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Oglat AA. Performance Evaluation of an Ultrasonic Imaging System Using Tissue-Mimicking Phantoms for Quality Assurance. Biomimetics (Basel) 2022; 7:biomimetics7030130. [PMID: 36134934 PMCID: PMC9496229 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics7030130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Diagnostic ultrasound or sonography is an image that can provide valuable information for diagnosing and treating a variety of diseases and conditions. The aim of this research study is to examine the performance and accuracy of the ultrasonic imaging system for the guarantee of diagnosis quality assurance, and to adjust the penetration settings to minimize the time of repeat scans and maintenance duration during research experiments. Measurements in this experiment included the resolution (axial and lateral) and focal zones. Moreover, the evaluation was done by completing all the measurements at different depths on a multipurpose phantom model 539. The phantom was bought from the market and was not fabricated by the author. The measurements were achieved by applying two different transducers: curved and linear (flat). The ultrasound images were obtained and tested by using calipers (electronic), and the estimations and observations were read by using all the taken measurements and images. As a result, because the phantom depths were different, the penetration settings were different too, indicating that the depth impacted the penetrations of the created ultrasound image. Moreover, after the comparison of the recorded measurements and results, it was found that all measurements were within the accepted (standard) value and that the true value was specified by the production of the phantom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ammar A Oglat
- Department of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, The Hashemite University, Zarqa 13133, Jordan
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Ghanbarzadeh-Dagheyan A, Nili VA, Ejtehadi M, Savabi R, Kavehvash Z, Ahmadian MT, Vahdat BV. Time-domain ultrasound as prior information for frequency-domain compressive ultrasound for intravascular cell detection: A 2-cell numerical model. ULTRASONICS 2022; 125:106791. [PMID: 35809517 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2022.106791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This study proposes a new method for the detection of a weak scatterer among strong scatterers using prior-information ultrasound (US) imaging. A perfect application of this approach is in vivo cell detection in the bloodstream, where red blood cells (RBCs) serve as identifiable strong scatterers. In vivo cell detection can help diagnose cancer at its earliest stages, increasing the chances of survival for patients. This work combines time-domain US with frequency-domain compressive US imaging to detect a 20-μ MCF-7 circulating tumor cell (CTC) among a number of RBCs within a simulated venule inside the mouth. The 2D image reconstructed from the time-domain US is employed to simulate the reflected and scattered pressure field from the RBCs, which is then measured at the location of the receivers. The RBCs are tagged one time by a human operator and another time, automatically, by template-based computer vision. Next, the resulting signal from the RBCs is subtracted from the measured total signal in frequency domain to generate the scattered-field data, coming from the CTC alone. Feeding that signal and the background pressure field into a norm-one-based compressive sensing code enables detecting the CTC at various locations. As errors could arise in determining the location of the RBCs and their acoustic properties in the real world, small errors (up to 10% in the former and 5% in the latter) are purposefully introduced to the model, to which the proposed method is shown to be resilient. Localization errors are smaller than 12 μ when a human tags the RBCs and smaller than 25 μ when computer vision is applied. Despite its limitations, this study, for the first time, reports the results of combining two US modalities aimed at cell detection and introduces a unique and useful application for ultrahigh-frequency US imaging. It should be noted that this method can be used in detecting weak scatterers with ultrasound waves in other applications as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashkan Ghanbarzadeh-Dagheyan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran; Department of Electrical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Vahid Amin Nili
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Ejtehadi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Savabi
- School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Kavehvash
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
