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Civit-Masot J, Luna-Perejon F, Muñoz-Saavedra L, Domínguez-Morales M, Civit A. A lightweight xAI approach to cervical cancer classification. Med Biol Eng Comput 2024:10.1007/s11517-024-03063-6. [PMID: 38507122 DOI: 10.1007/s11517-024-03063-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Cervical cancer is caused in the vast majority of cases by the human papilloma virus (HPV) through sexual contact and requires a specific molecular-based analysis to be detected. As an HPV vaccine is available, the incidence of cervical cancer is up to ten times higher in areas without adequate healthcare resources. In recent years, liquid cytology has been used to overcome these shortcomings and perform mass screening. In addition, classifiers based on convolutional neural networks can be developed to help pathologists diagnose the disease. However, these systems always require the final verification of a pathologist to make a final diagnosis. For this reason, explainable AI techniques are required to highlight the most significant data to the healthcare professional, as it can be used to determine the confidence in the results and the areas of the image used for classification (allowing the professional to point out the areas he/she thinks are most important and cross-check them against those detected by the system in order to create incremental learning systems). In this work, a 4-phase optimization process is used to obtain a custom deep-learning classifier for distinguishing between 4 severity classes of cervical cancer with liquid-cytology images. The final classifier obtains an accuracy over 97% for 4 classes and 100% for 2 classes with execution times under 1 s (including the final report generation). Compared to previous works, the proposed classifier obtains better accuracy results with a lower computational cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Civit-Masot
- Robotics and Computer Technology Lab, ETSII, Universidad de Sevilla, Reina Mercedes s/n, Seville, 41018, Spain.
| | - Francisco Luna-Perejon
- Robotics and Computer Technology Lab, ETSII, Universidad de Sevilla, Reina Mercedes s/n, Seville, 41018, Spain
| | - Luis Muñoz-Saavedra
- Robotics and Computer Technology Lab, ETSII, Universidad de Sevilla, Reina Mercedes s/n, Seville, 41018, Spain
| | - Manuel Domínguez-Morales
- Robotics and Computer Technology Lab, ETSII, Universidad de Sevilla, Reina Mercedes s/n, Seville, 41018, Spain
- Computer Engineering Research Institute, Universidad de Sevilla, Reina Mercedes s/n, Seville, 41018, Spain
| | - Anton Civit
- Robotics and Computer Technology Lab, ETSII, Universidad de Sevilla, Reina Mercedes s/n, Seville, 41018, Spain
- Computer Engineering Research Institute, Universidad de Sevilla, Reina Mercedes s/n, Seville, 41018, Spain
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Brandão M, Mendes F, Martins M, Cardoso P, Macedo G, Mascarenhas T, Mascarenhas Saraiva M. Revolutionizing Women's Health: A Comprehensive Review of Artificial Intelligence Advancements in Gynecology. J Clin Med 2024; 13:1061. [PMID: 38398374 PMCID: PMC10889757 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13041061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Artificial intelligence has yielded remarkably promising results in several medical fields, namely those with a strong imaging component. Gynecology relies heavily on imaging since it offers useful visual data on the female reproductive system, leading to a deeper understanding of pathophysiological concepts. The applicability of artificial intelligence technologies has not been as noticeable in gynecologic imaging as in other medical fields so far. However, due to growing interest in this area, some studies have been performed with exciting results. From urogynecology to oncology, artificial intelligence algorithms, particularly machine learning and deep learning, have shown huge potential to revolutionize the overall healthcare experience for women's reproductive health. In this review, we aim to establish the current status of AI in gynecology, the upcoming developments in this area, and discuss the challenges facing its clinical implementation, namely the technological and ethical concerns for technology development, implementation, and accountability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Brandão
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-427 Porto, Portugal; (M.B.); (P.C.); (G.M.); (T.M.)
| | - Francisco Mendes
- Department of Gastroenterology, São João University Hospital, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-427 Porto, Portugal; (F.M.); (M.M.)
- WGO Gastroenterology and Hepatology Training Center, 4200-427 Porto, Portugal
| | - Miguel Martins
- Department of Gastroenterology, São João University Hospital, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-427 Porto, Portugal; (F.M.); (M.M.)
- WGO Gastroenterology and Hepatology Training Center, 4200-427 Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro Cardoso
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-427 Porto, Portugal; (M.B.); (P.C.); (G.M.); (T.M.)
- Department of Gastroenterology, São João University Hospital, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-427 Porto, Portugal; (F.M.); (M.M.)
- WGO Gastroenterology and Hepatology Training Center, 4200-427 Porto, Portugal
| | - Guilherme Macedo
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-427 Porto, Portugal; (M.B.); (P.C.); (G.M.); (T.M.)
