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Mat Rifin H, Jane Ling MY, Robert Lourdes TG, Saminathan TA, Rodzlan Hasani WS, Ab Majid NL, Hamid HAA, Riyadzi MR, Ahmad A, Mohd Yusoff MF, Muhamad NA. Small/Kiddie Cigarette Packaging Size and Its Impact on Smoking: A Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:12051. [PMID: 36231349 PMCID: PMC9566128 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191912051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Background: Small cigarette pack sizes contain less than 20 cigarette sticks in a pack. Smaller packs may suggest lower costs, increasing affordability among lower-income users, especially the younger generation, which could lead to tobacco-related diseases and economic costs, including human capital lost results from tobacco-attributable morbidity and mortality. This concern has caused many countries to ban the sale of single cigarette sticks or kiddie packs. However, small cigarette pack sizes were proposed recently to be reintroduced by the tobacco industry with an excuse to prevent consumers from buying illicit cigarettes. This would demean efforts in combating tobacco consumption based on the existing tobacco control policies to prevent minors from purchasing cigarettes. Given the competing influences of affordability and availability of tobacco on consumption and the dearth of evidence-based review on the impact of pack size on smoking, this systematic review was conducted to identify the link between kiddie packs and smoking specifically on the initiation of smoking, urge/tendency to buy cigarettes among the general population and attempt to reduce cigarette consumption and prevalence of smoking using kiddie packs among current smokers. Methods: We include all studies except for reviews, guidelines, conference papers, commentaries, editorials, or opinion pieces. A database search was conducted in PubMed, EMBASE, CENTRAL, Web of Science and Scopus on 27 November 2021. The results were presented in the form of narrative synthesis under four groups: initiation of smoking; urge/tendency to buy cigarettes; the prevalence of smoking, and attempt to reduce cigarette consumption. The literature search identified 1601 articles, of which 21 articles had met the inclusion criteria. The methodological quality of all included articles was determined using a validated 16-item quality assessment tool (QATSDD). The average quality score for all papers was 34.8%. Discussion: Given the diverse study settings of the articles and despite the challenges of the methodological quality of some articles, this review provides some evidence that kiddie packs may increase the urge/tendency to buy cigarettes and mixed evidence on the attempt to reduce cigarette consumption. This review also found some evidence that kiddie pack purchasing among teenage smokers was higher compared to adults. However, we are uncertain about the link between kiddie packs and smoking initiation. Nevertheless, since most studies were of low quality, further high-quality studies are needed to conclude about the impact of kiddie packs on smoking to assist the policymakers and stakeholders in formulating new policies and strengthening existing strategies related to the kiddie packs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halizah Mat Rifin
- Institute for Public Health, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health, Shah Alam 40170, Malaysia
| | - Miaw Yn Jane Ling
- Institute for Public Health, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health, Shah Alam 40170, Malaysia
| | - Tania Gayle Robert Lourdes
- Institute for Public Health, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health, Shah Alam 40170, Malaysia
| | - Thamil Arasu Saminathan
- Institute for Public Health, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health, Shah Alam 40170, Malaysia
| | - Wan Shakira Rodzlan Hasani
- Institute for Public Health, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health, Shah Alam 40170, Malaysia
| | - Nur Liana Ab Majid
- Institute for Public Health, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health, Shah Alam 40170, Malaysia
| | - Hamizatul Akmal Abd Hamid
- Institute for Public Health, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health, Shah Alam 40170, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Ruhaizie Riyadzi
- Institute for Public Health, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health, Shah Alam 40170, Malaysia
| | - Ahzairin Ahmad
- Institute for Public Health, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health, Shah Alam 40170, Malaysia
| | | | - Nor Asiah Muhamad
- Sector for Evidence-Based Healthcare, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health, Shah Alam 40170, Malaysia
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