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Liu Y, Maruvada S. Development and characterization of polyurethane-based tissue and blood mimicking materials for high intensity therapeutic ultrasound. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2022; 151:3043. [PMID: 35649924 DOI: 10.1121/10.0010385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A polyurethane-based tissue mimicking material (TMM) and blood mimicking material (BMM) for the acoustic and thermal characterization of high intensity therapeutic ultrasound (HITU) devices has been developed. Urethane powder and other chemicals were dispersed into either a high temperature hydrogel matrix (gellan gum) or degassed water to form the TMM and BMM, respectively. The ultrasonic properties of both TMM and BMM, including attenuation coefficient, speed of sound, acoustical impedance, and backscatter coefficient, were characterized at room temperature. The thermal conductivity and diffusivity, BMM viscosity, and TMM Young's modulus were also measured. Importantly, the attenuation coefficient has a nearly linear frequency dependence, as is the case for most soft tissues and blood at 37 °C. Their mean values are 0.61f1.2 dB cm-1 (TMM) and 0.2f1.1 dB cm-1 (BMM) based on measurements from 1 to 8 MHz using a time delay spectrometry (TDS) system. Most of the other relevant physical parameters are also close to the reported values of soft tissues and blood. These polyurethane-based TMM and BMM are appropriate for developing standardized dosimetry techniques, validating numerical models, and determining the safety and efficacy of HITU devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunbo Liu
- Division of Applied Mechanics, Office of Science and Engineering Lab, Center for Devices and Radiology, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, USA
| | - Subha Maruvada
- Division of Applied Mechanics, Office of Science and Engineering Lab, Center for Devices and Radiology, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, USA
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Dakok KK, Matjafri MZ, Suardi N, Oglat AA, Nabasu SE. A blood-mimicking fluid with cholesterol as scatter particles for wall-less carotid artery phantom applications. J Ultrason 2021; 21:e219-e224. [PMID: 34540276 PMCID: PMC8441027 DOI: 10.15557/jou.2021.0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim of the study: At present, there are few scatter particles used in preparing blood-mimicking fluids, such as nylon, sephadex, polystyrene microsphere, and poly(4-methystyrene). In this study, we present cholesterol as a new scatter particle for blood-mimicking fluid preparation. Materials and methods: The procedure for the preparation of the proposed blood-mimicking fluid involved the use of propylene glycol, D(+)-Glucose and distilled water to form a ternary mixture fluid, with cholesterol used as scatter particles. Polyethylene glycol was first used as part of the mixture fluid but the acoustic and physical properties were not suitable, leading to its replacement with D(+)-Glucose, which is soluble in water and has a higher density. A common carotid artery wall-less phantom was also produced to assess the flow properties. Results: The prepared blood-mimicking fluid with new scatter particles has a density of 1.067 g/cm3, viscosity of 4.1 mPa.s, speed of sound 1600 m/s, and attenuation of 0.192 dB/cm at 5 MHz frequency. Peak systolic velocity, end diastolic velocity and mean velocity measurements were gotten to be 40.2 ± 2.4 cm/s, 9.9 ± 1.4 cm/s, and 24.0 ± 1.8 cm/s, respectively. Conclusion: Based on the results obtained, the blood-mimicking fluid was found suitable for ultrasound applications in carotid artery wall-less phantoms because of its good acoustic and physical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyermang Kyense Dakok
- Department of Medical Physics and Radiation Science, School of Physics, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
| | - Mohammed Zubir Matjafri
- Department of Medical Physics and Radiation Science, School of Physics, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
| | - Nursakinah Suardi
- Department of Medical Physics and Radiation Science, School of Physics, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
| | - Ammar Anwar Oglat
- Department of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
| | - Seth Ezra Nabasu
- Department of Physics, Plateau State University Bokkos, P.O Box 2012, Plateau Sate, Nigeria
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Development of Custom Wall-Less Cardiovascular Flow Phantoms with Tissue-Mimicking Gel. Cardiovasc Eng Technol 2021; 13:1-13. [PMID: 34080171 PMCID: PMC8888498 DOI: 10.1007/s13239-021-00546-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Flow phantoms are used in experimental settings to aid in the simulation of blood flow. Custom geometries are available, but current phantom materials present issues with degradability and/or mimicking the mechanical properties of human tissue. In this study, a method of fabricating custom wall-less flow phantoms from a tissue-mimicking gel using 3D printed inserts is developed. METHODS A 3D blood vessel geometry example of a bifurcated artery model was 3D printed in polyvinyl alcohol, embedded in tissue-mimicking gel, and subsequently dissolved to create a phantom. Uniaxial compression testing was performed to determine the Young's moduli of the five gel types. Angle-independent, ultrasound-based imaging modalities, Vector Flow Imaging (VFI) and Blood Speckle Imaging (BSI), were utilized for flow visualization of a straight channel phantom. RESULTS A wall-less phantom of the bifurcated artery was fabricated with minimal bubbles and continuous flow demonstrated. Additionally, flow was visualized through a straight channel phantom by VFI and BSI. The available gel types are suitable for mimicking a variety of tissue types, including cardiac tissue and blood vessels. CONCLUSION Custom, tissue-mimicking flow phantoms can be fabricated using the developed methodology and have potential for use in a variety of applications, including ultrasound-based imaging methods. This is the first reported use of BSI with an in vitro flow phantom.
