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Panakkal N, Lekshmi A, Saraswathy VV, Sujathan K. Effective lung cancer control: An unaccomplished challenge in cancer research. Cytojournal 2023; 20:16. [PMID: 37681073 PMCID: PMC10481856 DOI: 10.25259/cytojournal_36_2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer has always been a burden to the society since its non-effective early detection and poor survival status. Different imaging modalities such as computed tomography scan have been practiced for lung cancer detection. This review focuses on the importance of sputum cytology for early lung cancer detection and biomarkers effective in sputum samples. Published articles were discussed in light of the potential of sputum cytology for lung cancer early detection and risk assessment across high-risk groups. Recent developments in sample processing techniques have documented a clear potential to improve or refine diagnosis beyond that achieved with conventional sputum cytology examination. The diagnostic potential of sputum cytology may be exploited better through the standardization and automation of sputum preparation and analysis for application in routine laboratory practices and clinical trials. The challenging aspects in sputum cytology as well as sputum-based molecular markers are to ensure appropriate standardization and validation of the processing techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraja Panakkal
- Division of Cancer Research, Regional Cancer Centre, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Asha Lekshmi
- Division of Cancer Research, Regional Cancer Centre, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | | | - Kunjuraman Sujathan
- Division of Cancer Research, Regional Cancer Centre, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
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Sakai H, Kimura H, Otsubo K, Miyazawa T, Marushima H, Kojima K, Chosokabe M, Furuya N, Koike J, Fujii K, Nishimura T, Nakamura H, Saji H. Minichromosome maintenance 2 is an independent predictor of survival in patients with lung adenocarcinoma. Mol Clin Oncol 2021; 16:22. [PMID: 34909200 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2021.2455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Minichromosome maintenance (MCM) protein deregulation is associated with tumor formation, progression and malignant transformation. MCM2 is frequently expressed during premalignant lung cell proliferation and is a sensitive marker for the early detection of pulmonary malignant lesions. The present study was undertaken to investigate whether MCM2 expression is of clinical and prognostic value in patients who have undergone lung adenocarcinoma resection. Between January 2009 and December 2010, 102 consecutive patients underwent complete pulmonary resection (involving lobectomy or more extensive resection) for lung adenocarcinoma at St. Marianna Medical University Hospital (Kanagawa, Japan). Among those, 73 patients, who had a final pathological diagnosis of lung adenocarcinoma measuring ≥10 mm, were enrolled in the present study. High MCM2 expression was found in 35 patients (48.0%). Univariate analysis of the overall survival (OS) revealed that pathological stage and MCM2 expression were significant prognostic factors in lung adenocarcinoma (P<0.001 and P<0.002, respectively). Univariate analysis of the recurrence-free survival (RFS), the significant prognostic factors included pathological stage, EGFR mutation status and MCM2 expression (P<0.001, P<0.034 and P<0.003, respectively). On multivariate survival analysis, high MCM2 expression and pathological stage II-III were identified as independent strong prognostic factors (OS: HR=5.084, 95% CI: 1.715-15.080, P=0.003; RFS: HR=2.761, 95% CI: 1.090-6.998, P=0.032). Therefore, the findings of the present study demonstrated that MCM2 may serve as a potential biomarker and therapeutic target for lung adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Sakai
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, St. Marianna Medical University Hospital, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 216-8511, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kimura
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, St. Marianna Medical University Hospital, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 216-8511, Japan
| | - Kanji Otsubo
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, St. Marianna Medical University Hospital, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 216-8511, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Miyazawa
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, St. Marianna Medical University Hospital, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 216-8511, Japan
| | - Hideki Marushima
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, St. Marianna Medical University Hospital, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 216-8511, Japan
| | - Koji Kojima
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, St. Marianna Medical University Hospital, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 216-8511, Japan
| | - Motohiro Chosokabe
- Department of Pathology, St. Marianna Medical University Hospital, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 216-8511, Japan
| | - Naoki Furuya
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Marianna Medical University Hospital, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 216-8511, Japan
| | - Junki Koike
- Department of Pathology, St. Marianna Medical University Hospital, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 216-8511, Japan
| | - Kiyonaga Fujii
- Department of Translational Medicine Informatics, St. Marianna Medical University Hospital, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 216-8511, Japan.,Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Daiichi University of Pharmacy, Fukuoka 815-8511, Japan
| | - Toshihide Nishimura
- Department of Translational Medicine Informatics, St. Marianna Medical University Hospital, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 216-8511, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Nakamura
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, St. Marianna Medical University Hospital, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 216-8511, Japan.,Department of Translational Medicine Informatics, St. Marianna Medical University Hospital, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 216-8511, Japan
| | - Hisashi Saji
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, St. Marianna Medical University Hospital, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 216-8511, Japan
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