- Department of Gastroenterology, São João University Hospital, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-427 Porto, Portugal; (F.M.); (M.M.)
- WGO Gastroenterology and Hepatology Training Center, 4200-427 Porto, Portugal
| | - Teresa Mascarenhas
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-427 Porto, Portugal; (M.B.); (P.C.); (G.M.); (T.M.)
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, São João University Hospital, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-427 Porto, Portugal
| | - Miguel Mascarenhas Saraiva
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-427 Porto, Portugal; (M.B.); (P.C.); (G.M.); (T.M.)
- Department of Gastroenterology, São João University Hospital, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-427 Porto, Portugal; (F.M.); (M.M.)
- WGO Gastroenterology and Hepatology Training Center, 4200-427 Porto, Portugal
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Gupta R, Kumar N, Bansal S, Singh S, Sood N, Gupta S. Artificial Intelligence-driven Digital Cytology-based Cervical Cancer Screening: Is the Time Ripe to Adopt This Disruptive Technology in Resource-constrained Settings? A Literature Review. J Digit Imaging 2023; 36:1643-1652. [PMID: 37029285 PMCID: PMC10406989 DOI: 10.1007/s10278-023-00821-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer is still a public health scourge in the developing countries due to the lack of organized screening programs. Though liquid-based cytology methods improved the performance of cervical cytology, the interpretation still suffers from subjectivity. Artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms have offered objectivity leading to better sensitivity and specificity of cervical cancer screening. Whole slide imaging (WSI) that converts a glass slide to a virtual slide provides a new perspective to the application of AI, especially for cervical cytology. In the recent years, there have been a few studies employing various AI algorithms on WSI images of conventional or LBC smears and demonstrating differing sensitivity/specificity or accuracy at detection of abnormalities in cervical smears. Considering the interest in AI-based screening modalities, this well-timed review intends to summarize the progress in this field while highlighting the research gaps and providing future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchika Gupta
- Division of Cytopathology, ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, I-7, Sector-39, Noida, 201301, India
| | - Neeta Kumar
- Department of General Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, Jamia Millia Islamia Central University, New Delhi, India
| | - Shivani Bansal
- Division of Cytopathology, ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, I-7, Sector-39, Noida, 201301, India
| | - Sompal Singh
- Department of Pathology, Hindu Rao Hospital and North Delhi Medical College, Delhi, India
| | - Neelam Sood
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Deen Dayal Upadhyay Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Sanjay Gupta
- Division of Cytopathology, ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, I-7, Sector-39, Noida, 201301, India.
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Wu N, Jia D, Zhang C, Li Z. Cervical cell classification based on strong feature CNN-LSVM network using Adaboost optimization. JOURNAL OF INTELLIGENT & FUZZY SYSTEMS 2022. [DOI: 10.3233/jifs-221604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cervical cancer is one of the most common causes of death in women in the world, and early screening is an effective means of diagnosis and treatment, which can greatly improve the survival rate. Cervical cell classification model is an effective means to assist screening. However, the existing single model, including CNNs and machine learning methods, still has shortcomings such as unclear feature meaning, low accuracy and insufficient supervision. To solve the shortcomings of a single model, a novel framework based on strong feature Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN)-Lagrangian Support Vector Machine (LSVM) model is proposed for the accurate classification of cervical cells. Strong features extracted by hybrid methods are fused with the abstract ones from hidden layers of LeNet-5, then the fused features are processed with dimension reduction and fed into the LSVM classifier optimized by Adaboost for classification. Proposed model is evaluated using the augmented Herlev and private dataset with the metrics including accuracy (Acc), sensitivity (Sn), and specificity (Sp), which outperformed the baselines and state-of-the-art approaches with the Acc of 99.5% and 94.2% in 2&7-class classification, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nengkai Wu
- Beijing Jiaotong University, School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Beijing, China
| | - Dongyao Jia
- Beijing Jiaotong University, School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Beijing, China
| | - Chuanwang Zhang
- Beijing Jiaotong University, School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Beijing, China
| | - Ziqi Li
- Beijing Jiaotong University, School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Beijing, China