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Sadek SH, Rubio M, Lima R, Vega EJ. Blood Particulate Analogue Fluids: A Review. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:2451. [PMID: 34065125 PMCID: PMC8126041 DOI: 10.3390/ma14092451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Microfluidics has proven to be an extraordinary working platform to mimic and study blood flow phenomena and the dynamics of components of the human microcirculatory system. However, the use of real blood increases the complexity to perform these kinds of in vitro blood experiments due to diverse problems such as coagulation, sample storage, and handling problems. For this reason, interest in the development of fluids with rheological properties similar to those of real blood has grown over the last years. The inclusion of microparticles in blood analogue fluids is essential to reproduce multiphase effects taking place in a microcirculatory system, such as the cell-free layer (CFL) and Fähraeus-Lindqvist effect. In this review, we summarize the progress made in the last twenty years. Size, shape, mechanical properties, and even biological functionalities of microparticles produced/used to mimic red blood cells (RBCs) are critically exposed and analyzed. The methods developed to fabricate these RBC templates are also shown. The dynamic flow/rheology of blood particulate analogue fluids proposed in the literature (with different particle concentrations, in most of the cases, relatively low) is shown and discussed in-depth. Although there have been many advances, the development of a reliable blood particulate analogue fluid, with around 45% by volume of microparticles, continues to be a big challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir Hassan Sadek
- Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica, Energética y de los Materiales and Instituto de Computación Científica Avanzada (ICCAEx), Universidad de Extremadura, E-06006 Badajoz, Spain; (S.H.S.); (M.R.)
| | - Manuel Rubio
- Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica, Energética y de los Materiales and Instituto de Computación Científica Avanzada (ICCAEx), Universidad de Extremadura, E-06006 Badajoz, Spain; (S.H.S.); (M.R.)
| | - Rui Lima
- MEtRICs, Mechanical Engineering Department, Campus de Azurém, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal;
- Transport Phenomena Research Center, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Emilio José Vega
- Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica, Energética y de los Materiales and Instituto de Computación Científica Avanzada (ICCAEx), Universidad de Extremadura, E-06006 Badajoz, Spain; (S.H.S.); (M.R.)
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Alshipli M, Sayah MA, Oglat AA. Compatibility and Validation of a Recent Developed Artificial Blood through the Vascular Phantom Using Doppler Ultrasound Color- and Motion-mode Techniques. J Med Ultrasound 2021; 28:219-224. [PMID: 33659160 PMCID: PMC7869744 DOI: 10.4103/jmu.jmu_116_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Doppler technique is a technology that can raise the predictive, diagnostic, and monitoring abilities in blood flow and suitable for researchers. The application depends on Doppler shift (shift frequencies), wherein the movement of red blood cells away from the probe is determined by the decrease or increase in the ultrasound (US) frequency. Methods: In this experiment, the clinical US (Hitachi Avious [HI] model) system was used as a primary instrument for data acquisition and test the compatibility, efficacy, and validation of artificial blood (blood-mimicking fluid [BMF]) by color- and motion-mode. This BMF was prepared for use in the Doppler flow phantom. Results: The motion of BMF through the vessel-mimicking material (VMM) was parallel and the flow was laminar and in the straight form (regular flow of BMF inside the VMM). Moreover, the scale of color velocity in the normal range at that flow rate was in the normal range. Conclusion: The new BMF that is being valid and effective in utilizing for US in vitro research applications. In addition, the clinical US ([HI] model) system can be used as a suitable instrument for data acquisition and test the compatibility, efficacy, and validation at in vitro applications (BMF, flow phantom components).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwan Alshipli
- Department of Radiography, Princess Aisha Bint Al-Hussein College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Al-Hussein Bin Talal University, Ma'an, Jordan
| | - Mohannad Adel Sayah
- Department of Radiography, Princess Aisha Bint Al-Hussein College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Al-Hussein Bin Talal University, Ma'an, Jordan
| | - Ammar A Oglat
- Department of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
