.1% for Klebsiella pneumoniae, 2.8% for Serratia marcescens, and 1.5% for Serratia liquefaciens. In comparison, the mean detection rates for microbiota typically found in the oral cavity were higher, e.g., 5.6% for Enterococcus spp. and 21.8% for Candida albicans. Among the Enterobacteriaceae, species harboring intrinsic resistance to AML (Enterobacter spp., Klebsiella spp., Serratia spp.) were predominant. Non-susceptibility to AMC was observed for Serratia spp. and Enterobacter cloacae. By contrast, Enterococcus spp. only showed non-susceptibility to DO and CIP. Trends for increasing resistance were found to AML in Serratia liquefaciens and to DO in Enterococcus spp. Trend analysis showed decreasing resistance to AMC in Serratia liquefaciens and Klebsiella oxytoca; and to DO in Serratia marcescens, liquefaciens, and Enterobacter cloacae. This study confirms the low but consistent presence of Enterobacteriaceae and Enterococci among the subgingival microbiota recovered from periodontitis specimen. Although their pathogenetic role in periodontal lesions remains unclear, their presence in the oral cavity should be recognized as a potential reservoir for development and spread of antibiotic resistance in light of antibiotic usage in oral infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karin Jepsen
- Department of Periodontology, Operative and Preventive Dentistry, University Hospital Bonn, Welschnonnenstrasse 17, 53111 Bonn, Germany; (F.B.); (R.C.); (S.J.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-228-287-22480
| | - Wolfgang Falk
- Service Laboratory, Center for Oral & Dental Microbiology, 24103 Kiel, Germany;
| | - Friederike Brune
- Department of Periodontology, Operative and Preventive Dentistry, University Hospital Bonn, Welschnonnenstrasse 17, 53111 Bonn, Germany; (F.B.); (R.C.); (S.J.)
| | - Raluca Cosgarea
- Department of Periodontology, Operative and Preventive Dentistry, University Hospital Bonn, Welschnonnenstrasse 17, 53111 Bonn, Germany; (F.B.); (R.C.); (S.J.)
- Clinic for Periodontology and Peri-Implant Diseases, Philipps University Marburg, 35039 Marburg, Germany
- Clinic of Prosthodontics, Iuliu Hatieganu University Cluj-Napoca, 40006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Rolf Fimmers
- Institute for Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemiology, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany;
| | - Isabelle Bekeredjian-Ding
- Division of Microbiology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany;
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Søren Jepsen
- Department of Periodontology, Operative and Preventive Dentistry, University Hospital Bonn, Welschnonnenstrasse 17, 53111 Bonn, Germany; (F.B.); (R.C.); (S.J.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Molecular characterization of Enterobacteriaceae isolated from gingivitis and periodontitis patients and the antimicrobial activity of mouth wash agents. SCIENTIFIC AFRICAN 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2022.e01106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
3
|
Espíndola LCP, Picão RC, Mançano SMCN, Martins do Souto R, Colombo APV. Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of Gram-negative bacilli in subgingival biofilm associated with periodontal diseases. J Periodontol 2021; 93:69-79. [PMID: 33955542 DOI: 10.1002/jper.20-0829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This cross-sectional study aimed to determine the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of Gram-negative bacilli (GNB) isolated from subgingival biofilm of individuals with different periodontal conditions. METHODS Subgingival biofilm was obtained from 362 individuals with periodontal health (PH) (n = 83), gingivitis (n = 74), and periodontitis (n = 205), cultivated in broth and selective media. Isolated strains were identified by mass spectrometry. Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute disk diffusion guidelines. Production of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) and carbapenemases were evaluated by double disk synergy test and spectrophotometric detection of imipenem hydrolysis, respectively. ESBL and carbapenemase encoding genes were surveyed by Polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Differences among groups were examined by Chi-square, Kruskal-Wallis or Mann-Whitney tests. RESULTS GNB were isolated from 36.2% of all subgingival biofilm samples, with a significantly greater prevalence and species diversity (P < 0.001) in patients with periodontitis (45.9%) compared with individuals with PH (24.1%) and gingivitis (22.9%). Pseudomonas aeruginosa (27.5%), Enterobacter cloacae (16.8%), and Enterobacter asburiae (10.7%) were the most predominant species. Resistance/reduced sensitivity to at least 1 antimicrobial was detected in 60% of the strains, but only 4.6% were multidrug resistant. Serratia marcescens, E. cloacae, and Enterobacter kobei presented high rates of intrinsic resistance (>40%) to amoxicillin-clavulanate and first/second-generations of cephalosporins. One strain of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from periodontitis was resistant to imipenem, but no ESBL encoding genes or ESBL phenotype was detected. CONCLUSION High prevalence and diversity of GNB, with low susceptibility to β-lactams are observed in the subgingival microbiota associated with periodontitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laís Christina Pontes Espíndola