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Adeoye J, Akinshipo A, Koohi-Moghadam M, Thomson P, Su YX. Construction of machine learning-based models for cancer outcomes in low and lower-middle income countries: A scoping review. Front Oncol 2022; 12:976168. [DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.976168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundThe impact and utility of machine learning (ML)-based prediction tools for cancer outcomes including assistive diagnosis, risk stratification, and adjunctive decision-making have been largely described and realized in the high income and upper-middle-income countries. However, statistical projections have estimated higher cancer incidence and mortality risks in low and lower-middle-income countries (LLMICs). Therefore, this review aimed to evaluate the utilization, model construction methods, and degree of implementation of ML-based models for cancer outcomes in LLMICs.MethodsPubMed/Medline, Scopus, and Web of Science databases were searched and articles describing the use of ML-based models for cancer among local populations in LLMICs between 2002 and 2022 were included. A total of 140 articles from 22,516 citations that met the eligibility criteria were included in this study.ResultsML-based models from LLMICs were often based on traditional ML algorithms than deep or deep hybrid learning. We found that the construction of ML-based models was skewed to particular LLMICs such as India, Iran, Pakistan, and Egypt with a paucity of applications in sub-Saharan Africa. Moreover, models for breast, head and neck, and brain cancer outcomes were frequently explored. Many models were deemed suboptimal according to the Prediction model Risk of Bias Assessment tool (PROBAST) due to sample size constraints and technical flaws in ML modeling even though their performance accuracy ranged from 0.65 to 1.00. While the development and internal validation were described for all models included (n=137), only 4.4% (6/137) have been validated in independent cohorts and 0.7% (1/137) have been assessed for clinical impact and efficacy.ConclusionOverall, the application of ML for modeling cancer outcomes in LLMICs is increasing. However, model development is largely unsatisfactory. We recommend model retraining using larger sample sizes, intensified external validation practices, and increased impact assessment studies using randomized controlled trial designsSystematic review registrationhttps://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=308345, identifier CRD42022308345.
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Dey P. Artificial neural network in diagnostic cytology. Cytojournal 2022; 19:27. [PMID: 35510103 PMCID: PMC9063555 DOI: 10.25259/cytojournal_33_2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The artificial neural network (ANN) is a computer software design or model that simulates the biological neural network of the human brain. Instead of biological neurons, ANN is composed of many layers of nodes that carry the signal and process it to make the final decision. ANN is a modern technology that is widely used in different fields of science. The ANN is reshaping the medical system and the various areas of pathology. In this paper, the basic concept and applications of ANN in cytology have been discussed. In this paper, the various articles published on ANN in the field of cytology have been systemically reviewed. The ANN is relatively less used in cytology. After introducing convolutional neural network and whole slide scanners in the commercial market, it is now essential to have thorough knowledge in this field to start diagnostic application of ANN.
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Tang HP, Cai D, Kong YQ, Ye H, Ma ZX, Lv HS, Tuo LR, Pan QJ, Liu ZH, Han X. Cervical cytology screening facilitated by an artificial intelligence microscope: A preliminary study. Cancer Cytopathol 2021; 129:693-700. [PMID: 33826796 DOI: 10.1002/cncy.22425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cervical cytology screening is usually laborious with a heavy workload and poor diagnostic consistency. The authors have developed an artificial intelligence (AI) microscope that can provide onsite diagnostic assistance for cervical cytology screening in real time. METHODS A total of 2167 cervical cytology slides were selected from a cohort of 10,601 cases from Shenzhen Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, and the training data set consisted of 42,073 abnormal cervical epithelial cells. The recognition results of an AI technique were presented in a microscope eyepiece by an augmented reality technique. Potentially abnormal cells were highlighted with binary classification results in a 10× field of view (FOV) and with multiclassification results according to the Bethesda system in 20× and 40× FOVs. In addition, 486 slides were selected for the reader study to evaluate the performance of the AI microscope. RESULTS In the reader study, which compared manual reading with AI assistance, the sensitivities for the detection of low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions and high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions were significantly improved from 0.837 to 0.923 (P < .001) and from 0.830 to 0.917 (P < .01), respectively; the κ score for atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS) was improved from 0.581 to 0.637; the averaged pairwise κ of consistency for multiclassification was improved from 0.649 to 0.706; the averaged pairwise κ of consistency for binary classification was improved from 0.720 to 0.798; and the averaged pairwise κ of ASCUS was improved from 0.557 to 0.639. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study show that an AI microscope can provide real-time assistance for cervical cytology screening and improve the efficiency and accuracy of cervical cytology diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Ping Tang
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Shenzhen Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - De Cai
- AI Lab, Tencent, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yan-Qing Kong
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Shenzhen Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hu Ye
- AI Lab, Tencent, Shenzhen, China
| | | | - Huai-Sheng Lv
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Shenzhen Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lin-Rong Tuo
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Shenzhen Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qin-Jing Pan
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Shenzhen Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Pathology, Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi-Hua Liu
- Department of Gynecology, Affiliated Shenzhen Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiao Han
- AI Lab, Tencent, Shenzhen, China
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