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Shalbi SM, Oglat AA, Albarbar B, Elkut F, Qaeed MA, Arra AA. A Brief Review for Common Doppler Ultrasound Flow Phantoms. J Med Ultrasound 2020; 28:138-142. [PMID: 33282656 PMCID: PMC7709522 DOI: 10.4103/jmu.jmu_96_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, the flow phantoms and the wall-less flow phantoms with recognized acoustic features (attenuation and speed of sound), interior properties, and dimensions of tissue were prepared, calibrated, and characterized by Doppler ultrasound (US) scanning which demands tissue-mimicking materials (TMMs). TMM phantoms are commercially available and readymade for medical US applications. Furthermore, the commercial TMM phantoms are proper for US purpose or estimation of diagnostic imaging techniques according to the chemical materials used for its preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabri M Shalbi
- Department of Sciences Medical, Higher Institute Sciences Medical, Elkhomes, Libya
| | - Ammar A Oglat
- Department of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
| | - Balid Albarbar
- Department of Sciences Medical, Faculty of Health Sciences, Elmergib University, Elkhomes, Libya
| | - Fuzi Elkut
- Department of Sciences Medical, Higher Institute Sciences Medical, Elkhomes, Libya
| | - M A Qaeed
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Abu Arra
- Department of Medical Imaging, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
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Ahmad MS, Suardi N, Shukri A, Mohammad H, Oglat AA, Alarab A, Makhamrah O. Chemical Characteristics, Motivation and Strategies in choice of Materials used as Liver Phantom: A Literature Review. J Med Ultrasound 2020; 28:7-16. [PMID: 32368444 PMCID: PMC7194418 DOI: 10.4103/jmu.jmu_4_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver phantoms have been developed as an alternative to human tissue and have been used for different purposes. In this article, the items used for liver phantoms fabrication are mentioned same as in the previous literature reviews. Summary and characteristics of these materials are presented. The main factors that need to be available in the materials used for fabrication in computed tomography, ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging, and nuclear medicine were analyzed. Finally, the discussion focuses on some purposes and aims of the liver phantom fabrication for use in several areas such as training, diagnoses of different diseases, and treatment planning for therapeutic strategies – for example, in selective internal radiation therapy, stereotactic body radiation therapy, laser-induced thermotherapy, radiofrequency ablation, and microwave coagulation therapy. It was found that different liver substitutes can be developed to fulfill the different requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muntaser S Ahmad
- Department of Medical Physics and Radiation Science, School of Physics, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia
| | - Nursakinah Suardi
- Department of Medical Physics and Radiation Science, School of Physics, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Shukri
- Department of Medical Physics and Radiation Science, School of Physics, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia
| | - Hjouj Mohammad
- Department of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Health Professions, Al-Quds University, Abu Deis - Main Campus, Jerusalem, Palestine
| | - Ammar A Oglat
- Department of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan, Palestine
| | - Azzam Alarab
- Department of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Allied Medical Health, Palestine Ahlyia University, Bethlehem, Palestine
| | - Osama Makhamrah
- Department of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Health Professions, Al-Quds University, Abu Deis - Main Campus, Jerusalem, Palestine
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Oglat AA, Matjafri MZ, Suardi N, Oqlat MA, Abdelrahman MA, Oqlat AA, Farhat OF, Alkhateb BN, Abdalrheem R, Ahmad MS, Abujazar MYM. Chemical Items Used for Preparing Tissue-Mimicking Material of Wall-Less Flow Phantom for Doppler Ultrasound Imaging. J Med Ultrasound 2018; 26:123-127. [PMID: 30283197 PMCID: PMC6159330 DOI: 10.4103/jmu.jmu_13_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The wall-less flow phantoms with recognized acoustic features (attenuation and speed of sound), interior properties, and dimensions of tissue were prepared, calibrated, and characterized of Doppler ultrasound scanning demands tissue-mimicking materials (TMMs). TMM phantoms are commercially available and ready-made for medical ultrasound applications. Furthermore, the commercial TMM phantoms are proper for ultrasound purpose or estimation of diagnostic imaging techniques according to the chemical materials used for its preparation. However, preparing a desirable TMM for wall-less flow phantom using a specific chemical material according to the specific applications is required for different flow. In this review, TMM and wall-less flow phantoms prepared using different chemical materials and methods were described. The chemical materials used in Doppler ultrasound TMM and wall-less flow phantoms fabricated over the previous decades were of high interest in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ammar A. Oglat