- School of Dentistry, Department of Clinics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Institute of Microbiology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Renata Cristina Picão
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Renata Martins do Souto
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Vieira Colombo
- School of Dentistry, Department of Clinics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Institute of Microbiology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Presence of non-oral bacteria in the oral cavity. Arch Microbiol 2021; 203:2747-2760. [PMID: 33791834 PMCID: PMC8012020 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-021-02300-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A homeostatic balance exists between the resident microbiota in the oral cavity and the host. Perturbations of the oral microbiota under particular conditions can contribute to the growth of non-oral pathogens that are hard to kill because of their higher resistance to antimicrobials, raising the probability of treatment failure and reinfection. The presence of these bacteria in the oral cavity has been proven to be associated with several oral diseases such as periodontitis, caries, and gingivitis, and systemic diseases of importance in clinical medicine such as cystic fibrosis, HIV, and rheumatoid arthritis. However, it is still controversial whether these species are merely transient members or unique to the oral cavity. Mutualistic and antagonistic interactions between the oral microbiota and non-oral pathogens can also occur, though the mechanisms used by these bacteria are not clear. Therefore, this review presents an overview of the current knowledge about the presence of non-oral bacteria in the oral cavity, their relationship with systemic and oral diseases, and their interactions with oral bacteria.
Collapse
|
5
|
Rowińska I, Szyperska-Ślaska A, Zariczny P, Pasławski R, Kramkowski K, Kowalczyk P. The Influence of Diet on Oxidative Stress and Inflammation Induced by Bacterial Biofilms in the Human Oral Cavity. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:1444. [PMID: 33809616 PMCID: PMC8001659 DOI: 10.3390/ma14061444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The article is a concise compendium of knowledge on the etiology of pathogenic microorganisms of all complexes causing oral diseases. The influence of particular components of the diet and the role of oxidative stress in periodontal diseases were described. The study investigated the bacteriostatic effect of the diet of adults in in vivo and in vitro tests on the formation of bacterial biofilms living in the subgingival plaque, causing diseases called periodontitis. If left untreated, periodontitis can damage the gums and alveolar bones. Anaerobic bacteria, called periopathogens or periodontopathogens, play a key role in the etiopathogenesis of periodontitis. The most important periopathogens of the oral microbiota are bacteria of all complexes, including the red complex. The obtained results suggest the possibility of using a specific diet in the prevention and treatment of periodontal diseases-already treated as a disease of civilization. The quoted article is an innovative compilation of knowledge on this subject and it can be a valuable source of knowledge for professional hygienists, dentists, peridontologists, dentistry students and anyone who cares about proper oral hygiene. The obtained results suggest the possibility of using this type of diet in the prophylaxis of the oral cavity in order to avoid periodontitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Rowińska
- The Medical and Social Center for Vocational and Continuing Education in Toruń, St. Jana 1/3, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; (I.R.); (A.S.-Ś.)
| | - Adrianna Szyperska-Ślaska
- The Medical and Social Center for Vocational and Continuing Education in Toruń, St. Jana 1/3, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; (I.R.); (A.S.-Ś.)
| | - Piotr Zariczny
- Toruń City Hall, Business Support Center in Toruń, ul. Marii Konopnickiej 13, 87-100 Toruń, Poland;
| | - Robert Pasławski
- Veterinary Insitute, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, str. Gagarina 7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland;
| | - Karol Kramkowski
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, Kilińskiego 1str, 15-089 Bialystok, Poland;
| | - Paweł Kowalczyk
- Department of Animal Nutrition, The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, Instytucka 3, 05-110 Jabłonna, Poland
| |
Collapse
|