- Department of Medical Physics and Radiation Science, School of Physics, Univirsti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - M. Z. Matjafri
- Department of Medical Physics and Radiation Science, School of Physics, Univirsti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Nursakinah Suardi
- Department of Medical Physics and Radiation Science, School of Physics, Univirsti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Mohammad A. Oqlat
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
| | | | - Ahmad A. Oqlat
- Department of Emergency, Faculty of Medicine, JUST, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Omar F. Farhat
- Department of Medical Physics and Radiation Science, School of Physics, Univirsti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | | | - Raed Abdalrheem
- Department of Medical Physics and Radiation Science, School of Physics, Univirsti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Muntaser S. Ahmad
- Department of Medical Physics and Radiation Science, School of Physics, Univirsti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Mohammed Y. M. Abujazar
- Department of Medical Physics and Radiation Science, School of Physics, Univirsti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
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Oglat AA, Matjafri MZ, Suardi N, Abdelrahman MA, Oqlat MA, Oqlat AA. A New Scatter Particle and Mixture Fluid for Preparing Blood Mimicking Fluid for Wall-Less Flow Phantom. J Med Ultrasound 2018; 26:134-142. [PMID: 30283199 PMCID: PMC6159322 DOI: 10.4103/jmu.jmu_7_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To examine the blood flow and detection of the issues related to it by medical ultrasound, it is extremely important to have suitable blood mimicking fluid (BMF) to be used in vitro and to have a movable or portable Doppler flow phantom to use it as a standardizing tool. As known, the main drawbacks of the currently commercial BMF used in the research studies are high in cost and the long time needed for preparation, which is at least 5-7 h. Moreover, there are only two common scatter particles using in BMF as suspension materials such as nylon (Orgasol) and polystyrene. Thus, we need to prepare BMF with both a new mixture fluid and new scatter particle to be as a reflecting factor of ultrasonic waves, for evaluating the speed of sound of the blood flow in the same method like in the research study of ultrasound with relatively low-cost and less consuming time of preparation. However, both the acoustical and physical features of the Doppler flow phantom components (BMF and tissue mimicking material) must correspond the features of the human tissues to make the examination significance. In addition, the BMF must also represent the hemodynamic features of real human blood. METHODS In this experiment, a new adequate ternary mixture liquid for preparation of BMF applied and suspended with a new scatter particle material, this scatter particle material called poly (4-methylstyrene), it used to be adequate with the mixture density and for saving neutrally buoyant. This BMF was prepared for use in the test objects or Doppler flow phantom. The poly (4-methylstyrene) particles were applied for suspension in a mixture liquid or fluid based on three items, which were distilled water, propylene glycol (PG), and polyethylene glycol (PEG) (200 Mw). The diameter of poly (4-methylstyrene) particles is 3-8 μm, which determined by specific sieve in a unit of μm, and the density is 1.040 g/ml. RESULTS Speed of sound, viscosity, density, Backscatter power and attenuation features of mixture fluid or liquid which used for preparing a BMF were measured, discussed, and agreed with draft International Electrotechnical Commission values. CONCLUSIONS There are three various types of ternary items of mixture fluid (water, PG, and PEG [200 Mw]), and a new type of scatter particle material poly (4-methylstyrene) was utilized for preparing the BMF. The scatter particles and mixture fluid prepared and measured at a temperature that simulates the body temperature 37°C. Moreover, one of the advantages of this new blood that is being cheaper than the commercially available BMF products because the PG and the polyethylene glycol (200 Mw) are much cheaper and more available than glycerol and the Dextran that used usually. In addition, new BMF needs less time for preparation compared to the commercial one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ammar A Oglat
- Department of Medical Physics and Radiation Science, School of Physics, Univirsti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
| | - M Z Matjafri
- Department of Medical Physics and Radiation Science, School of Physics, Univirsti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
| | - Nursakinah Suardi
- Department of Medical Physics and Radiation Science, School of Physics, Univirsti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
| | | | - Mohammad A Oqlat
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Ahmad A Oqlat
- Department of Emergency, Faculty of Medicine, JUST, Irbid, Jordan
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